ASTM E3265-20
(Guide)Standard Guide for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Foaming Tendency
Standard Guide for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Foaming Tendency
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The process of recirculating MWFs entrains air bubbles which can accumulate, forming foam.
4.2 Optimally, air bubbles burst open quickly after they are created. However, air bubble persistence is affected by MWF chemistry and the mechanisms by which energy is introduced into recirculating MWFs.
4.2.1 The primary mechanisms imparting energy into recirculating MWFs are:
4.2.1.1 Turbulent Flow—The high velocity (typically >0.75 m3 min–1; >200 gal min–1).
4.2.1.2 Impaction—Energy generated when MWF strikes the tool-workpiece zone.
4.2.1.3 Centrifugal Force—MWF moved by the force of rotating tools or work pieces.
4.3 When air bubbles persist, they tend to accumulate as foam. Persistent foam can:
4.3.1 Inhibit heat transfer;
4.3.2 Cause pump impeller cavitation;
4.3.3 Foul filters;
4.3.4 Overflow from MWF sumps; and
4.3.5 Prevent proper lubrication.
4.4 To prevent the adverse effects of MWF foam accumulation, chemical agents are either formulated into MWF concentrate, added tankside, or both.
4.5 Laboratory tests are used to predict MWF foaming characteristics in end-use applications. However, no individual test is universally appropriate.
4.6 This guide reviews test protocols commonly in use to evaluate end-use diluted MWF foaming tendency and the impact of foam-control agents on MWF foaming tendency.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides an overview of foaming tendency evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.
1.2 ASTM Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were withdrawn in 2018. Although each method had some utility, neither method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted, several more predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid (MWF) foaming tendency.
1.3 Moreover, there are no generally recognized reference standard fluids (either MWF or foam-control additive). Instead it is important to include a relevant reference sample in all testing.
1.4 The age of the reference and test fluid concentrates can be an important factor in their foaming behavior. Ideally, freshly prepared concentrates should be held at laboratory room temperature for at least one week before diluting for foam testing. This ensures that any neutralization reactions have reached equilibrium and enables microemulsions to reach particle size equilibrium. During screening tests, it is also advisable to test fluids after the concentrates have been heat aged and subjected to freeze/thaw treatment.
1.5 The dilution water quality can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, fluid concentrates diluted with hard water will foam less than those diluted with soft, deionized, or reverse osmosis water. Screening tests using the expected range of dilution water quality are highly recommended.
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E3265 − 20
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Foaming
1
Tendency
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3265; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1 This guide provides an overview of foaming tendency
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.2 ASTM Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were with-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
drawn in 2018.Although each method had some utility, neither
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted, several more
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally
suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid
2. Referenced Documents
(MWF) foaming tendency.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 Moreover, there are no generally recognized reference
D2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related
standard fluids (either MWF or foam-control additive). Instead
Materials
it is important to include a relevant reference sample in all
D3519 Test Method for Foam in Aqueous Media (Blender
3
testing.
Test) (Withdrawn 2013)
D3601 Test Method for Foam In Aqueous Media (Bottle
1.4 The age of the reference and test fluid concentrates can
3
Test) (Withdrawn 2013)
be an important factor in their foaming behavior. Ideally,
D7049 Test Method for Metalworking Fluid Aerosol in
freshly prepared concentrates should be held at laboratory
Workplace Atmospheres
room temperature for at least one week before diluting for
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-
foam testing. This ensures that any neutralization reactions
tions
have reached equilibrium and enables microemulsions to reach
E2889 Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the
particle size equilibrium. During screening tests, it is also
Metal Removal Fluid Environment
advisable to test fluids after the concentrates have been heat
aged and subjected to freeze/thaw treatment.
3. Terminology
1.5 The dilution water quality can have a major impact on
3.1 Definitions:
foaming properties. In general, fluid concentrates diluted with
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this method, refer to
hard water will foam less than those diluted with soft,
Terminology E2523.
deionized, or reverse osmosis water. Screening tests using the
3.1.2 foam, n—in liquids, a collection of bubbles formed in
expected range of dilution water quality are highly recom-
or on the surface of a liquid in which the air or gas is the major
mended.
component on a volumetric basis.
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
3.1.3 foam break, n—in foaming tendency testing, the
as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in
change in total volume occupied by bubbles during a specified
this standard.
test period.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E34 on Occupational contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
HealthandSafetyandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE34.50onHealth Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E3265-20. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E3265 − 20
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The total bubble volume is a function zation of the thin film of liquid that outlines the gas bubble,
of individual bubble size and the number of bubbles present. also known as the lamella.
Consequently, foam break can reflect reduction of the volume
5.2 In order for gas to escape, bubbles must coalesce, rise,
of indivi
...
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