ASTM E959-83(2005)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
Standard Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Throughput, power and energy requirements, and product size are key parameters that describe the operation and performance of solid waste size-reduction equipment.
This test method can be used to determine if the size-reduction equipment is operating within specifications and meeting performance criteria.
Having determined the parameters given in 5.1, the equipment that has been subjected to the test may be compared to other equipment similarly tested in order to establish relative levels of performance among equipment.
The basic test period is a continuous two to four h duration. The use of several test periods may be warranted to assess adequately the performance of size reduction equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the performance of solid waste size reduction equipment.
1.2 This test method can be used to measure the flow (that is, throughput) of solid waste through the size-reduction equipment, energy usage of the size-reduction device, and particle size of the shredded product.
1.3 This test method includes instructions for measuring energy usage, solid waste throughput, net processing time, and particle size distribution.
1.4 This test method applies only to size reduction equipment that produces a shredded product with a size corresponding to 90 % cumulative passing in the range of 0.5 to 15 cm (0.2-6 in.) on an air-dry weight basis. For material with nominal sizes outside of this range, the precision and bias statements for particle size designation (Section ) may not apply.
1.5 This test method can be applied to size reduction equipment located anywhere within a processing line.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section for specific hazard information.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:E959–83 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction
Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E959; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E828 Test Method for Designating the Size of RDF-3 From
its Sieve Analysis
1.1 This test method covers measuring the performance of
E929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Re-
solid waste size reduction equipment.
quirements of Processing Equipment
1.2 This test method can be used to measure the flow (that
is, throughput) of solid waste through the size-reduction
3. Terminology Definitions:
equipment, energy usage of the size-reduction device, and
3.1 characteristic product size—the screen size correspond-
particle size of the shredded product.
ing to 63.2 % cumulative passing by weight.
1.3 This test method includes instructions for measuring
3.2 discrete throughput method—the method whereby av-
energy usage, solid waste throughput, net processing time, and
erage throughput is calculated as the average of a number of
particle size distribution.
discrete throughput measurements conducted during a test
1.4 This test method applies only to size reduction equip-
period.
ment that produces a shredded product with a size correspond-
3.3 idling time—timeperiodsduringwhichasizereduction
ing to 90 % cumulative passing in the range of 0.5 to 15 cm
device is freewheeling, that is, not processing refuse.
(0.2–6 in.) on an air-dry weight basis. For material with
3.4 net processing time—the time during which refuse is
nominal sizes outside of this range, the precision and bias
processed through the size reduction device.
statements for particle size designation (Section 14) may not
3.5 nominal product size—the screen size corresponding to
apply.
90 % cumulative passing by weight.
1.5 This test method can be applied to size reduction
3.6 size reduction device or equipment—adevicewhichsize
equipment located anywhere within a processing line.
reduces (Synonyms: shredder, grinder, pulverizer, and mill).
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.7 stationary belt method—a method of gross sample
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
collectioninwhichtheconveyorbeltisstoppedandthesample
only.
of material is removed manually.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.8 time-averaged throughput method—the method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
whereby the average throughput is calculated by dividing the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
total mass size reduced by the net processing time.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.9 test interval— a test interval is equal to one-quarter of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for
the test period.
specific hazard information.
3.10 test period— the test period is two to four continuous
2. Referenced Documents h of net-processing time.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The duration of the test period is established and refuse
is prepared for processing.
4.2 An energy measuring system is installed.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
4.3 Solid waste is processed through the size reduction
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 onTreatment,
Recovery and Reuse. equipment, energy usage and throughput is measured, and
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originally
samples for analysis of product particle size distribution are
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E959-83(1999). DOI:
collected.
10.1520/E0959-83R05.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E959–83 (2005)
4.4 Average throughput, power requirements, specific en- 9. Preparation for Test
ergy, and particle size of the shredded product are calculated.
9.1 Refuse Preparation and Establishment of Test
4.5 Two methods (Time-Averaged Throughput Method and
Intervals—The duration of the test period is to be a minimum
Discrete Throughput Method [Section 10]) for measuring the
of 2 h and a maximum of 4 of net-processing time. During the
performance of size reduction equipment are described. The
test period, collect four gross samples of shredded product
selection of a particular method is governed by the layout of
from which subsamples for particle size distribution analysis
the processing equipment, the location of the size-reduction
will be taken subsequently. The test period is divided into four
equipment relative to the other processing equipment, and the
equal test intervals (that is, test intervals 1, 2, 3, and 4).
preference of the parties conducting the test.
Calculate the approximate duration of the test intervals using
the following relation:
5. Significance and Use
t *
5.1 Throughput, power and energy requirements, and prod- p
t * . (1)
i
uct size are key parameters that describe the operation and
performance of solid waste size-reduction equipment.
where:
5.2 This test method can be used to determine if the
t * = estimate of the duration of the test interval (h), and
p
size-reduction equipment is operating within specifications and
t * = estimateddurationofthetestperiod(h),subjecttothe
p
meeting performance criteria.
condition 2 h# t *#4h.
p
5.3 Having determined the parameters given in 5.1, the
Weigh refuse, uniformly mixed as much as possible, and
equipment that has been subjected to the test may be compared
form into four discrete piles, each of which has an approximate
tootherequipmentsimilarlytestedinordertoestablishrelative
(nominal) weight as calculated by the following relation:
levels of performance among equipment.
m˙ *t *
5.4 The basic test period is a continuous two to four h i
M* . (2)
i
duration. The use of several test periods may be warranted to
assess adequately the performance of size reduction equip-
where:
ment.
M* = approximate weight of the refuse pile in Mg,
i
m˙* = nominal throughput value (Mg/h) established for the
6. Apparatus
test, and
6.1 Hand Broom.
t* = estimated duration of the test interval (h) derived
i
6.2 Dust Pan.
from Eq 1.
6.3 Wide-mouthed Shovel.
The measured weight of each pile (M) is to be within 65%
i
6.4 Clock or Stopwatch, accurate to 0.1 s.
of the nominal weight (M*). Record the weight of each pile on
i
6.5 Plastic Bags, large containers, or both.
the sample data form shown in Fig. 1.
6.6 Push-broom.
9.2 Time Measurements and Logbook—Keep a time log
6.7 Ties and Labels.
during the conduct of the test program, the primary purpose of
6.8 Electrical Metering System.
which is to allow the calculation of net-processing time. A
6.9 Sieving Equipment, manual or mechanical.
sample format for the log is shown in Fig. 2.
9.2.1 The key time recordings for each time interval are as
7. Hazards
follows:
7.1 The test procedure described in 11.4 requires the re-
9.2.1.1 Starting time of the time interval,
moval of shredded material from a stopped conveyor belt by
test personnel. Precautions should be taken to ensure that the
9.2.1.2 Starting time of idling periods in which the size
belt cannot be started while occupied. These precautions
reduction device is electrically energized but in which no size
consistoflockoutoftheelectricalpowertotheconveyor,ready
reduction of refuse is occurring,
access to a safety “stop” cord located on the conveyor, or both.
9.2.1.3 Starting time of any periods in which the size
7.2 This test method requires installation of electrical me-
reduction device is electrically shut down (de-energized), and
tering equipment. Consequently, the precautions described in
9.2.1.4 Finishing time of the test interval.
Test Method E929 should be observed.
9.2.2 In order to obtain representative test data, it is recom-
7.3 Gross samples should be collected sufficiently far from
mended that the net-processing time be a minimum of 75 % of
the size reduction equipment such that test personnel are
the duration of the test period. For example, if a four-h test
protected from potential explosions and flying objects from the
period is chosen, the net processing time should be equal to or
equipment.
greater than three h.
8. Equipment Calibration
9.3 Setup and Use of the Energy Measuring Equipment—
Measure energy usage of the size reduction device during the
8.1 All electrical metering equipment used for energy mea-
test period using Test Method E929. Use a rotating disk-type
surement shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method
E929. wattmeter or equivalent as the measuring instrument. Install
and test the energy measuring equipment prior to initiating the
8.2 All weight-measuring equipment shall be calibrated
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. test period.
E959–83 (2005)
Site: ____________________________________________ Date: ___________________________________________
Type of Size Recorded By: _____________________________________
Reduction Device: _________________________________ Test Period No.: ___________________________________
Model No.: _______________________________________ Test Interval No.: ___________________________________
Serial No.: ________________________________________
(A) (B) (C)
Time Description of Activity/Reason for Shutdown Shredding Time, Idling Time, Shredder Shutdown,
A B
Dt (h) D t (h) D t (h)
s x y
Totals
A
Power on to size reduction equipment, but no processing of material.
B
Power off to size reduction equipment.
FIG. 2 Time Log for Testing Size Reduction Equipment
upstream of the size-reduction device, for example, there is no
Pile No. Weight of Pile, M(Mg)
i
pre-trommel screen upstream of the size-reduction device.
10.2 After an initial one-half hour warmup period during
which refuse is shredded and the power measuring equipment
Total, M: _______________________________________
is functioning, allow the shreading device to empty. Subse-
quent to its emptying, measure the initial freewheeling power
draw while the machine is idling using a rotating disk-type
wattmeter,asdescribedinTestMethodE929.Recordmeasure-
ments in accordance with Fig. 2, Energy Measurement Data
Total, M:
Sheet of Test Method E929.
__________________________________________
10.3 After completion of the initial freewheeling power
measurements and at the onset of the first time interval, note
11 thestartingtimeandrecordonthetimelog(Fig.2).Recordthe
initial wattmeter reading in accordance with Fig. 2, Energy
Measurement Data Sheet of Test Method E929. Simulta-
Total, M:
_______________________________________________
neously, initiate the processing of one of the four pre-weighed
piles of refuse. Make every reasonable effort to supply a
constant flow of refuse into the size-reduction device. The
measured duration of the test interval is to be within 610 % of
that estimated for t*inEq1.
i
Total, M:
10.4 Approximately midway through the first time interval
________________________________________________
of the test period, collect a representative gross sample for
17 product particle size analysis downstream of the shredder
discharge. The appropriate weight of the gross sample is as
indicated in Fig. 3.
Total, M: ___________________________________
10.5 The preferred method of collection for the gross
FIG. 1 Sample Data Sheet for Throughput Measurement Using
sample is through diversion of the entire cross section of the
the Time-Averaged Throughput Method
shredded refuse stream into a collection container or through
collection of the entire cross section of the stream at a
conveying transition point. Where neither of the two preferred
10. Time-Averaged Throughput Method Procedure:
methods of collection can be employed, the collection of a
10.1 The Time-Averaged Throughput Method may be used partial stream sample may be substituted. If partial stream
in those instances where there is no stream-splitting apparatus sampling is used, make a notation on the data sheet used for
E959–83 (2005)
Nominal Product Size, X , (cm)
FIG. 3 Weight Requirements for Gross and Lab Samples as a Function of Nominal Product Size
recording the weights of gross and laboratory samples (Fig. 4) been noted, measure the final freewheeling power draw and
and the data sheets used to record particle size distribution data record the data in Fig. 2, Energy Measurement Data Sheet of
(Fig. 5).
Test Method E929.
10.6 Weigh the gross sample and store in a waterproof
container or bag until the representative laboratory samples are
11. Discrete Throughput Method Procedure
chosen. Record weight data on the data sheet shown in Fig. 4.
11.1 The Discrete Throughput Method is used in those
10.7 At the conclusion of the time interval, note the time
instances where splitting of the raw refuse stream occurs prior
and record the reading on the time log.
to its entering the size-reduction device, for example, in those
10.8 Collect the second, third, and fourth gross samples for
systems where a pre-trommel screen is located upstream of the
product particle size analysis approximately midway into the
size-reduction device.
second, third, and fourth test intervals, respectively, of the test
11.2 Follow the procedures in 10.2 through 10.4 . The
period, following the procedures in 10.4 through 10.7 . Note
preferred method of collection of the gross sample is by
and record on the time logs the starting times of the subsequent
diversion of the entire cross section of the shredded refuse
test intervals.
stream into a collection container or through collection of the
10.9 Following the fourth time interval and immediately
entire cross section of the stream in free fall at a conveying
upon size reducing the remainder of the fourth pile of refuse,
note the time and record the final wattmeter reading on Table transition point. Use a stopwatch to measure the time during
which the throughput sample is being collected.
X4 of Test Method E929.After the final wattm
...
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