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ASTM D3649-98a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water

Standard Test Method for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in water by means of gamma-ray spectrometry. It is applicable to nuclides emitting gamma-rays with energies greater than 20 keV. For typical counting systems and sample types, activity levels of about 40 Bq are easily measured and sensitivities as low as 0.4 Bq are found for many nuclides (1).  Count rates in excess of 2000 counts per second should be avoided because of electronic limitations. High count rate samples can be accommodated by dilution or by increasing the sample to detector distance.  
1.2 This test method can be used for either quantitative or relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be expressed by comparison with an initial concentration of a given nuclide which is taken as 100%. For radioassay, the results may be expressed in terms of known nuclidic standards for the radionuclides known to be present. In addition to the quantitative measurement of gamma radioactivity, gamma spectrometry can be used for the identification of specific gamma emitters in a mixture of radionuclides. General information on radioactivity and the measurement of radiation has been published (2). Information on specific application of gamma spectrometry is also available in the literature (3). See also Practice D1066, Test Method D1943, Practice D3084, Practice D3085, Practices D3370, and Method E181.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitation prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jul-1998
ICS
71.040.50 - Physicochemical methods of analysis
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.04 - Methods of Radiochemical Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D3649-06 - Standard Practice for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water
Effective Date
15-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1402-17 - Standard Guide for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Soil Samples
Effective Date
10-Jul-1998
Referred By
ASTM D3454-21 - Standard Test Method for Radium-226 in Water
Effective Date
10-Jul-1998
Referred By
ASTM C1295-15 - Standard Test Method for Gamma Energy Emission from Fission and Decay Products in Uranium Hexafluoride and Uranyl Nitrate Solution
Effective Date
10-Jul-1998
Referred By
ASTM D7784-20 - Standard Practice for the Rapid Assessment of Gamma-ray Emitting Radionuclides in Environmental Media by Gamma Spectrometry
Effective Date
10-Jul-1998
Referred By
ASTM D4785-20 - Standard Test Method for Low-Level Analysis of Iodine Radioisotopes in Water
Effective Date
10-Jul-1998

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ASTM D3649-98a - Standard Test Method for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of WaterASTM D3649-98a - Standard Test Method for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water
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ASTM D3649-98a - Standard Test Method for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D 3649–98a
Standard Practice for
1
High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3649; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope Applicable Test Methods of Committee D–19 on Water
D 3085 Practice for Measurement of Low LevelActivity in
1.1 This practice covers the measurement of gamma-ray
4
Water
emitting radionuclides in water by means of gamma-ray
D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Con-
spectrometry. It is applicable to nuclides emitting gamma-rays
3
duits
withenergiesgreaterthan20keV.Fortypicalcountingsystems
3
D 3648 Practices for Measurement of Radioactivity
and sample types, activity levels of about 40 Bq are easily
E181 GeneralMethodsforDetectorCalibrationandAnaly-
measured and sensitivities as low as 0.4 Bq are found for many
5
2 sis of Radionuclides
nuclides (1). Count rates in excess of 2000 counts per second
should be avoided because of electronic limitations. High
3. Terminology
count rate samples can be accommodated by dilution or by
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
increasing the sample to detector distance.
tice, refer toTerminology D 1129. For terms not defined in this
1.2 This practice can be used for either quantitative or
practice or in Terminology D 1129, reference may be made to
relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be
other published glossaries (5).
expressed by comparison with an initial concentration of a
given nuclide which is taken as 100 %. For radioassay, the
4. Summary of Practice
results may be expressed in terms of known nuclidic standards
4.1 Gamma ray spectra are measured with modular equip-
for the radionuclides known to be present. In addition to the
ment consisting of a detector, an analyzer, memory, and a
quantitative measurement of gamma radioactivity, gamma
permanent data storage device.
spectrometry can be used for the identification of specific
4.2 Lithium-drifted germanium, Gel(Li), or high-purity ger-
gamma emitters in a mixture of radionuclides. General infor-
manium (HPGe) detectors, p-type or n-type, are used for the
mation on radioactivity and the measurement of radiation has
analysis of complex gamma-ray spectra because of their
been published (2,3). Information on specific application of
excellent energy resolution. These germanium systems, how-
gamma spectrometry is also available in the literature (4). See
ever, are characterized by high cost and require cooling with
also Practice D 1066, Test Method D 1943, Practice D 3084,
liquid nitrogen.
Practice D 3085, Practices D 3370, and Method E 181.
4.3 In a germanium semiconductor detector, gamma-ray
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety
photons produce electron-hole pairs. The charged pair is then
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
collected by an applied electric field. A very stable low noise
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
preamplifier is needed to amplify the pulses of electric charge
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
resultingfromgammaphotoninteractions.Theoutputfromthe
limitation prior to use.
preamplifier is directly proportional to the energy deposited by
2. Referenced Documents the incident gamma-ray. These current pulses are fed into an
amplifier of sufficient gain to produce voltage output pulses in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3 the amplitude range form 0 to 10 V.
D 1066 Practice for Sampling Steam
3 4.4 A multichannel pulse-height analyzer is used to deter-
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
mine the amplitude of each pulse originating in the detector,
D 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
and accumulates in a memory the number of pulses in each
amplitude band (or channel) in a given counting time. Com-
puterizedsystemswithstoredprogramsandinterfacehardware
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D-19 on Water
can accomplish the same functions as hardwired multichannel
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD19.04onMethodsofRadiochemi-
analyzers.The primary advantages of the computerized system
cal Analysis.
Current edition approved July 10, 1998. Published March 1999. Originally
published as D 3649 – 78. Last previous edition D 3649 – 98.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
4
this test method. Discontinued—See 1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.02.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards
...

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5.1 Gamma-ray spectrometry is of use in identifying radionuclides and in making quantitative measurements. Use of a semiconductor detector is necessary for high-resolution measurements.  
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FIG. 1 Restrictions Imposed by the Conductivity pH Relationship  
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5.1 PFAS are widely used in various industrial and commercial products; they are persistent, bio-accumulative, and ubiquitous in the environment. PFAS have been reported to exhibit developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and hormone disturbance. PFAS have been detected in soils, sludges, surface, and drinking waters. This is a quick, easy, and robust method to quantitatively determine these compounds at trace levels in water matrices.  
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5.1 This test method is useful for the determination of element concentrations in many natural waters and wastewaters. It has the capability for the simultaneous determination of up to 29 elements. High sensitivity analysis and larger dynamic range can be achieved for some elements that are difficult to determine by other techniques such as Flame Atomic Absorption.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of dissolved, total-recoverable, or total elements in drinking water, ground water, surface water, domestic, commercial or industrial wastewaters,2,3 within the following concentration ranges of Table 1.  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Note 2  and Section 9.  
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ASTM D5739-06(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Oil Spill Source Identification by Gas Chromatography and Positive Ion Electron Impact Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful for assessing the source for an oil spill. Other less complex analytical procedures (Test Methods D3328, D3414, D3650, and D5037) may provide all of the necessary information for ascertaining an oil spill source; however, the use of a more complex analytical strategy may be necessary in certain difficult cases, particularly for significantly weathered oils. This practice provides the user with a means to this end.  
4.1.1 This practice presumes that a “screening” of possible suspect sources has already occurred using less intensive techniques. As a result, this practice focuses directly on the generation of data using preselected targeted compound classes. These targets are both petrogenic and pyrogenic and can constitute both major and minor fractions of petroleum oils; they were chosen in order to develop a practice that is universally applicable to petroleum oil identification in general and is also easy to handle and apply. This practice can accommodate light oils and cracked products (exclusive of gasoline) on the one hand, as well as residual oils on the other.  
4.1.2 This practice provides analytical characterizations of petroleum oils for comparison purposes. Certain classes of source-specific chemical compounds are targeted in this qualitative comparison; these target compounds are both unique descriptors of an oil and chemically resistant to environmental degradation. Spilled oil can be assessed in this way as being similar or different from potential source samples by the direct visual comparison of specific extracted ion chromatograms (EICs). In addition, other, more weathering-sensitive chemical compound classes can also be examined in order to crudely assess the degree of weathering undergone by an oil spill sample.  
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Standard Terminology Used with Ion-Selective Electrodes

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