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ASTM E1374-18

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Open Office Acoustics and Applicable ASTM Standards

Standard Guide for Open Office Acoustics and Applicable ASTM Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for the use of architects, engineers, office managers, and others interested in designing, specifying, or operating office environments.  
4.2 It is not intended to be applied to other environments, for example, open plan schools.  
4.3 While this guide attempts to clarify the many interacting variables that influence acoustical performance, it is not intended to supplant the experience and judgment of experts in the field of acoustics. Competent technical advice should be sought for success in the design of offices, including comparisons of test results carried out according to ASTM standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide discusses the principles and interactions that affect the acoustical performance of open and closed offices. It describes the application and use of the relevant series of ASTM standards.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2017
ICS
91.120.20 - Acoustics in building. Sound insulation
Technical Committee
E33 - Building and Environmental Acoustics
Drafting Committee
E33.02 - Speech Privacy
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1374-06(2011) - Standard Guide for Open Office Acoustics and Applicable ASTM Standards
Effective Date
01-Jan-2018
Replaced By
ASTM E1374-18e1 - Standard Guide for Office Acoustics and Applicable ASTM Standards
Effective Date
01-Jan-2018
Referred By
ASTM E1573-22 - Standard Test Method for Measurement and Reporting of Masking Sound Levels Using A-Weighted and One-Third-Octave-Band Sound Pressure Levels
Effective Date
01-Jan-2018
Referred By
ASTM E1111/E1111M-14(2022) - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Interzone Attenuation of Open Office Components
Effective Date
01-Jan-2018
Referred By
ASTM C634-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Building and Environmental Acoustics
Effective Date
01-Jan-2018

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1374 − 18
Standard Guide for
1
Open Office Acoustics and Applicable ASTM Standards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1374; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Office environments include open and closed spaces with varying acoustical performance
requirements depending on space function and occupant needs. Sound control tools and methods are
identified which combine to provide appropriate amounts of speech privacy, freedom from distraction
and acoustic comfort whether in focus, private, collaborative or other office areas.
1. Scope Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and
Elements
1.1 This guide discusses the principles and interactions that
E336 Test Method for Measurement of Airborne Sound
affect the acoustical performance of open and closed offices. It
Attenuation between Rooms in Buildings
describes the application and use of the relevant series of
E795 Practices for Mounting Test Specimens During Sound
ASTM standards.
Absorption Tests
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
E1007 Test Method for Field Measurement of Tapping
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Machine Impact Sound Transmission Through Floor-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
Ceiling Assemblies and Associated Support Structures
and are not considered standard.
E1110 Classification for Determination ofArticulation Class
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the E1111 Test Method for Measuring the InterzoneAttenuation
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of Open Office Components
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- E1130 Test Method for Objective Measurement of Speech
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Privacy in Open Plan Spaces Using Articulation Index
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. E1179 Specification for Sound Sources Used for Testing
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Open Office Components and Systems
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- E1414 Test Method for Airborne Sound Attenuation Be-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tween Rooms Sharing a Common Ceiling Plenum
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- E1573 Test Method for Evaluating Masking Sound in Open
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Offices Using A-Weighted and One-Third Octave Band
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Sound Pressure Levels
E2638 Test Method for Objective Measurement of the
2. Referenced Documents
Speech Privacy Provided by a Closed Room
2
E2964 Test Method for Measurement of the Normalized
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Insertion Loss of Doors
C423 Test Method for SoundAbsorption and SoundAbsorp-
tion Coefficients by the Reverberation Room Method
3. Summary of Guide
E90 Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne
3.1 Acoustical Performance—Acoustics in open and closed
office spaces must be considered during the design stage in
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E33 on Building and
order to provide occupants with an appropriate degree of
EnvironmentalAcousticsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE33.02on
speech intelligibility and speech privacy while minimizing
Speech Privacy.
noise distraction as appropriate for the space usage. Speech
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originally
privacy and distraction are controlled by the ratio of intruding
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1374 – 06 (2011).
DOI: 10.1520/E1374-18.
voice level to background sound. In the open plan, a degree of
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
speech privacy, noise control and comfort can be achieved if
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
componentselectionandinteractionareunderstood.Asuccess-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ful open plan office is the result of careful coordination of
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1374 − 18
many components, including those which influence the trans- 5.1.4 The level and spectrum of background sound at the
missionofsound,suchastheceiling,furnitureandfurnishings, listener’seargeneratedbysourcesotherthanspeech.Toens
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1374 − 06 (Reapproved 2011) E1374 − 18
Standard Guide for
1
Open Office Acoustics and Applicable ASTM Standards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1374; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
There are no full height partitions in an open-plan office to block sound transmission between
adjacent work stations. Instead, partial height barriers, a sound absorbing ceiling and absorption on
vertical surfaces are used to provide sound attenuation between individuals. These, in combination
with work station layout and appropriate levels of broad band masking sound are used to obtain
acceptable degrees of acoustical privacy.Office environments include open and closed spaces with
varying acoustical performance requirements depending on space function and occupant needs. Sound
control tools and methods are identified which combine to provide appropriate amounts of speech
privacy, freedom from distraction and acoustic comfort whether in focus, private, collaborative or
other office areas.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide discusses the acoustical principles and interactions that affect the acoustical environment and acoustical privacy
in the open office. In this context, it performance of open and closed offices. It describes the application and use of the relevant
series of ASTM standards that apply to the open office.standards.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C423 Test Method for Sound Absorption and Sound Absorption Coefficients by the Reverberation Room Method
E90 Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements
E336 Test Method for Measurement of Airborne Sound Attenuation between Rooms in Buildings
E795 Practices for Mounting Test Specimens During Sound Absorption Tests
E1007 Test Method for Field Measurement of Tapping Machine Impact Sound Transmission Through Floor-Ceiling Assemblies
and Associated Support Structures
E1110 Classification for Determination of Articulation Class
E1111 Test Method for Measuring the Interzone Attenuation of Open Office Components
E1130 Test Method for Objective Measurement of Speech Privacy in Open Plan Spaces Using Articulation Index
E1179 Specification for Sound Sources Used for Testing Open Office Components and Systems
E1414 Test Method for Airborne Sound Attenuation Between Rooms Sharing a Common Ceiling Plenum
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on Building and Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.02 on Open
Plan SpacesSpeech Privacy.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011Jan. 1, 2018. Published December 2011February 2018. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20062011
as E1374 – 06.E1374 – 06 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/E1374-06R11.10.1520/E1374-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1374 − 18
E1573 Test Method for Measurement and Reporting of Masking Sound Levels Using A-Weighted and One-Third-Octave-Band
Sound Pressure Levels
E2638 Test Method for Objective Measurement of t
...

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ASTM C423-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Sound Absorption and Sound Absorption Coefficients by the Reverberation Room Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measurement of the sound absorption of a room is part of the procedure for other acoustical measurements, such as determining the sound power level of a noise source or the sound transmission loss of a partition. It is also used in certain calculations such as predicting the sound pressure level in a room when the sound power level of a noise source in the room is known.  
5.2 The sound absorption coefficient of a surface is a property of the material composing the surface. It is ideally defined as the fraction of the randomly incident sound power absorbed by the surface, but in this test method it is operationally defined in 4.2. The relationship between the theoretically defined and the operationally measured coefficients is under continuing study.  
5.3 Diffraction effects4 usually cause the apparent area of a specimen to be greater than its geometrical area, thereby increasing the coefficients measured according to this test method. When the test specimen is highly absorptive, these values may exceed unity.  
5.4 The coefficients measured by this test method should be used with caution because not only are the areas encountered in practical usage usually larger than the test specimen, but also the sound field is rarely diffuse. In the laboratory, measurements must be made under reproducible conditions, but in practical usage the conditions that determine the effective absorption are often unpredictable. Regardless of the differences and the necessity for judgment, coefficients measured by this test method have been used successfully by architects and consultants in the acoustical design of architectural spaces.  
5.5 Field Measurements—When sound absorption measurements are made in a building in which the size and shape of the room are not under the operator's control, the approximation to a diffuse sound field is not likely to be very close. This matter should be considered when assessing the accuracy of measurements made under field conditions. (See Te...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of sound absorption in a reverberation room by measuring decay rate. Procedures for measuring the absorption of a room, the absorption of an object, such as an office screen, and the sound absorption coefficients of a specimen of sound absorptive material, such as acoustical ceiling tile, are described.  
1.2 Field Measurements—Although this test method covers laboratory measurements, the test method described in 4.1 can be used for making field measurements of the absorption of rooms (see also 5.5). A method to measure the absorption of rooms in the field is described in Test Method E2235.  
1.3 This test method includes information on laboratory accreditation (see Annex A1), asymmetrical screens (see Annex A2), and reverberation room qualification (see Annex A3).  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Airborne Sound Attenuation between Rooms in Buildings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The main part of this standard uses procedures originally developed for laboratory measurements of the sound transmission loss of partitions. These procedures assume that the rooms in which the measurements are performed have a sound field that reasonably approximates a diffuse field. Sound pressure levels in such rooms are reasonably uniform throughout the room and average levels vary inversely with the logarithm of the room sound absorption. Not all rooms will satisfy these conditions. Experience and controlled studies (1)6 have shown that the test method is applicable to smaller spaces normally used for work or living, such as rooms in multi-family dwellings, hotel guest rooms, meeting rooms, and offices with volumes less than 150 m3. The measures appropriate for such spaces are NR, NNR, and ATL. The corresponding single number ratings are NIC, NNIC and ASTC. The ATL and ASTC are measurable between larger spaces that meet a limitation on absorption in the spaces to provide uniform sound distribution.  
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FIG. 1 Direct (D) and Some Indirect or Flanking Paths (F and Dotted) in a Building  
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ASTM E795-23(Practice)
Standard Practices for Mounting Test Specimens During Sound Absorption Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The sound absorption of a material that covers a flat surface depends not only on the physical properties of the material but also on the way in which the material is mounted over the surface. The mountings specified in these practices are intended to simulate in the laboratory conditions that exist in normal use.  
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ASTM E1574-98(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Sound in Residential Spaces

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is an in situ method, that is, the measurements are made at the actual installation. The sound levels measured according to this test method should be representative for that installation and for the quantity of acoustical absorption actually, permanently present.  
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ASTM C634-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Building and Environmental Acoustics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Definitions—Terms and related definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in all building and environmental acoustic test standards in which they appear.  
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to Each Standard:  
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3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable to the standard or standards in which the term is described and used.  
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1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, and descriptions of terms used or likely to be used in building and environmental acoustics standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose definitions that are consistent with the standard definitions but are written to ensure that a specific building and environmental acoustics standard is properly understood and precisely interpreted. The primary focus of this document is upon terms, definitions and descriptions found within standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33; however, terms, definitions and descriptions that are of general interest to the field of acoustics are also included.  
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ASTM E492-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Impact Sound Transmission Through Floor-Ceiling Assemblies Using the Tapping Machine

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5.1 The spectrum of the noise in the room below the test specimen is determined by the following:  
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1.1 This test method covers the laboratory measurement of impact sound transmission of floor-ceiling assemblies using a standardized tapping machine. It is assumed that the test specimen constitutes the primary sound transmission path into a receiving room located directly below and that a good approximation to a diffuse sound field exists in this room.  
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1.4 Laboratory Accreditation—The requirements for accrediting a laboratory for performing this test method are given in Annex A2.  
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ASTM C384-04(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Impedance and Absorption of Acoustical Materials by Impedance Tube Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The acoustical impedance properties of a sound absorptive material are related to its physical properties, such as airflow resistance, porosity, elasticity, and density. As such, the measurements described in this test method are useful in basic research and product development of sound absorptive materials.  
5.2 Normal incidence sound absorption coefficients are more useful than random incidence coefficients in certain situations. They are used, for example, to predict the effect of placing material in a small enclosed space, such as inside a machine.  
5.3 Estimates of the random incidence or statistical absorption coefficients for materials can be obtained from normal incidence impedance data. For materials that are locally reacting, that is, without sound propagation inside the material parallel to its surface, statistical absorption coefficients can be estimated from specific normal acoustic impedance values using an expression derived by London (1).5 Locally reacting materials include those with high internal losses parallel with the surface such as porous or fibrous materials of high density or materials that are backed by partitioned cavities such as a honeycomb core. Formulas for estimating random incidence sound absorption properties for both locally and bulk-reacting materials, as well as for multilayer systems with and without air spaces have also been developed (2).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of an impedance tube, alternatively called a standing wave apparatus, for the measurement of impedance ratios and the normal incidence sound absorption coefficients of acoustical materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C522-03(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Airflow Resistance of Acoustical Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The specific airflow resistance of an acoustical material is one of the properties that determine its sound-absorptive and sound-transmitting properties. Measurement of specific airflow resistance is useful during product development, for quality control during manufacture, and for specification purposes.  
5.2 Valid measurements are made only in the region of laminar airflow where, aside from random measurement errors, the airflow resistance (R = P/U) is constant. When the airflow is turbulent, the apparent airflow resistance increases with an increase of volume velocity and the term “airflow resistance” does not apply.  
5.3 The specific airflow resistance measured by this test method may differ from the specific resistance measured by the impedance tube method in Test Method E384 for two reasons. In the presence of sound, the particle velocity inside a porous material is alternating while in this test method, the velocity is constant and in one direction only. Also, the particle velocity inside a porous material is not the same as the linear velocity measured outside the specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of airflow resistance and the related measurements of specific airflow resistance and airflow resistivity of porous materials that can be used for the absorption and attenuation of sound. Materials cover a range from thick boards or blankets to thin mats, fabrics, papers, and screens. When the material is anisotropic, provision is made for measurements along different axes of the specimen.  
1.2 This test method is designed for the measurement of values of specific airflow resistance ranging from 100 to 10 000 mks rayls (Pa·s/m) with linear airflow velocities ranging from 0.5 mm/s to 50 mm/s and pressure differences across the specimen ranging from 0.1 Pa to 250 Pa. The upper limit of this range of linear airflow velocities is a point at which the airflow through most porous materials is in partial or complete transition from laminar to turbulent flow.  
1.3 A procedure for accrediting a laboratory for the purposes of this test method is given in Annex A1.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Table 1 is provided for user to convert into cgs units.    
cgs acoustic ohm  
mks acoustic ohm (Pa·s/m3)  
105  
cgs rayl  
mks rayl (Pa·s/m)  
10    
cgs rayl/cm  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
103  
cgs rayl/in.  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
394  
mks rayl/in.  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
39.4  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1042-22(Classification)
Standard Classification for Acoustically Absorptive Materials Applied by Trowel or Spray

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Acoustically absorptive materials are used for the control of reverberation and echoes in rooms. This standard provides a classification method for acoustically absorptive materials applied directly to surfaces by trowel or by spray.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers materials applied by trowel or spray to surfaces for the purpose of increasing their acoustical absorption.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1573-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement and Reporting of Masking Sound Levels Using A-Weighted and One-Third-Octave-Band Sound Pressure Levels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acoustical performance is dependent on many factors (see Guide E1374 for a discussion on general office acoustical considerations). One of these factors is the masking sound. The masking spectrum shape and level must conform within specified tolerances throughout the treated area. The measurement and recording of these parameters are addressed in this test method.  
5.2 The results from this test method are used to determine if the masking sound meets a particular specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the procedure used to measure the masking sound in terms of A-weighted and one-third-octave-band sound pressure levels.  
1.2 The results of this test method can be used to determine if and where the masking sound meets (or does not meet) a particular specification.  
1.3 This test method does not evaluate the overall acoustical environment. It is intended only to measure and report the masking sound levels.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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