ASTM D5681-23

Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology defines terms and specialized meanings of terms in the subject areas of waste and management of waste.  
3.2 This terminology is not intended for subjects other than waste and waste management. For terms applicable to other subject areas, the appropriate terminology standard(s) should be consulted. See the current edition of the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions4 and the list of terminology standards cited therein.  
3.3 Standards relating to subcategories of waste or waste management may use terms defined more narrowly than those included here. The more specialized terminology standards relating to the applicable specific subcategory, or terms defined within individual standards, or both, should be consulted for the exact meaning intended within a given standard.  
3.4 The Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology (Special Technical Publication (STP) 832)5 contains many terms and may be useful for those not listed in terminology standards. However, a definition in a standard terminology shall be considered governing when the term is used in the sense or meaning defined therein.  
3.5 Statistical terms are not defined in this terminology to the extent that the terms, when used regarding waste and management of waste, have the same meanings as in Practice E177 or Terminology E456.  
3.6 Regulatory terms are often developed by regulatory agencies for special regulatory purposes and may have technical content or meaning different from terms defined herein. When a regulatory term exists that differs in meaning from a term given here, the regulatory term should be considered to take precedence for regulatory matters.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of terms used in the general area of waste and waste management. It is intended to promote understanding by providing precise technical definitions of terms used in the standards developed by Committee D34 and its subcommittees.  
1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, and having a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined or explained in the terminology section of that individual standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2023
• ICS: 01.040.13 - Environment. Health protection. Safety (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 13.030.99 - Other standards related to wastes
• Technical Committee: D34 - Waste Management
• Drafting Committee: D34.94 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D5681-22e1 - Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D5746-24 - Standard Classification of Environmental Condition of Property Area Types, Including Explosives Safety for Federally-Owned Real Property
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D4439-24 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D5746-23 - Standard Classification of Environmental Condition of Property Area Types, Including Explosives Safety for Federally-Owned Real Property
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2023
• Refers: ASTM D4439-23b - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2023
• Refers: ASTM E456-13a(2022)e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2022
• Refers: ASTM E456-13a(2022) - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2022
• Refers: ASTM D1129-13(2020)e2 - Standard Terminology Relating to Water
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM D1129-13(2020)e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Water
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM D5746-98(2016) - Standard Classification of Environmental Condition of Property Area Types for Defense Base Closure and Realignment Facilities
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Refers: ASTM E953/E953M-16 - Standard Practice for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2016
• Refers: ASTM D4646-16 - Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2016
• Refers: ASTM D5792-10(2015) - Standard Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of Data Quality Objectives
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2015
• Referred By: ASTM D6640-21 - Standard Practice for Collection and Handling of Soils Obtained in Core Barrel Samplers for Environmental Investigations
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Referred By: ASTM D5658-20 - Standard Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Waste from Trucks
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023

Overview

ASTM D5681-23: Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management defines key terminology used across the waste management sector. This international standard, published by ASTM International, provides precise technical definitions to foster a clear and shared understanding among professionals in waste management, regulatory compliance, environmental consulting, and related industries. ASTM D5681-23 applies specifically to waste and waste management subject areas, supporting consistency and accuracy in communication and documentation across standards, research, and practice.

Key Topics

ASTM D5681-23 covers terminology that is foundational for:

• Waste Types and Characteristics: Definitions related to waste, refuse, and recyclable material, including hazardous substances, solid waste, and composite items.
• Sampling and Analysis: Terms describing procedures for waste sampling, analysis, and associated concepts such as analytical unit, sample attribute, composite sample, and constituent.
• Statistical Methods: Key statistical terms like confidence interval, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and bias in the context of waste analysis.
• Regulatory and Environmental Concepts: Terms related to regulatory practices, action levels, ARAR (Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements), environmental baseline surveys (EBS), contaminated public wells, and environmental liens.
• Material Processing and Management: Definitions for processes and equipment, such as bulking, bonding, drum handling, and characterization of waste streams and products (e.g., combustibles, calorific value).
• Decision-Making: Terminology relevant to data quality objectives (DQO), decision points, decision rules, and error types (false negative, false positive) within the waste management decision process.

This terminology standard is designed to align with other specialized standards or terminology sections within individual ASTM documents, while also respecting regulatory definitions where applicable.

Applications

ASTM D5681-23 is widely utilized for:

• Developing and Interpreting Standards: Ensures consistency and accuracy in language within ASTM standards related to waste and waste management.
• Technical Communication: Enhances clarity in reports, documentation, training, and regulatory submissions by providing agreed-upon technical definitions.
• Waste Characterization and Management: Used by environmental consultants, laboratory professionals, and waste facility operators to standardize processes for sampling, analysis, and reporting.
• Regulatory Compliance: Assists organizations in understanding and fulfilling regulatory requirements by defining common terms and highlighting when regulatory or jurisdiction-specific definitions take precedence.
• Education and Training: Serves as a reference for teaching waste management best practices and terminology in academic and professional development settings.

ASTM D5681-23 also plays a critical role in multidisciplinary projects by providing a common vocabulary for environmental scientists, engineers, and policy makers.

Related Standards

Several other ASTM standards are referenced or closely connected to ASTM D5681-23, helping users broaden their knowledge or delve into more specialized topics:

• ASTM D1129 - Terminology Relating to Water
• ASTM D4439 - Terminology for Geosynthetics
• ASTM D5231 - Test Method for Determination of the Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste
• ASTM E177 / E456 - Terms and Practices Relating to Precision, Bias, Quality, and Statistics
• ASTM D6311 / D6044 / D6538 - Guides and practices for environmental sampling and waste characterization
• ASTM D5745 - Guide for Developing and Implementing Interim and Early Actions for Waste Contamination Site Remediation
• Other Regulatory or Statistical References: Users should consult individual legal or regulatory definitions where required, as regulatory agency terminology may differ.

ASTM D5681-23 is an essential reference for clear, consistent terminology in waste management, supporting quality, safety, and regulatory alignment across the environmental sector.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5681 − 23
Standard Terminology for
Waste and Waste Management
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope umn Apparatus (Withdrawn 2021)
D5120 Test Method for Inhibition of Respiration in Micro-
1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of terms
bial Cultures in the Activated Sludge Process (Withdrawn
used in the general area of waste and waste management. It is
2014)
intended to promote understanding by providing precise tech-
D5231 Test Method for Determination of the Composition
nical definitions of terms used in the standards developed by
of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste
Committee D34 and its subcommittees.
D5285 Test Method for 24-Hour Batch-Type Measurement
1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, and
of Volatile Organic Sorption by Soils and Sediments
having a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined or
(Withdrawn 2008)
explained in the terminology section of that individual stan-
D5368 Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Total
dard.
Solvent Extractable Content (TSEC) of Solid Waste
Samples (Withdrawn 2014)
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D5369 Practice for Extraction of Solid Waste Samples for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Chemical Analysis Using Soxhlet Extraction (Withdrawn
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2016)
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Waste Materials (Withdrawn 2016)
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
D5660 Test Method for Assessing the Microbial Detoxifica-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
tion of Chemically Contaminated Water and Soil Using a
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Toxicity Test with a Luminescent Marine Bacterium
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
(Withdrawn 2014)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D5679 Practice for Sampling Consolidated Solids in Drums
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
or Similar Containers
D5680 Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids in
2. Referenced Documents
Drums or Similar Containers
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5743 Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
Liquids, with or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
Containers
D4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
D5744 Test Method for Laboratory Weathering of Solid
D4646 Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of
Materials Using a Humidity Cell
Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
D5745 Guide for Developing and Implementing Interim and
D4790 Terminology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related
Early Actions for Waste Contamination Site Remediation
Chemicals
D5746 Classification of Environmental Condition of Prop-
D4874 Test Method for Leaching Solid Material in a Col-
erty Area Types, Including Explosives Safety for
Federally-Owned Real Property
D5759 Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash and
Clean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential Uses
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.94 on Terminol-
D5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
ogy.
lated to Waste Management Activities: Development of
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
Data Quality Objectives
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D5681 – 22. DOI:
10.1520/D5681-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5681 − 23
D5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies for Heterogeneous E868 Test Methods for Conducting Performance Tests on
Wastes Mechanical Conveying Equipment Used in Resource
Recovery Systems (Withdrawn 2013)
D6008 Practice for Determining the Environmental Condi-
E884 Practice for Sampling Airborne Microorganisms at
tion of Federal Property
Municipal Solid-Waste Processing Facilities (Withdrawn
D6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Management
2021)
of Waste and Contaminated Media
E889 Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid
D6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-
Waste Materials Stream
pling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
E897 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis Sample
D6063 Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Containers
of Refuse-Derived Fuel (Withdrawn 2011)
by Field Personnel
E929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Require-
D6250 Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Confi-
ments of Processing Equipment (Withdrawn 2014)
dence Limit for Statistical Testing of Mean Concentration
E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-
in Waste Management Decisions (Withdrawn 2018)
ronmental Fate
D6270 Practice for Use of Scrap Tires in Civil Engineering
E949 Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-Derived
Applications
Fuel Laboratory Sample (Withdrawn 2011)
D6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Related
E953/E953M Practice for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel
to Waste Management Activities: Selection and Optimiza-
(RDF) Ash
tion of Sampling Design
E955 Test Method for Thermal Characteristics of Refuse-
D6323 Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Related Derived Fuel Macrosamples (Withdrawn 2017)
to Waste Management Activities E959 Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of
Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
D6346 Guide for Accepting, Segregating, and Packaging
E1138 Terminology for Technical Aspects of Products Li-
Materials Collected Through Household Hazardous Waste
ability Litigation (Withdrawn 1995)
Programs
E1248 Practice for Shredder Explosion Protection
D6538 Guide for Sampling Wastewater With Automatic
E1266 Practice for Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash,
Samplers
and Heavy Metal Wastes in Structural Fills and Other
D6582 Guide for Ranked Set Sampling: Efficient Estimation
Construction Applications
of a Mean Concentration in Environmental Sampling
3 E1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I
(Withdrawn 2012)
Environmental Site Assessment Process
D6661 Practice for Field Collection of Organic Compounds
E1528 Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence:
from Surfaces Using Wipe Sampling
Transaction Screen Process
D6700 Guide for Use of Scrap Tires as Tire-Derived Fuel
3. Significance and Use
D6759 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab and Dis-
crete Depth Samplers
3.1 This terminology defines terms and specialized mean-
D6842 Guide for Designing Cost-Effective Sampling and
ings of terms in the subject areas of waste and management of
Measurement Plans by Use of Estimated Uncertainty and
waste.
Its Components in Waste Management Decision-Making
3.2 This terminology is not intended for subjects other than
(Withdrawn 2015)
waste and waste management. For terms applicable to other
D6956 Guide for Demonstrating and Assessing Whether a
subject areas, the appropriate terminology standard(s) should
Chemical Analytical Measurement System Provides Ana-
be consulted. See the current edition of the Compilation of
lytical Results Consistent with Their Intended Use
ASTM Standard Definitions and the list of terminology
D6982 Practice for Detecting Hot Spots Using Point-Net
standards cited therein.
(Grid) Search Patterns
3.3 Standards relating to subcategories of waste or waste
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
management may use terms defined more narrowly than those
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
included here. The more specialized terminology standards
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
relating to the applicable specific subcategory, or terms defined
ASTM Test Methods
within individual standards, or both, should be consulted for
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
the exact meaning intended within a given standard.
E702 Specification for Municipal Ferrous Scrap
3.4 The Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology
E708 Specification for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for the
(Special Technical Publication (STP) 832) contains many
Manufacture of Glass Containers
terms and may be useful for those not listed in terminology
E711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-
standards. However, a definition in a standard terminology
Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter
shall be considered governing when the term is used in the
E828 Test Method for Designating the Size of RDF-3 From
sense or meaning defined therein.
its Sieve Analysis (Withdrawn 2009)
E850 Guide for Characterization of Inorganic Process 4
Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, ASTM, 8th edition, 1994.
Wastes for Use as Structural Fill (Withdrawn 2019) Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology, ASTM STP 832, ASTM, 1983.
D5681 − 23
3.5 Statistical terms are not defined in this terminology to analytical unit, n—the actual amount of the sample material
the extent that the terms, when used regarding waste and analyzed in the laboratory. D6044
management of waste, have the same meanings as in Practice
applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements
E177 or Terminology E456.
(ARAR)—those requirements, cleanup standards, standards
3.6 Regulatory terms are often developed by regulatory of control, and other substantive environmental protection
agencies for special regulatory purposes and may have techni-
requirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under
cal content or meaning different from terms defined herein. federal or state law that show either a direct correspondence
When a regulatory term exists that differs in meaning from a
or address problems or situations sufficiently similar at a site
term given here, the regulatory term should be considered to to show that they are well suited for application. D5745
take precedence for regulatory matters.
asbestos—six naturally occurring fibrous minerals found in
certain types of rock formations. Of the six, the minerals
4. Terminology
chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite have been most com-
monly used in building products. When mined and
accepts, n—the output stream from a materials separation
processed, asbestos is typically separated into very thin
device that contains the highest concentration (purity) of the
fibers. Because asbestos is strong, incombustible, and
components that the device is designed to separate.
corrosion-resistant, asbestos was used in many commercial
accuracy, n—closeness of a measured value to the true or an
products beginning early in this century and peaking in the
accepted reference or standard value. E135, D6311
period from World War II into the 1970s. When inhaled in
sufficient quantities, asbestos fibers can cause serious health
acid producing potential (AP), n—the potential for a solid
problems. D6008
material sample to produce acidic effluent, based on the
percent of sulfide contained in that sample as iron-sulfide
asbestos-containing material (ACM)—any material or prod-
mineral (for example, pyrite or pyrrhotite). The AP is
uct that contains more than 1 % asbestos. D6008
commonly converted to the amount of calcium carbonate
as-determined basis, n—analytical data obtained from an
required to neutralize the resulting amount of acidic effluent
analysis sample after conditioning and preparation which
produced by the oxidation of contained iron sulfide minerals;
represent the numerical values obtained at the particular
it is expressed as the equivalent tons of calcium carbonate
moisture and ash level in the sample at the time of analysis.
per 1000 tons of solid material. The AP is therefore calcu-
lated by multiplying the percent of sulfide contained in the
ash, n—the residue remaining after ignition of a substance as
material by a stoichiometric factor of 31.25. D5744
determined by definite prescribed methods.
DISCUSSION—Ash may not be identical in composition or quantity
action level (AL)—the level above or below which will lead to
with the inorganic substances present in the analysis sample before
the adoption of one of two alternative actions. D6956
ignition.
adiabatic calorimeter, n—a calorimeter that has a jacket
as-received basis, n—test data calculated to the condition of
temperature adjusted to follow the calorimeter temperature
the sample as it arrived in the laboratory and before any
as closely as possible so as to maintain zero thermal head.
laboratory processing or conditioning.
D5468
attribute, n—a quality of samples or a population. D5956,
air drying—a process of partial drying of RDF-3 to bring its D6311
moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in
auxiliary variable, n—the secondary characteristic or mea-
the room in which the sieving is to take place. E828
surement of interest.
DISCUSSION—In ranked set sampling, information contained in an
air drying—a process of partial drying of RDF to bring its
auxiliary variable is useful for ranking the samples. This ranking may
moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in
mimic the rankings of the samples with respect to the values of the
which further reduction, division, and characterization of the
primary variable when there is correlation between the auxiliary
sample are to take place. In order to bring about the
variable and the primary variable. Auxiliary information may include
equilibrium, the RDF is usually subjected to drying under
visual inspection, inexpensive quick measurement, knowledge of
controlled temperature conditions ranging from 30 to 40 °C.
operational history, previous site data, or any other similar information.
E949
D6582
analysis, n—the activity to determine the proximate and
balanced design, n—a statistical study where replication in
ultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF.
each of the levels of ANOVA is identical. D6842
D6700
bead wire, n—a high tensile steel wire surrounded by rubber,
analysis of variance (ANOVA), n—a statistical method of which forms the bead of a tire that provides a firm contact to
the rim. D6270, D6700
decomposing (or breaking down) the total variance and
estimating or testing its contributing component variances
bias, n—a systematic positive or negative deviation of the
for statistical significance. D6842
sample or estimated value from the true population value.
analyte—the constituent to be measured. D6956 D6044
D5681 − 23
biased sampling, n—the taking of a sample(s) with prior chip size, n—the range of rubber particle sizes resulting from
knowledge that the sampling result will be biased relative to the processing of whole tires. D6700
the true value of the population.
clean coal combustion—the burning of coal, coal culm, or
DISCUSSION—This is the taking of a sample(s) based on available
coal fines in a furnace designed to operate to minimize
information or knowledge, especially in terms of visible signs or
emissions (that is, a fluidized bed or aerated fluidized bed,
knowledge of contamination. This kind of sampling is used to detect
the presence of localized contamination or to identify the source of a etc.) or coal burned in the presence of alkaline materials,
contamination. The sampling results are not intended for generalization
which combine to reduce these emissions. D5759
to the entire population. This is one form of authoritative sampling (see
coarse material—material coarser than a No. 200 (75-μm)
judgment sampling.) D6044
U.S. standard sieve. E850
binary separator—a device that separates a single input feed
color—that is, the presence of dissolved matter that absorbs
stream into two output or product streams. E889
the light emitted by P. phosphoreum (that is, wavelength of
bonding—touching the sampling equipment to the drum to
490 6 100 nm). D5660
form an electrically conductive path to minimize potential
combustibles, n—the portion of a sample which is consumed
electrical differences between the sampling equipment and
by oxidation upon ignition and exclusive of the moisture
the drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity. D5679,
present. E955
D5680, D5743
combustion, n—the chemical reaction of a material through
bulking—the act of emptying multiple containers of compat-
rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and light. D6700
ible materials and mixing those materials together in a single
package unit destined for shipment. This would also include
combustion unit, n—any number of devices to produce or
material placed in storage tanks to be packaged for shipment
release energy for the beneficial purpose of production by
at a later date, or pumped into a bulk tank truck for shipment.
burning a fuel to include, but not limited to, units such as
D6346
industrial power boilers, electrical utility generating boilers,
and cement kilns. D6700
bung—usually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or ⁄4-in. (1.3-cm) diameter
threaded plug designed specifically to close a bung hole.
composite item—an object in the waste composed of multiple
D5679, D5680, D5743, D6063
waste components or dissimilar materials, such as disposable
diapers, bi-metal beverage containers, electrical conductors
bung hole—an opening in a barrel or drum through which it
composed of metallic wire encased in plastic insulation, etc.
can be filled, emptied, or vented. D5679, D5680, D5743,
D5231
D6063
composite sample, n—a combination of two or more samples.
calorific value, n—the heat produced by combustion of a unit
D1129, D6044, D6051, D6311, D6538
quantity of a specimen under specified conditions. D5468
comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and
calorific value—the heat of combustion of a unit quantity of a
liability information system (CERCLIS)—the list of sites
substance. It may be expressed in joules per gram (J/g),
compiled by EPA that EPA has investigated or is currently
British thermal units per pound (Btu/lb), or calories per gram
investigating for potential hazardous substance contamina-
(cal/g) when required.
tion for possible inclusion on the National Priorities List.
NOTE 1—The unit equivalents are as follows:
D6008
1 Btu (International Table) = 1055.06 absolute joules
1 Calorie (International Table) = 4.1868 absolute joules
conceptual site model, n—a mental or physical representation
1 Btu/lb = 2.326 J/g
of the physical system and the iterative characterization of
1.8 Btu/lb = 1.0 cal/g E711
the physical and chemical processes and conditions that
affect the transport of contaminants from sources through
calorimeter jacket, n—the insulating medium surrounding a
environmental media to receptors or potential receptors.
calorimeter. D5468
D5745
casing, n—the basic tire structure excluding the tread (Syn.
confidence interval, n—a numerical range within which the
carcass). D6270, D6700
true parameter is estimated to fall.
cemented materials—materials consisting of one or more
DISCUSSION—The confidence interval percentage estimates the like-
substances that develop hardness by chemical reaction after
lihood that the true value will fall within the numerical range if the
placement of the material in a fill. E850 procedure is repeated.
confidence level, n—the probability, usually expressed as a
characteristic, n—a property of items in a sample or popula-
tion that can be measured, counted, or otherwise observed. percent, that a confidence interval is expected to contain the
parameter of interest (see discussion of confidence interval).
DISCUSSION—A characteristic of interest may be the cadmium con-
centration or ignitability of a population. D5956, D6311
D5792
characteristic product size, n—the screen size corresponding confidence limits, n—the limits on either side of the mean
to 63.2 % cumulative passing by mass. E959 value of a group of observations which will, in a stated
D5681 − 23
the quantity and quality of data needed to support the decision. The
fraction or percent of the cases, include the expected value.
DQOs are used to develop a sampling and analysis design. D5792
Thus the 95 % confidence limits are the values between
which the population mean will be situated in 95 out of 100
data quality objectives process, n—a quality management
cases. D4790
tool based on the scientific method and developed by the
DISCUSSION—A one-sided upper or lower confidence limit can also be
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to facilitate
used when appropriate. An upper confidence limit is a value below
the planning of environmental data collection activities. The
which the population mean is expected to be with the specified
DQO process enables planners to focus their planning efforts
confidence. Similarly, a lower confidence limit is a value above which
the population mean is expected to be with the specified confidence. It by specifying the use of the data (the decision), decision
is to be noted that confidence limits are calculated after the collection
criteria (decision point), and decision maker’s acceptable
of sample data. D6250
decision error rates. The products of the DQO process are
the DQOs.
consolidated—the characteristic of being cemented or
DISCUSSION—DQOs result from an iterative process between the
compacted, or both, and not separated easily into smaller
decision makers and the technical team to develop qualitative and
particles. D5679
quantitative statements that describe the problem and the certainty and
uncertainty that decision makers are willing to accept in the results
consolidation—the act of combining two or more materials to
derived from the environmental data. This acceptable level of uncer-
make a single package unit. Common types of consolidation
tainty should then be used as the basis for the design specifications for
packaging used by HHW programs include: bulking, lab
project data collection and data assessment. All of the information from
packaging, and composite packaging. D6346
the first six steps of the DQO process are used in designing the study
and assessing the data adequacy. EPA QA/G-4, D5792
constituent, n—an element, component, or ingredient of the
population.
data quality objectives process (DQO), n—a quality manage-
DISCUSSION—If a population contains several contaminants (such as
ment tool based on the scientific method and developed by
acetone, lead, and chromium), these contaminants are called the
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to facili-
constituents of the population. D6044
tate the planning of environmental data collection activities.
D6582
contaminant, n—any substance potentially hazardous to hu-
DISCUSSION—The DQO process enables planners to focus their
man health or the environment and present in the environ-
planning efforts by specifying the use of the data (the decision), the
ment above background concentration. D5745
decision criteria (action level) and the decision maker’s acceptable
decision error rates. The products of the DQO Process are the DQOs.
contaminant unit, n—the largest particle size that contains the
contaminant of interest. D5956, D6311
DISCUSSION—The contaminant of concern, as defined by the project
data quality objectives process, n—a quality management
objectives, may be associated with all the particle sizes or associated
tool based on the Scientific Method and developed by the
with only a certain particle size or sizes. At the time of waste
generation, discharge or spill, the particle size of this contaminant of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to facilitate the
concern may be on the atomic or molecular scale, such as solvent spill
planning of environmental data collection activities. The
into sand, or a macro scale, such as lead acid batteries at a dump site.
DQO process enables planners to focus their planning efforts
The contaminant unit may also be in-between these scales, such as lead
by specifying the use of the data (the decision), decision
particles encapsulated in coal. In practice, the contaminant unit may
criteria (action level), and decision maker’s acceptable
change if the contaminant unit becomes absorbed or adsorbed to
decision error rates. The products of the DQO process are
particles larger than the contaminant unit. It is the size of the
the DQOs. D6044
contaminant unit at the time of subsampling, not at the time of
generation, that is referred to as the contaminant unit. D6323
decision error—
contaminated public wells—public wells used for drinking
false negative error, n—this occurs when environmental data
water that have been designated by a government entity as
mislead decision maker(s) into not taking action specified by a
contaminated by toxic substances (for example, chlorinated
decision rule when action should be taken. D5792
solvents), or as having water unsafe to drink without
false positive error, n—this occurs when environmental data
treatment. D6008
mislead decision maker(s) into taking action specified by a
decision rule when action should not be taken. D5792
corrected temperature rise, n—the increase in temperature of
the calorimeter caused by the process that occurs inside the
decision point, n—the numerical value which causes the
bomb; the observed temperature change corrected for vari-
decision maker to choose one of the alternative actions (for
ous effects.
example, conclusion of compliance or noncompliance).
D6250
data quality objectives (DQOs), n—qualitative and quantita-
tive statements derived from the DQO process describing the
decision rule, n—a set of directions in the form of a condi-
decision rules and the uncertainties of the decision(s) within
tional statement that specify the following: (1) how the
the context of the problem(s). D6311, D6044
sample data will be compared to the decision point, (2)
DISCUSSION—DQOs clarify the study objectives, define the most
which decision will be made as a result of that comparison,
appropriate type of data to collect, determine the most appropriate
and (3) what subsequent action will be taken based on the
conditions from which to collect the data, and establish acceptable
levels of decision errors that will be used as the basis for establishing decisions. D5792, D6250
D5681 − 23
decision rule, n—a set of directions in the form of conditional niques including compaction, capping, placement of imper-
statements that specifies: (1) how the sample data will be meable layers, etc. E850
compared to the decision point or action level, (2) which
electrical metering system—a system composed of current
decision will be made as a result of that comparison, and (3)
and potential transformers and a wattmeter electrically
what subsequent action will be taken based on the decisions.
connected in such a manner so as to measure the energy
D6311
usage of a piece of equipment driven by an electric motor.
deflagration—an explosion in which the flame or reaction
E929
front propagates at a speed well below the speed of sound in
end user, n—the facility which utilizes the heat content or
the unburned medium, such that the pressure is virtually
other forms of energy from the combustion of scrap tires (for
uniform throughout the enclosure (shredder) at any time
energy recovery). The last entity who uses the tire, in
during the explosion. E1248
whatever form, to make a product or provide a service with
deheading—removal of the lid of a closed-head drum; usually
economic value (for other uses). D6700
accomplished with a drum deheader. D5679, D5680, D5743
energy equivalent, n—the energy required to raise the tem-
detonation—an explosion in which the flame or reaction front
perature of a calorimeter system 1 °C (or 1 °F) per gram of
propagates at a supersonic speed into the unburned medium,
sample.
such that the pressure increases occur in the form of shock
energy recovery, n—a process by which all or part of the tire
waves. E1248
is utilized as fuel (TDF) to recover its entire value. D6700
discrete depth sample, n—sample obtained from a defined
level within the liquid being sampled. D6759 energy value, n—the assignment of a value to the tire-derived
fuel as measured in British thermal units per pound or
discrete throughput method—the method whereby average
calories per gram. D6700
throughput is calculated as the average of a number of
discrete throughput measurements conducted during a test
environmental baseline survey (EBS)—a survey of DoD real
period. E959
property based on all existing environmental information
related to the storage, release, treatment, or disposal of
dispose, v—to discard, abandon, or manage as waste.
hazardous substances or petroleum products or derivatives
drum—implicity any drum, barrel, or non-bulk container of 5 on the property to determine or discover the obviousness of
to 110 U.S. gal (19 to 416 L) capacity. D5743 the presence or likely presence of a release or threatened
release of any hazardous substance or petroleum product. In
drum—implies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk container of 5 to
certain cases, additional data, including sampling and
110 U.S. gal (19 to 416 L) capacity. D5679, D5680
analysis, may be needed in the EBS to support classification
of the property into one of the standard environmental
drum—a container (typically, but not necessarily, holding 55
condition of property area types. Additionally, an EBS may
gal [208 L] of liquid) that may have been used to store
also satisfy the uncontaminated property identification re-
hazardous substances or petroleum products. D6008
quirements of CERFA. An EBS will consider all sources of
dry ash-free basis, n—test data calculated to a theoretical base
available information concerning environmentally signifi-
of no moisture or ash associated with the sample.
cant current and past uses of the real property and shall, at a
minimum, consist of the following: (1) a detailed search and
dry basis, n—test data calculated to a theoretical base of no
review of available information and records in the posses-
moisture associated with the sample.
sion of the DoD components or records made available by
duplicate analysis, n—paired determinations on the same
the regulatory agencies or other involved Federal agencies.
sample performed by one analyst at essentially the same
DoD components are responsible for requesting and making
time.
reasonable inquiry into the existence and availability of
relevant information and records to include any additional
dwelling—structure or portion thereof used for residential
study information (for example, surveys for radioactive
habitation. D6008
materials, asbestos, radon, lead-based paint, transformers
early action, n—any remedial plan initiated in advance of a
containing PCB, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
complete or final characterization of a contaminated site.
Facility Assessments and Investigations (RFA and RFI), and
D5745
underground storage tank cleanup program) to determine the
environmental condition of the property; (2) a review of all
EC —the concentration of the test candidate in this procedure
reasonably obtainable Federal, state, and local government
(volume percent or mg/L) that results in a reduction of
records for each adjacent facility where there has been a
respiration rate to 50 % of that observed for the control.
release or likely release of any hazardous substance or any
D5120
petroleum product, and that is likely to cause or contribute to
effective coefficient of permeability—the coefficient of per- a release or threatened release of any hazardous substance or
meability that characterizes a fill and is the result of any petroleum product on the DoD real property; (3) an
combined materials characteristics and construction tech- analysis of aerial photographs that may reflect prior uses of
D5681 − 23
the property, which are in the possession of the Federal cleanup, or other remediation of hazardous substances or
government or are reasonably obtainable through state or petroleum products upon a property, including (but not
local government agencies; (4) interviews with current or limited to) liens imposed pursuant to CERCLA 42 USC
former employees, or both, involved in operations on the real § 9607(1) and similar state or local laws. D6008
property; (5) visual inspections of the real property; any
equal allocation, n—this occurs when the number of sets in
buildings, structures, equipment, pipe, pipeline, or other
ranked set sampling is an integer multiple of the size of the
improvements on the real property; and of properties imme-
set. D6582
diately adjacent to the real property, noting sewer lines,
runoff patterns, evidence of environmental impacts (for
ERNS list—EPA’s Emergency Response Notification System
example, stained soil, stressed vegetation, and dead or ill
list of reported CERCLA hazardous substance releases or
wildlife), and other observations that indicate the actual or
spills in quantities equal to or greater than the reportable
potential release of hazardous substances or petroleum
quantity, as maintained by the National Response Center.
products; (6) the identification of sources of contamination
Notification requirements for such releases or spills are
on the installation and on adjacent properties that could
codified in 40 CFR Parts 302 and 355. D6008
migrate to the parcel during Federal government ownership;
(7) ongoing response actions or actions that have been taken
error, n—the random or systematic deviation of the observed
at or adjacent to the parcel; and (8) physical inspection of the
sample value from its true value (see bias and sampling
property adjacent to the real property, to the extent permitted
error). D6044
by owners or operators of such property. D5746
explosion—a rapid release of energy (usually by means of
environmental baseline survey (EBS) report—the written
combustion) with a corresponding pressure buildup capable
record of an EBS that includes the following: (1) an
of damaging equipment and building structures. E1248
executive summary briefly stating the areas of real property
explosion suppression—the technique of detecting and extin-
(or parcels) evaluated and the conclusions of the EBS; (2)
guishing incipient explosions in the shredder enclosure and
the property identification (for example, the address, asses-
contiguous enclosed areas before pressures exceed the dam-
sor parcel number, or legal description); (3) any relevant
age threshold. E1248
information obtained from a detailed search of Federal
government records pertaining to the property, including
explosion venting—the provision of an opening(s) in the
available maps; (4) any relevant information obtained from
shredder enclosure and contiguous enclosed areas to allow
a review of the recorded chain of title documents regarding
gases to escape during a deflagration and thus prevent
the real property. The review should address those prior
pressures from reaching the damage threshold. E1248
ownerships and uses that could reasonably have contributed
to an environmental concern, and, at a minimum, cover the
false negative error, n—occurs when environmental data
preceding 60 years; (5) a description of past and current
mislead decision maker(s) into not taking action specified by
activities, including all past DoD uses to the extent such
a decision rule when action should be taken. D5792, D6250
information is reasonably available, on the property and on
false negative error, n—an error which occurs when (environ-
adjacent properties; (6) a description of hazardous sub-
stances or petroleum products management practices (to mental) data misleads the decision maker(s) into not taking
action when action should be taken. D6311
include storage, release, treatment, or disposal) at the prop-
erty and adjacent properties; (7) any relevant information
false positive error, n—occurs when environmental data
obtained from records reviews and visual and physical
mislead decision maker(s) into taking action specified by a
inspections of adjacent properties; (8) a description of
decision rule when action should not be taken. D5792,
ongoing response actions or actions that have been taken at
D6250
or adjacent to the property; (9) an evaluation of the environ-
mental suitability of the property for an intended lease or
false positive error, n—an error which occurs when environ-
deed transaction, if known, including the basis for determi-
mental data misleads the decision maker(s) into taking action
nation of such suitability; and (10) references to key docu-
when action should not be taken. D6311
ments examined (for example, aerial photographs, spill
incident reports, and investigation results). D5746 federal register (FR)—publication of the United States gov-
ernment published daily (except for Federal holidays and
environmental condition of property map—a map, prepared
weekends) containing all proposed and final regulations and
on the basis of all environmental investigation information
some other activities of the Federal government. When
conducted to date, that shows the environmental condition of
regulations become final, they are included in the Code of
a DoD installation’s real property in terms of the seven
Federal Regulations (CFR) as well as published in the
standard environmental condition of property area types
Federal Register. D6008
defined in this classification. D5746
fill material, n—material used in the construction of a struc-
environmental lien—a charge, security, or encumbrance upon
tural fill. E850
title to a property to secure the payment of a cost, damage,
debt, obligation, or duty arising out of response actions, final remedy, n—site restoration. D5745
D5681 − 23
fine material—material finer than No. 200 (75-μm) U.S. gross sample—a sample representing one lot and composed of
standard sieve. E850 a number of increments on which neither reduction nor
division has been performed. E889, E949
fixed carbon, n—the ash-free carbonous material that remains
hazardous substance—a substance defined as a hazardous
after volatile matter is driven off during the proximate
substance pursuant to CERCLA 42 USC § 9601(14), as
analysis of a dry sample.
interpreted by EPA regulations and the courts: “(A) any
flint glass cullet—a particulate glass material that contains no
substance designated pursuant to section 1321(b)(2)(A) of
more than 0.1 weight % Fe O , or 0.0015 weight % Cr O ,
2 3 2 3
Title 33, (B) any element, compound, mixture, solution, or
as determined by chemical analysis. E708
substance designated pursuant to section 9602 of this title,
(C) any hazardous waste having the characteristics identified
fluid temperature, FT, n—the temperature at which the fused
under or listed pursuant to section 3001 of the Solid Waste
mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum
Disposal Act (42 USC § 6921) (but not including any waste
height of 1.6 mm ( ⁄16 in.). E953/E953M
the regulation of which under the Solid Waste Disposal Act
fly ash, n—the finely divided particles of ash entrained in flue
(42 USC § 6921 et seq.) has been suspended by Act of
gases arising from the combustion of fuel.
Congress), (D) any toxic pollutant listed under section
DISCUSSION—The particles of ash may contain incompletely burned
1317(a) of Title 33, (E) any hazardous air pollutant listed
fuel. The term has been applied predominantly to the gas-born ash from
under section 112 of the Clean Air Act (42 USC § 7412), and
boilers with spreader stoker, underfeed stoker, and pulverized fuel (coal
(F) any imminently hazardous chemical substance or mix-
firing) D22
ture with respect to which the Administrator (of EPA) has
taken action pursuant to section 2606 of Title 15. The term
freewheeling condition—a piece of equipment under an
does not include petroleum, including crude oil or any
unloaded condition wherein the electrical energy is dissi-
fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or
pated due to friction and windage. E929
designated as a hazardous substance under subparagraphs
freewheeling power—power requirement of a piece of equip-
(A) through (F) of this paragraph, and the term does not
ment under unloaded, or freewheeling, conditions. E929
include natural gas, natural gas liquids, liquefied natural gas,
or synthetic gas usable for fuel (or mixtures of natural gas
fuel value, n—the heat content, as measured in British thermal
and such synthetic gas).” D5746, D6008
units (Btu)/lb or cal/g. D6700
hazardous waste—any hazardous waste having the character-
GC—gas chromatography. D5369
istics identified under or listed pursuant to section 3001 of
the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 USC § 6901 et seq.) (but
GC/MS—gas chromatography with mass spectrometric
not including any waste the regulation of which under the
detection. D5369
Solid Waste Disposal Act has been suspended by Act of
grab sample, n—individual sample collected over a period of
Congress) and so forth. D6008
time usually not exceeding 15 min. and in such a manner as
heat of formation—the increase in heat content resulting from
to be representative of conditions at the time of sampling.
the formation of 1 mole of a substance from its elements at
Grab samples are sometimes called individual or discrete
constant pressure. D5468
samples. D6759
heavy metal wastes—industrial wastes containing heavy met-
granulated rubber, n—particulate rubber composed of mainly
als such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, barium, lead,
nonspherical particles that span a broad range of maximum
silver, selenium, and mercury; these wastes are generally
particle dimension, from below 425 μm (40 mesh) to 12 mm
6 liquids, sludges, or filter cakes. E1266
(also refer to particulate rubber). D6270
hemispherical temperature, HT, n—the temperature at which
gross energy—energy usage of a piece of equipment operating
a pyrometric cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump
under loaded conditons as measured using an electrical
where the height is one half the width of the base.
metering system. E929
hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at which
gross power—power requirement of a piece of equipment
the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which
under loaded conditions. E929
point the height is one half the width of the base.
E953/E953M
gross sample, n—a sample representing one lot, normally
composed of a number of increments, on which neither
heterogeneity, n—the condition of the population under which
reduction nor division has been preformed.
items of the population are not identical with respect to the
characteristic of interest. D5956
gross sample—a sample representing a lot of RDF and
higher heating value, HHV, n—a synonym for gross calorific
composed of a number of increments on which neither
reduction nor division has been performed. E828 value.
homogeneity, n—the condition of the population under which
all items of the population are identical with respect to the
The defined term is the responsibility of Committee D11 on Rubber. characteristic(s) of interest. D6044, D6311
D5681 − 23
hot spot—a localized area of soil or groundwater contamina- This is one form of authoritative sampling (see biased sampling.)
tion. D6044
DISCUSSION—A hot spot may be considered as a discrete volume of
laboratory control sample—an aliquot of the sample matrix,
buried waste or contaminated soil where the concentration of a
free from the analytes of interest, spiked with verified known
contaminant of interest exceeds some prespecified threshold value.
Although elliptically shaped hot spots or targets are assumed for the amounts of analytes, or a material containing known and
purposes of calculating probabilities of detecting hot spots, hot spots
verified amounts of analytes. D6956
are more likely to have varia
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D5681 − 22 D5681 − 23
Standard Terminology for
Waste and Waste Management
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—The definition for ‘PFAS’ was editorially updated in December 2022.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of terms used in the general area of waste and waste management. It is intended
to promote understanding by providing precise technical definitions of terms used in the standards developed by Committee D34
and its subcommittees.
1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, and having a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined or explained
in the terminology section of that individual standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
D4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic Compounds
D4646 Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
D4790 Terminology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals
D4874 Test Method for Leaching Solid Material in a Column Apparatus (Withdrawn 2021)
D5120 Test Method for Inhibition of Respiration in Microbial Cultures in the Activated Sludge Process (Withdrawn 2014)
D5231 Test Method for Determination of the Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste
D5285 Test Method for 24-Hour Batch-Type Measurement of Volatile Organic Sorption by Soils and Sediments (Withdrawn
2008)
D5368 Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Total Solvent Extractable Content (TSEC) of Solid Waste Samples
(Withdrawn 2014)
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.94 on Terminology.
Current edition approved May 1, 2022Nov. 1, 2023. Published May 2022November 2023. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20202022 as
D5681 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/D5681-22E01.22. DOI: 10.1520/D5681-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5681 − 23
D5369 Practice for Extraction of Solid Waste Samples for Chemical Analysis Using Soxhlet Extraction (Withdrawn 2016)
D5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value of Waste Materials (Withdrawn 2016)
D5660 Test Method for Assessing the Microbial Detoxification of Chemically Contaminated Water and Soil Using a Toxicity
Test with a Luminescent Marine Bacterium (Withdrawn 2014)
D5679 Practice for Sampling Consolidated Solids in Drums or Similar Containers
D5680 Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids in Drums or Similar Containers
D5743 Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liquids, with or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Containers
D5744 Test Method for Laboratory Weathering of Solid Materials Using a Humidity Cell
D5745 Guide for Developing and Implementing Interim and Early Actions for Waste Contamination Site Remediation
D5746 Classification of Environmental Condition of Property Area Types, Including Explosives Safety for Federally-Owned
Real Property
D5759 Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash and Clean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential Uses
D5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of Data Quality
Objectives
D5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies for Heterogeneous Wastes
D6008 Practice for Determining the Environmental Condition of Federal Property
D6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Management of Waste and Contaminated Media
D6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
D6063 Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Containers by Field Personnel
D6250 Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Confidence Limit for Statistical Testing of Mean Concentration in Waste
Management Decisions (Withdrawn 2018)
D6270 Practice for Use of Scrap Tires in Civil Engineering Applications
D6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Selection and Optimization of
Sampling Design
D6323 Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Related to Waste Management Activities
D6346 Guide for Accepting, Segregating, and Packaging Materials Collected Through Household Hazardous Waste Programs
D6538 Guide for Sampling Wastewater With Automatic Samplers
D6582 Guide for Ranked Set Sampling: Efficient Estimation of a Mean Concentration in Environmental Sampling (Withdrawn
2012)
D6661 Practice for Field Collection of Organic Compounds from Surfaces Using Wipe Sampling
D6700 Guide for Use of Scrap Tires as Tire-Derived Fuel
D6759 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab and Discrete Depth Samplers
D6842 Guide for Designing Cost-Effective Sampling and Measurement Plans by Use of Estimated Uncertainty and Its
Components in Waste Management Decision-Making (Withdrawn 2015)
D6956 Guide for Demonstrating and Assessing Whether a Chemical Analytical Measurement System Provides Analytical
Results Consistent with Their Intended Use
D6982 Practice for Detecting Hot Spots Using Point-Net (Grid) Search Patterns
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E702 Specification for Municipal Ferrous Scrap
E708 Specification for Waste Glass as a Raw Material for the Manufacture of Glass Containers
E711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter
E828 Test Method for Designating the Size of RDF-3 From its Sieve Analysis (Withdrawn 2009)
E850 Guide for Characterization of Inorganic Process Wastes for Use as Structural Fill (Withdrawn 2019)
E856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived Fuel
(Withdrawn 2011)
E868 Test Methods for Conducting Performance Tests on Mechanical Conveying Equipment Used in Resource Recovery
Systems (Withdrawn 2013)
E884 Practice for Sampling Airborne Microorganisms at Municipal Solid-Waste Processing Facilities (Withdrawn 2021)
E889 Test Method for Composition or Purity of a Solid Waste Materials Stream
E897 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel (Withdrawn 2011)
E929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Requirements of Processing Equipment (Withdrawn 2014)
E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental Fate
E949 Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-Derived Fuel Laboratory Sample (Withdrawn 2011)
E953/E953M Practice for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
E955 Test Method for Thermal Characteristics of Refuse-Derived Fuel Macrosamples (Withdrawn 2017)
E959 Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
D5681 − 23
E1138 Terminology for Technical Aspects of Products Liability Litigation (Withdrawn 1995)
E1248 Practice for Shredder Explosion Protection
E1266 Practice for Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash, and Heavy Metal Wastes in Structural Fills and Other Construction
Applications
E1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process
E1528 Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen Process
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This terminology defines terms and specialized meanings of terms in the subject areas of waste and management of waste.
3.2 This terminology is not intended for subjects other than waste and waste management. For terms applicable to other subject
areas, the appropriate terminology standard(s) should be consulted. See the current edition of the Compilation of ASTM Standard
Definitions and the list of terminology standards cited therein.
3.3 Standards relating to subcategories of waste or waste management may use terms defined more narrowly than those included
here. The more specialized terminology standards relating to the applicable specific subcategory, or terms defined within individual
standards, or both, should be consulted for the exact meaning intended within a given standard.
3.4 The Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology (Special Technical Publication (STP) 832) contains many terms and may
be useful for those not listed in terminology standards. However, a definition in a standard terminology shall be considered
governing when the term is used in the sense or meaning defined therein.
3.5 Statistical terms are not defined in this terminology to the extent that the terms, when used regarding waste and management
of waste, have the same meanings as in Practice E177 or Terminology E456.
3.6 Regulatory terms are often developed by regulatory agencies for special regulatory purposes and may have technical content
or meaning different from terms defined herein. When a regulatory term exists that differs in meaning from a term given here, the
regulatory term should be considered to take precedence for regulatory matters.
4. Terminology
accepts, n—the output stream from a materials separation device that contains the highest concentration (purity) of the
components that the device is designed to separate.
accuracy, n—closeness of a measured value to the true or an accepted reference or standard value. E135, D6311
acid producing potential (AP), n—the potential for a solid material sample to produce acidic effluent, based on the percent of
sulfide contained in that sample as iron-sulfide mineral (for example, pyrite or pyrrhotite). The AP is commonly converted to
the amount of calcium carbonate required to neutralize the resulting amount of acidic effluent produced by the oxidation of
contained iron sulfide minerals; it is expressed as the equivalent tons of calcium carbonate per 1000 tons of solid material. The
AP is therefore calculated by multiplying the percent of sulfide contained in the material by a stoichiometric factor of 31.25.
D5744
action level (AL)—the level above or below which will lead to the adoption of one of two alternative actions. D6956
adiabatic calorimeter, n—a calorimeter that has a jacket temperature adjusted to follow the calorimeter temperature as closely
as possible so as to maintain zero thermal head. D5468
air drying—a process of partial drying of RDF-3 to bring its moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in the
room in which the sieving is to take place. E828
Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, ASTM, 8th edition, 1994.
Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology, ASTM STP 832, ASTM, 1983.
D5681 − 23
air drying—a process of partial drying of RDF to bring its moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in which
further reduction, division, and characterization of the sample are to take place. In order to bring about the equilibrium, the RDF
is usually subjected to drying under controlled temperature conditions ranging from 30 to 40 °C. E949
analysis, n—the activity to determine the proximate and ultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF. D6700
analysis of variance (ANOVA), n—a statistical method of decomposing (or breaking down) the total variance and estimating
or testing its contributing component variances for statistical significance. D6842
analyte—the constituent to be measured. D6956
analytical unit, n—the actual amount of the sample material analyzed in the laboratory. D6044
applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARAR)—those requirements, cleanup standards, standards of control,
and other substantive environmental protection requirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under federal or state law that
show either a direct correspondence or address problems or situations sufficiently similar at a site to show that they are well
suited for application. D5745
asbestos—six naturally occurring fibrous minerals found in certain types of rock formations. Of the six, the minerals chrysotile,
amosite, and crocidolite have been most commonly used in building products. When mined and processed, asbestos is typically
separated into very thin fibers. Because asbestos is strong, incombustible, and corrosion-resistant, asbestos was used in many
commercial products beginning early in this century and peaking in the period from World War II into the 1970s. When inhaled
in sufficient quantities, asbestos fibers can cause serious health problems. D6008
asbestos-containing material (ACM)—any material or product that contains more than 1 % asbestos. D6008
as-determined basis, n—analytical data obtained from an analysis sample after conditioning and preparation which represent
the numerical values obtained at the particular moisture and ash level in the sample at the time of analysis.
ash, n—the residue remaining after ignition of a substance as determined by definite prescribed methods.
DISCUSSION—
Ash may not be identical in composition or quantity with the inorganic substances present in the analysis sample before ignition.
as-received basis, n—test data calculated to the condition of the sample as it arrived in the laboratory and before any laboratory
processing or conditioning.
attribute, n—a quality of samples or a population. D5956, D6311
auxiliary variable, n—the secondary characteristic or measurement of interest.
DISCUSSION—
In ranked set sampling, information contained in an auxiliary variable is useful for ranking the samples. This ranking may mimic the rankings of the
samples with respect to the values of the primary variable when there is correlation between the auxiliary variable and the primary variable. Auxiliary
information may include visual inspection, inexpensive quick measurement, knowledge of operational history, previous site data, or any other similar
information. D6582
balanced design, n—a statistical study where replication in each of the levels of ANOVA is identical. D6842
bead wire, n—a high tensile steel wire surrounded by rubber, which forms the bead of a tire that provides a firm contact to the
rim. D6270, D6700
D5681 − 23
bias, n—a systematic positive or negative deviation of the sample or estimated value from the true population value. D6044
biased sampling, n—the taking of a sample(s) with prior knowledge that the sampling result will be biased relative to the true
value of the population.
DISCUSSION—
This is the taking of a sample(s) based on available information or knowledge, especially in terms of visible signs or knowledge of contamination.
This kind of sampling is used to detect the presence of localized contamination or to identify the source of a contamination. The sampling results are
not intended for generalization to the entire population. This is one form of authoritative sampling (see judgment sampling.) D6044
binary separator—a device that separates a single input feed stream into two output or product streams. E889
bonding—touching the sampling equipment to the drum to form an electrically conductive path to minimize potential electrical
differences between the sampling equipment and the drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity. D5679, D5680, D5743
bulking—the act of emptying multiple containers of compatible materials and mixing those materials together in a single
package unit destined for shipment. This would also include material placed in storage tanks to be packaged for shipment at a
later date, or pumped into a bulk tank truck for shipment. D6346
bung—usually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or ⁄4-in. (1.3-cm) diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a bung hole. D5679,
D5680, D5743, D6063
bung hole—an opening in a barrel or drum through which it can be filled, emptied, or vented. D5679, D5680, D5743, D6063
calorific value, n—the heat produced by combustion of a unit quantity of a specimen under specified conditions. D5468
calorific value—the heat of combustion of a unit quantity of a substance. It may be expressed in joules per gram (J/g), British
thermal units per pound (Btu/lb), or calories per gram (cal/g) when required.
NOTE 1—The unit equivalents are as follows:
1 Btu (International Table) = 1055.06 absolute joules
1 Calorie (International Table) = 4.1868 absolute joules
1 Btu/lb = 2.326 J/g
1.8 Btu/lb = 1.0 cal/g E711
calorimeter jacket, n—the insulating medium surrounding a calorimeter. D5468
casing, n—the basic tire structure excluding the tread (Syn. carcass). D6270, D6700
cemented materials—materials consisting of one or more substances that develop hardness by chemical reaction after
placement of the material in a fill. E850
characteristic, n—a property of items in a sample or population that can be measured, counted, or otherwise observed.
DISCUSSION—
A characteristic of interest may be the cadmium concentration or ignitability of a population. D5956, D6311
characteristic product size, n—the screen size corresponding to 63.2 % cumulative passing by mass. E959
chip size, n—the range of rubber particle sizes resulting from the processing of whole tires. D6700
clean coal combustion—the burning of coal, coal culm, or coal fines in a furnace designed to operate to minimize emissions
D5681 − 23
(that is, a fluidized bed or aerated fluidized bed, etc.) or coal burned in the presence of alkaline materials, which combine to
reduce these emissions. D5759
coarse material—material coarser than a No. 200 (75-μm) U.S. standard sieve. E850
color—that is, the presence of dissolved matter that absorbs the light emitted by P. phosphoreum (that is, wavelength of 490 6
100 nm). D5660
combustibles, n—the portion of a sample which is consumed by oxidation upon ignition and exclusive of the moisture present.
E955
combustion, n—the chemical reaction of a material through rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and light. D6700
combustion unit, n—any number of devices to produce or release energy for the beneficial purpose of production by burning
a fuel to include, but not limited to, units such as industrial power boilers, electrical utility generating boilers, and cement kilns.
D6700
composite item—an object in the waste composed of multiple waste components or dissimilar materials, such as disposable
diapers, bi-metal beverage containers, electrical conductors composed of metallic wire encased in plastic insulation, etc. D5231
composite sample, n—a combination of two or more samples. D1129, D6044, D6051, D6311, D6538
comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability information system (CERCLIS)—the list of sites
compiled by EPA that EPA has investigated or is currently investigating for potential hazardous substance contamination for
possible inclusion on the National Priorities List. D6008
conceptual site model, n—a mental or physical representation of the physical system and the iterative characterization of the
physical and chemical processes and conditions that affect the transport of contaminants from sources through environmental
media to receptors or potential receptors. D5745
confidence interval, n—a numerical range within which the true parameter is estimated to fall.
DISCUSSION—
The confidence interval percentage estimates the likelihood that the true value will fall within the numerical range if the procedure is repeated.
confidence level, n—the probability, usually expressed as a percent, that a confidence interval is expected to contain the
parameter of interest (see discussion of confidence interval). D5792
confidence limits, n—the limits on either side of the mean value of a group of observations which will, in a stated fraction or
percent of the cases, include the expected value. Thus the 95 % confidence limits are the values between which the population
mean will be situated in 95 out of 100 cases. D4790
DISCUSSION—
A one-sided upper or lower confidence limit can also be used when appropriate. An upper confidence limit is a value below which the population mean
is expected to be with the specified confidence. Similarly, a lower confidence limit is a value above which the population mean is expected to be with
the specified confidence. It is to be noted that confidence limits are calculated after the collection of sample data. D6250
consolidated—the characteristic of being cemented or compacted, or both, and not separated easily into smaller particles. D5679
consolidation—the act of combining two or more materials to make a single package unit. Common types of consolidation
packaging used by HHW programs include: bulking, lab packaging, and composite packaging. D6346
constituent, n—an element, component, or ingredient of the population.
D5681 − 23
DISCUSSION—
If a population contains several contaminants (such as acetone, lead, and chromium), these contaminants are called the constituents of the population.
D6044
contaminant, n—any substance potentially hazardous to human health or the environment and present in the environment above
background concentration. D5745
contaminant unit, n—the largest particle size that contains the contaminant of interest.
DISCUSSION—
The contaminant of concern, as defined by the project objectives, may be associated with all the particle sizes or associated with only a certain particle
size or sizes. At the time of waste generation, discharge or spill, the particle size of this contaminant of concern may be on the atomic or molecular
scale, such as solvent spill into sand, or a macro scale, such as lead acid batteries at a dump site. The contaminant unit may also be in-between these
scales, such as lead particles encapsulated in coal. In practice, the contaminant unit may change if the contaminant unit becomes absorbed or adsorbed
to particles larger than the contaminant unit. It is the size of the contaminant unit at the time of subsampling, not at the time of generation, that is
referred to as the contaminant unit. D6323
contaminated public wells—public wells used for drinking water that have been designated by a government entity as
contaminated by toxic substances (for example, chlorinated solvents), or as having water unsafe to drink without treatment.
D6008
corrected temperature rise, n—the increase in temperature of the calorimeter caused by the process that occurs inside the
bomb; the observed temperature change corrected for various effects.
data quality objectives (DQOs), n—qualitative and quantitative statements derived from the DQO process describing the
decision rules and the uncertainties of the decision(s) within the context of the problem(s). D6311, D6044
DISCUSSION—
DQOs clarify the study objectives, define the most appropriate type of data to collect, determine the most appropriate conditions from which to collect
the data, and establish acceptable levels of decision errors that will be used as the basis for establishing the quantity and quality of data needed to
support the decision. The DQOs are used to develop a sampling and analysis design. D5792
data quality objectives process, n—a quality management tool based on the scientific method and developed by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to facilitate the planning of environmental data collection activities. The DQO process
enables planners to focus their planning efforts by specifying the use of the data (the decision), decision criteria (decision point),
and decision maker’s acceptable decision error rates. The products of the DQO process are the DQOs.
DISCUSSION—
DQOs result from an iterative process between the decision makers and the technical team to develop qualitative and quantitative statements that
describe the problem and the certainty and uncertainty that decision makers are willing to accept in the results derived from the environmental data.
This acceptable level of uncertainty should then be used as the basis for the design specifications for project data collection and data assessment. All
of the information from the first six steps of the DQO process are used in designing the study and assessing the data adequacy. EPA QA/G-4, D5792
data quality objectives process (DQO), n—a quality management tool based on the scientific method and developed by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to facilitate the planning of environmental data collection activities. D6582
DISCUSSION—
The DQO process enables planners to focus their planning efforts by specifying the use of the data (the decision), the decision criteria (action level)
and the decision maker’s acceptable decision error rates. The products of the DQO Process are the DQOs. D5956, D6311
data quality objectives process, n—a quality management tool based on the Scientific Method and developed by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to facilitate the planning of environmental data collection activities. The DQO process enables
planners to focus their planning efforts by specifying the use of the data (the decision), decision criteria (action level), and
decision maker’s acceptable decision error rates. The products of the DQO process are the DQOs. D6044
decision error—
false negative error, n—this occurs when environmental data mislead decision maker(s) into not taking action specified by a
decision rule when action should be taken. D5792
D5681 − 23
false positive error, n—this occurs when environmental data mislead decision maker(s) into taking action specified by a decision
rule when action should not be taken. D5792
decision point, n—the numerical value which causes the decision maker to choose one of the alternative actions (for example,
conclusion of compliance or noncompliance). D6250
decision rule, n—a set of directions in the form of a conditional statement that specify the following: (1) how the sample data
will be compared to the decision point, (2) which decision will be made as a result of that comparison, and (3) what subsequent
action will be taken based on the decisions. D5792, D6250
decision rule, n—a set of directions in the form of conditional statements that specifies: (1) how the sample data will be
compared to the decision point or action level, (2) which decision will be made as a result of that comparison, and (3) what
subsequent action will be taken based on the decisions. D6311
deflagration—an explosion in which the flame or reaction front propagates at a speed well below the speed of sound in the
unburned medium, such that the pressure is virtually uniform throughout the enclosure (shredder) at any time during the
explosion. E1248
deheading—removal of the lid of a closed-head drum; usually accomplished with a drum deheader. D5679, D5680, D5743
detonation—an explosion in which the flame or reaction front propagates at a supersonic speed into the unburned medium, such
that the pressure increases occur in the form of shock waves. E1248
discrete depth sample, n—sample obtained from a defined level within the liquid being sampled. D6759
discrete throughput method—the method whereby average throughput is calculated as the average of a number of discrete
throughput measurements conducted during a test period. E959
dispose, v—to discard, abandon, or manage as waste.
drum—implicity any drum, barrel, or non-bulk container of 5 to 110 U.S. gal (19 to 416 L) capacity. D5743
drum—implies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk container of 5 to 110 U.S. gal (19 to 416 L) capacity. D5679, D5680
drum—a container (typically, but not necessarily, holding 55 gal [208 L] of liquid) that may have been used to store hazardous
substances or petroleum products. D6008
dry ash-free basis, n—test data calculated to a theoretical base of no moisture or ash associated with the sample.
dry basis, n—test data calculated to a theoretical base of no moisture associated with the sample.
duplicate analysis, n—paired determinations on the same sample performed by one analyst at essentially the same time.
dwelling—structure or portion thereof used for residential habitation. D6008
early action, n—any remedial plan initiated in advance of a complete or final characterization of a contaminated site. D5745
EC —the concentration of the test candidate in this procedure (volume percent or mg/L) that results in a reduction of
respiration rate to 50 % of that observed for the control. D5120
D5681 − 23
effective coefficient of permeability—the coefficient of permeability that characterizes a fill and is the result of combined
materials characteristics and construction techniques including compaction, capping, placement of impermeable layers, etc.
E850
electrical metering system—a system composed of current and potential transformers and a wattmeter electrically connected
in such a manner so as to measure the energy usage of a piece of equipment driven by an electric motor. E929
end user, n—the facility which utilizes the heat content or other forms of energy from the combustion of scrap tires (for energy
recovery). The last entity who uses the tire, in whatever form, to make a product or provide a service with economic value (for
other uses). D6700
energy equivalent, n—the energy required to raise the temperature of a calorimeter system 1 °C (or 1 °F) per gram of sample.
energy recovery, n—a process by which all or part of the tire is utilized as fuel (TDF) to recover its entire value. D6700
energy value, n—the assignment of a value to the tire-derived fuel as measured in British thermal units per pound or calories
per gram. D6700
environmental baseline survey (EBS)—a survey of DoD real property based on all existing environmental information related
to the storage, release, treatment, or disposal of hazardous substances or petroleum products or derivatives on the property to
determine or discover the obviousness of the presence or likely presence of a release or threatened release of any hazardous
substance or petroleum product. In certain cases, additional data, including sampling and analysis, may be needed in the EBS
to support classification of the property into one of the standard environmental condition of property area types. Additionally,
an EBS may also satisfy the uncontaminated property identification requirements of CERFA. An EBS will consider all sources
of available information concerning environmentally significant current and past uses of the real property and shall, at a
minimum, consist of the following: (1) a detailed search and review of available information and records in the possession of
the DoD components or records made available by the regulatory agencies or other involved Federal agencies. DoD components
are responsible for requesting and making reasonable inquiry into the existence and availability of relevant information and
records to include any additional study information (for example, surveys for radioactive materials, asbestos, radon, lead-based
paint, transformers containing PCB, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Facility Assessments and Investigations (RFA and
RFI), and underground storage tank cleanup program) to determine the environmental condition of the property; (2) a review
of all reasonably obtainable Federal, state, and local government records for each adjacent facility where there has been a release
or likely release of any hazardous substance or any petroleum product, and that is likely to cause or contribute to a release or
threatened release of any hazardous substance or any petroleum product on the DoD real property; (3) an analysis of aerial
photographs that may reflect prior uses of the property, which are in the possession of the Federal government or are reasonably
obtainable through state or local government agencies; (4) interviews with current or former employees, or both, involved in
operations on the real property; (5) visual inspections of the real property; any buildings, structures, equipment, pipe, pipeline,
or other improvements on the real property; and of properties immediately adjacent to the real property, noting sewer lines,
runoff patterns, evidence of environmental impacts (for example, stained soil, stressed vegetation, and dead or ill wildlife), and
other observations that indicate the actual or potential release of hazardous substances or petroleum products; (6) the
identification of sources of contamination on the installation and on adjacent properties that could migrate to the parcel during
Federal government ownership; (7) ongoing response actions or actions that have been taken at or adjacent to the parcel; and
(8) physical inspection of the property adjacent to the real property, to the extent permitted by owners or operators of such
property. D5746
environmental baseline survey (EBS) report—the written record of an EBS that includes the following: (1) an executive
summary briefly stating the areas of real property (or parcels) evaluated and the conclusions of the EBS; (2) the property
identification (for example, the address, assessor parcel number, or legal description); (3) any relevant information obtained from
a detailed search of Federal government records pertaining to the property, including available maps; (4) any relevant
information obtained from a review of the recorded chain of title documents regarding the real property. The review should
address those prior ownerships and uses that could reasonably have contributed to an environmental concern, and, at a minimum,
cover the preceding 60 years; (5) a description of past and current activities, including all past DoD uses to the extent such
information is reasonably available, on the property and on adjacent properties; (6) a description of hazardous substances or
D5681 − 23
petroleum products management practices (to include storage, release, treatment, or disposal) at the property and adjacent
properties; (7) any relevant information obtained from records reviews and visual and physical inspections of adjacent
properties; (8) a description of ongoing response actions or actions that have been taken at or adjacent to the property; (9) an
evaluation of the environmental suitability of the property for an intended lease or deed transaction, if known, including the basis
for determination of such suitability; and (10) references to key documents examined (for example, aerial photographs, spill
incident reports, and investigation results). D5746
environmental condition of property map—a map, prepared on the basis of all environmental investigation information
conducted to date, that shows the environmental condition of a DoD installation’s real property in terms of the seven standard
environmental condition of property area types defined in this classification. D5746
environmental lien—a charge, security, or encumbrance upon title to a property to secure the payment of a cost, damage, debt,
obligation, or duty arising out of response actions, cleanup, or other remediation of hazardous substances or petroleum products
upon a property, including (but not limited to) liens imposed pursuant to CERCLA 42 USC § 9607(1) and similar state or local
laws. D6008
equal allocation, n—this occurs when the number of sets in ranked set sampling is an integer multiple of the size of the set.
D6582
ERNS list—EPA’s Emergency Response Notification System list of reported CERCLA hazardous substance releases or spills
in quantities equal to or greater than the reportable quantity, as maintained by the National Response Center. Notification
requirements for such releases or spills are codified in 40 CFR Parts 302 and 355. D6008
error, n—the random or systematic deviation of the observed sample value from its true value (see bias and sampling error).
D6044
explosion—a rapid release of energy (usually by means of combustion) with a corresponding pressure buildup capable of
damaging equipment and building structures. E1248
explosion suppression—the technique of detecting and extinguishing incipient explosions in the shredder enclosure and
contiguous enclosed areas before pressures exceed the damage threshold. E1248
explosion venting—the provision of an opening(s) in the shredder enclosure and contiguous enclosed areas to allow gases to
escape during a deflagration and thus prevent pressures from reaching the damage threshold. E1248
false negative error, n—occurs when environmental data mislead decision maker(s) into not taking action specified by a
decision rule when action should be taken. D5792, D6250
false negative error, n—an error which occurs when (environmental) data misleads the decision maker(s) into not taking action
when action should be taken. D6311
false positive error, n—occurs when environmental data mislead decision maker(s) into taking action specified by a decision
rule when action should not be taken. D5792, D6250
false positive error, n—an error which occurs when environmental data misleads the decision maker(s) into taking action when
action should not be taken. D6311
federal register (FR)—publication of the United States government published daily (except for Federal holidays and weekends)
containing all proposed and final regulations and some other activities of the Federal government. When regulations become
final, they are included in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) as well as published in the Federal Register. D6008
D5681 − 23
fill material, n—material used in the construction of a structural fill. E850
final remedy, n—site restoration. D5745
fine material—material finer than No. 200 (75-μm) U.S. standard sieve. E850
fixed carbon, n—the ash-free carbonous material that remains after volatile matter is driven off during the proximate analysis
of a dry sample.
flint glass cullet—a particulate glass material that contains no more than 0.1 weight % Fe O , or 0.0015 weight % Cr O , as
2 3 2 3
determined by chemical analysis. E708
fluid temperature, FT, n—the temperature at which the fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum height
of 1.6 mm ( ⁄16 in.). E953/E953M
fly ash, n—the finely divided particles of ash entrained in flue gases arising from the combustion of fuel.
DISCUSSION—
The particles of ash may contain incompletely burned fuel. The term has been applied predominantly to the gas-born ash from boilers with spreader
stoker, underfeed stoker, and pulverized fuel (coal firing) D22
freewheeling condition—a piece of equipment under an unloaded condition wherein the electrical energy is dissipated due to
friction and windage. E929
freewheeling power—power requirement of a piece of equipment under unloaded, or freewheeling, conditions. E929
fuel value, n—the heat content, as measured in British thermal units (Btu)/lb or cal/g. D6700
GC—gas chromatography. D5369
GC/MS—gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. D5369
grab sample, n—individual sample collected over a period of time usually not exceeding 15 min. and in such a manner as to
be representative of conditions at the time of sampling. Grab samples are sometimes called individual or discrete samples.
D6759
granulated rubber, n—particulate rubber composed of mainly nonspherical particles that span a broad range of maximum
particle dimension, from below 425 μm (40 mesh) to 12 mm (also refer to particulate rubber). D6270
gross energy—energy usage of a piece of equipment operating under loaded conditons as measured using an electrical metering
system. E929
gross power—power requirement of a piece of equipment under loaded conditions. E929
gross sample, n—a sample representing one lot, normally composed of a number of increments, on which neither reduction nor
division has been preformed.
The defined term is the responsibility of Committee D11 on Rubber.
D5681 − 23
gross sample—a sample representing a lot of RDF and composed of a number of increments on which neither reduction nor
division has been performed. E828
gross sample—a sample representing one lot and composed of a number of increments on which neither reduction nor division
has been performed. E889, E949
hazardous substance—a substance defined as a hazardous substance pursuant to CERCLA 42 USC § 9601(14), as interpreted
by EPA regulations and the courts: “(A) any substance designated pursuant to section 1321(b)(2)(A) of Title 33, (B) any element,
compound, mixture, solution, or substance designated pursuant to section 9602 of this title, (C) any hazardous waste having the
characteristics identified under or listed pursuant to section 3001 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 USC § 6921) (but not
including any waste the regulation of which under the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 USC § 6921 et seq.) has been suspended
by Act of Congress), (D) any toxic pollutant listed under section 1317(a) of Title 33, (E) any hazardous air pollutant listed under
section 112 of the Clean Air Act (42 USC § 7412), and (F) any imminently hazardous chemical substance or mixture with respect
to which the Administrator (of EPA) has taken action pursuant to section 2606 of Title 15. The term does not include petroleum,
including crude oil or any fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or designated as a hazardous substance under
subparagraphs (A) through (F) of this paragraph, and the term does not include natural gas, natural gas liquids, liquefied natural
gas, or synthetic gas usable for fuel (or mixtures of natural gas and such synthetic gas).” D5746, D6008
hazardous waste—any hazardous waste having the characteristics identified under or listed pursuant to section 3001 of the
Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 USC § 6901 et seq.) (but not including any waste the regulation of which under the Solid Waste
Disposal Act has been suspended by Act of Congress) and so forth. D6008
heat of formation—the increase in heat content resulting from the formation of 1 mole of a substance from its elements at
constant pressure. D5468
heavy metal wastes—industrial wastes containing heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, barium, lead, silver,
selenium, and mercury; these wastes are generally liquids, sludges, or filter cakes. E1266
hemispherical temperature, HT, n—the temperature at which a pyrometric cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump where
the height is one half the width of the base.
hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which point
the height is one half the width of the base. E953/E953M
heterogeneity, n—the condition of the population under which items of the population are not identical with respect to the
characteristic of interest. D5956
higher heating value, HHV, n—a synonym for gross calorific value.
homogeneity, n—the condition of the population under which all items of the population are identical with respect to the
characteristic(s) of interest. D6044, D6311
hot spot—a localized area of soil or groundwater contamination.
DISCUSSION—
A hot spot may be considered as a discrete volume of buried waste or con
...