ASTM E1687-19
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
Standard Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is based on a modification of the Ames Salmonella mutagenesis assay. As modified, there is good correlation with mouse skin-painting bioassay results for samples of raw and refined lubricating oil process streams.
5.2 Mutagenic potency in this modified assay and carcinogenicity in the skin-painting bioassay also correlate with the content of three to seven-ring PACs, which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their heterocyclic analogs. The strength of these correlations implies that PACs are the principal mutagenic and carcinogenic species in these oils. Some of the methods that have provided evidence supporting this view are referenced in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et al. (1)2 (see also Maron et al. (2)). It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who perform this test should be well versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.
1.2 The test method is not recommended as the sole testing procedure for oils which have viscosities less than 18 cSt (90 SUS) at 40 °C, or for formulated metalworking fluids.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Section 7 provides general guidelines for safe conduct of this test method.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1687 − 19 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in
1
Metalworking Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversamicrobiologicaltestprocedure
E2148GuideforUsingDocumentsRelatedtoMetalworking
based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et al.
2
or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
(1) (see also Maron et al. (2)). It can be used as a screening
E2523Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-
technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcino-
tions
gens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalwork-
4
2.2 Other Standard:
ingoils.Personswhoperformthistestshouldbewellversedin
29 CFR 1910.1450Occupational Exposure to Hazardous
the conduct of theAmes test and conversant with the physical
Chemical in Laboratories
and chemical properties of petroleum products.
1.2 The test method is not recommended as the sole testing
3. Terminology
procedure for oils which have viscosities less than 18 cSt
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, see
(90SUS) at 40°C, or for formulated metalworking fluids.
Terminology E2523.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
3.2.1 base stock, n—the refined oil component of metal-
information only.
working fluid formulations.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.2 PAC (Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds), n—for the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
purposes of this test method, PAC refers to fused-ring polycy-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
clic aromatic compounds with three or more rings. For
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
example, the hydrocarbon series is represented by phenan-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
threne (3), pyrene (4), benzopyrene (5), dibenzopyrene (6),
Section 7 provides general guidelines for safe conduct of this
coronene (7). Heterocyclic polynuclear compounds are also
test method.
included in the definition.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.3 promutagenic compounds, promutagens,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
n—compounds that are not directly mutagenic but require
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
metabolism for expression of mutagenic activity.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.4 Reference Oil 1, n—straight-run naphthenic vacuum
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
distillate (heavy vacuum gas oil) of known MI and PAC
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
content recommended for use as a reference standard for the
modified Ames test.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on
3
Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
E34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019. Published October 2019. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1687–10 (2014). the ASTM website.
4
DOI: 10.1520/E1687-19. AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
this standard. www.access.gpo.gov.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1687 − 19
3.3 Abbreviations: employs an extraction of the test oil with DMSO to produce
3.3.1 DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide), n—extractionagentused aqueous-compatible solutions which readily interact with the
in the preparation of aromatic-enriched oil fractions for muta- metabolic activation system (S-9) and w
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1687 − 10 (Reapproved 2014) E1687 − 19 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in
1
Metalworking Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
2
1.1 This test method covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et alal. (1)
(see also Maron et alal. (2)). It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin
base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who perform this test should be well-versed well versed in the
conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.
1.2 The test method is not recommended as the sole testing procedure for oils which have viscosities less than 18 cSt (90 SUS)
(90 SUS) at 40°C,40 °C, or for formulated metalworking fluids.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Section 7 provides general guidelines for safe conduct of this test method.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
4
2.2 Other Standards:Standard:
29 CFR 1910.1450 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemical in Laboratories
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, see Terminology E2523.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: (See also Terminology E2523.)
3.2.1 base stock, n—the refined oil component of metalworking fluid formulations.
3.2.2 PAC (Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds), n—Forfor the purposes of this test method, PAC refers to fused-ring polycyclic
aromatic compounds with three or more rings. For example, the hydrocarbon series is represented by phenanthrene (3), pyrene (4),
benzopyrene (5), dibenzopyrene (6), coronene (7). Heterocyclic polynuclear compounds are also included in the definition.
3.2.3 promutagenic compounds, promutagens, n—compounds that are not directly mutagenic but require metabolism for
expression of mutagenic activity.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Health
and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2014Oct. 1, 2019. Published October 2014October 2019. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20102014 as
E1687 - 10.E1687 – 10 (2014). DOI: 10.1520/E1687-10R14.10.1520/E1687-19.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to thea list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1687 − 19
3.2.4 Reference Oil 1, n—straight-run naphthenic vacuum distillate (heavy vacuum gas oil) of known MI and PAC content
recommended for use as a reference standa
...
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