D34.03 - Treatment, Recovery and Reuse

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard is for determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.  
4.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data are often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning equipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the RDF, and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash behavior more than the ash fusibility characteristics determined by the laboratory test. Also, conditions existing during applied combustion of RDF are so complex that they are impossible to duplicate completely in a small-scale laboratory test. Therefore, the analysis should be considered an empirical one and the data only qualitative.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF ash attain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and oxidizing atmospheres.  
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain comparable results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a list of applications and appropriate test procedures to establish selected uses for the lime kiln dusts and portland cement kiln dusts.  
4.2 The lime kiln dusts and portland cement kiln dusts covered by this guide may vary in composition from one source to another. It is therefore advised that the use of such products be undertaken only after their specific compositions, physical properties, performance characteristics, and the anticipated variabilities have been evaluated for the service intended. Until the degree of variability in the dust source or sources has been established, frequent performance testing is recommended.  
4.3 Specifications should be prepared to facilitate uses, environmental protection, and engineering designs by the responsible persons.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to evaluate and describe lime kiln dusts and portland cement kiln dusts for use in commercial applications. This guide is not intended to cover uses for lime or portland cement.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to document the mass flow rate of a resource recovery unit operation in a plant and as a means of relating operation to design objectives.  
5.2 This test method is also used in conjunction with measurements of the performance of materials separators (particularly recovery and purity). As such, throughput should not generally be measured by sampling the feed since this may change its performance. Processing equipment that does not perform separations can be sampled at either the feed or product streams.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for measuring the throughput, or mass flow rate, of a resource-recovery unit operation, or series of unit operations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Paragraph 9.1.2 indicates the equivalent weight in pounds for samples with particle size greater than 90 mm.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary information is given in Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This classification is intended for use in the marketing of mixed nonferrous metals.  
4.2 Mixed nonferrous metals covered by this classification are suitable for use by one or more of the following industries:  
4.2.1 Secondary aluminum smelters,  
4.2.2 Primary aluminum producers,  
4.2.3 Scrap dealers and processors,  
4.2.4 Zinc refiners, and  
4.2.5 Copper refiners.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers municipal mixed nonferrous metals (MNM), not source-separated, that are recovered from municipal waste destined for disposal.  
1.2 The mixed nonferrous metals (MNM) have been subdivided according to processing history, nonferrous metal content, size, and moisture content.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The standard is available to producers and users of RDF for determining the content and forms of chlorine present in refuse-derived fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the forms of chlorine in refuse-derived fuel-three (RDF): total chlorine, water-soluble chloride, and water-insoluble chlorine.  
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precaution statements, see Section 6 and 11.2.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using this procedure a sample of RDF can be converted into a physical form suitable for laboratory fuel analysis.  
5.2 As indicated in Test Method E791, air-dry moisture, which is determined by this procedure, is essential to the calculation of other laboratory results on an as-received basis. The air-dry moisture value is used in conjunction with the results of the residual moisture determination in Test Method E790 to calculate total sample moisture.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of RDF laboratory samples for analysis, the laboratory samples having been previously obtained from representative RDF samples.  
1.2 The determination of the air-dry loss of the RDF is part of this preparation procedure and must be performed prior to the particle size reduction.  
1.3 The practice given may also be used for other RDF types but additional sample preparation steps may be necessary prior to the application of this method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement in parentheses in this standard are informational.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard is intended to provide a method for determining the weight percent of carbon and hydrogen in an RDF analysis sample.  
5.2 Carbon and hydrogen are components of RDF and, when determined, can be used for calculating RDF combustion characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for the determination of total carbon and hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Both carbon and hydrogen are determined in one analysis. This test method yields the total percentages of carbon and hydrogen in RDF as analyzed and the results include not only carbon and hydrogen in the organic matter, but also the carbon present in mineral carbonates and the hydrogen present in the free moisture accompanying the analysis sample as well as hydrogen present as water of hydration.  
Note 1: It is recognized that certain technical applications of the data derived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. These corrections could involve compensation for the carbon present as carbonates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the analysis sample, and the calculated hydrogen present as water of hydration.  
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method is used to document the ability of solid waste resource recovery separators to concentrate or classify a particular component (or components) present in solid waste.  
5.2 The purity determined in this way is used to calculate the recovery achieved by a separator as another measure of its performance, according to Test Method E1108.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the composition of a materials stream in a solid waste resource recovery processing facility. The composition is determined with respect to one or more defined components. The results are used for determining the purity resulting from the operation of one or more separators, and in conjunction with Test Method E1108 used to measure the efficiency of a materials separation device.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is available to producers and users of RDF to use in converting laboratory data from one basis to another.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method gives equations to enable analytical data from the application of RDF analysis procedures to be expressed on various different bases in common use. Such bases are: as-received; dry; dry, ash-free; and others.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The particle size distribution of RDF-5 strongly influences the storage and handling characteristics of the fuel. Small particles tend to block flow through storage bins and feed hoppers, although correct bin and hopper designs will alleviate this blockage problem.  
4.2 This test method for measuring size manually allows for accurate description of RDF-5 particle size distribution. Manual measurement is superior to sieving techniques, wherein particles may be broken by the size separation technique itself. However, hand measurement is more time consuming than sieving techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the size distribution of a RDF-5 sample. Size is defined as the maximum length of the particle, where length is determined by the RDF-5 manufacturing process. That is, a pellet, cubette, or briquette all have a recognizable length. Fig. 1 displays the sizes and shapes of some RDF-5 particles.
FIG. 1 RDF-5 Sizes  
1.2 An air-dried RDF-5 sample is separated into categories of differing particle sizes. The size distribution is measured as the weight percentage of each size category. A graph of a function of the cumulative fraction of material by weight finer than particle size versus particle size is plotted. From this plot are taken values which describe the size distribution—the uniformity constant and the characteristic particle size.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of silica in refuse-derived fuel (RDF), RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag. The test method is an acid dehydration gravimetric procedure and is independent of interferences. Silicon compounds shall be dissolved by alkali fusion and dehydrated with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Dehydration is completed by ignition, and the silica is volatilized as silicon tetrafluoride.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of silica in refuse-derived fuel (RDF), RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag.  
1.2 The test method is an acid dehydration gravimetric procedure and is independent of interferences.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the chemical and physical requirements of municipal ferrous scrap that are intended for use by such industries listed as follows: copper industry, iIron and steel foundries, iron and steel production, detinning industry, and ferroalloy industry. Municipal ferrous scrap shall conform to the requirements as to chemical composition for the respective end uses prescribed. Also, municipal ferrous scrap shall conform to the physical properties for the respective end uses prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the chemical and physical requirements of municipal ferrous scrap that are intended for use by such industries listed as follows:  
1.1.1 Copper industry (precipitation process),  
1.1.2 Iron and steel foundries,  
1.1.3 Iron and steel production,  
1.1.4 Detinning industry, and  
1.1.5 Ferroalloy industry.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Questions concerning material rejection, downgrading, and retesting based on failure to meet the requirements of this specification shall be dealt with through contractual arrangements between the purchaser and the supplier.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The standard sample is available to producers and users of RDF as a method for determining the weight percent of nitrogen in the analysis samples.  
5.2 Nitrogen is part of the ultimate analysis and can be used for calculation of combustion parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of total Kjeldahl nitrogen in prepared analysis samples of solid forms of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The procedures measure free ammonia or ammonia formed from the conversion of organic nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids and proteins. However, the procedures may not convert the nitrogenous compounds of some wastes to ammonia. Examples of such compounds that may not be measured are nitro compounds, hydrozones, oxines, nitrates, semicarbazones, pyridines, and some refractory tertiary amines.  
1.2 Two alternatives are described for the final determination of the ammonia, the Kjeldahl-Gunning Test Method and the Acid-Titration Test Method.  
1.3 The analytical data from these test methods are to be reported as part of the ultimate analysis where ultimate analysis is requested.  
1.4 These test methods may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.4.1 and Section 9.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification describes glass cullet recovered from municipal waste destined for disposal, but intended for the manufacture of glass fiber for use in insulation-type products. The glass cullet shall primarily be soda-lime bottle glass and shall be one of three grades depending upon the total usage rate requirement of the user. The three grades shall satisfy the specified chemical composition, color mix, contamination, and particle size requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes glass cullet recovered from municipal waste destined for disposal. The recovered cullet is intended for use in the manufacture of glass fiber used for insulation-type products.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These procedures are used by producers and users of RDF for determining the total sulfur content of the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods present two alternative procedures for the determination of total sulfur in prepared analysis samples of solid refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Sulfur is included in the ultimate analysis of RDF.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Test  
Sections  
Eschka Method  
8 – 11  
Bomb Washing Method  
12 and 13  
1.3 These test methods may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 6.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedure in this test method for a sample as specified herein is intended for the purpose of determining the residual moisture present in a RDF analysis sample.  
5.2 The residual moisture value is used to correct as-determined analysis results such as gross heating value, sulfur, and ash to dry sample basis results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of residual moisture in refuse-derived fuel (RDF) analysis samples. It is used to calculate on a dry basis other determinations performed on analysis RDF samples. It is used with air-dry moisture results to calculate total moisture (Note 1). The total moisture is used to calculate as-received values or other analyses performed on a sample.  
Note 1: In some instances, RDF moisture may change during size-reduction steps of the RDF analysis sample preparation procedure. This moisture change, unless suitable corrections are made, will affect the accuracy of the total moisture value as calculated from the air-dry and residual moisture results.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary information, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide will familiarize public officials and business and industry managers with source reduction, reuse, recycling, or disposal of steel cans.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides general information to public officials and business and industry managers regarding the source reduction, reuse, recycling, or disposal of steel cans under 5-gal (wet) or 40-lb (dry) capacity. It presents a comprehensive overview of the steel can life cycle. Five-gallon pails and larger containers, up to 55-gal drums, will be in a separate guide due to their inherently different use and management when empty.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended for use of scrap tires including: tire-derived aggregate (TDA) comprised of pieces of scrap tires, TDA/soil mixtures, tire sidewalls, and whole scrap tires in civil engineering applications. This includes use of TDA and TDA/soil mixtures as lightweight embankment fill; lightweight retaining wall backfill; drainage layers for roads, landfills, and other applications; thermal insulation to limit frost penetration beneath roads; insulating backfill to limit heat loss from buildings; vibration damping layers for rail lines; and replacement for soil or rock in other fill applications. Use of whole scrap tires and tire sidewalls includes construction of retaining walls, drainage culverts, road-base reinforcement, and erosion protection, as well as use as fill when whole tires have been compressed into bales. It is the responsibility of the design engineer to determine the appropriateness of using scrap tires in a particular application and to select applicable tests and specifications to facilitate construction and environmental protection. This practice is intended to encourage wider utilization of scrap tires in civil engineering applications.  
4.2 Three TDA fills with thicknesses in excess of 7 m have experienced a serious heating reaction. However, more than 100 fills with a thickness less than 3 m have been constructed with no evidence of a deleterious heating reaction (1).7 Guidelines have been developed to minimize internal heating of TDA fills (2) as discussed in 6.11. The guidelines are applicable to fills less than 3 m thick. Thus, this practice should be applied only to TDA fills less than 3 m thick.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidance for testing the physical properties, design considerations, construction practices, and leachate generation potential of processed or whole scrap tires in lieu of conventional civil engineering materials, such as stone, gravel, soil, sand, lightweight aggregate, or other fill materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides guidance for the characterization of coal fly ash or clean coal combustion fly ash for potential uses in which absorption, cementitious activity, pozzolanic activity, pH adjustment, heat rise, or stabilization and solidification properties may be desired.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide recommends standards for the characterization of fly ash from the combustion of coal, fly ash from coal combusted in the presence of alkaline materials, and fly ash from combusted coal in which the flue gases have been treated with alkaline materials in the presence of the fly ash.  
1.2 This guide provides recommended and optional test methods for fly ash evaluation. Acceptance criteria can be negotiated between the producer and the user according to the potential end use.  
1.3 The coal fly ash and clean coal combustion fly ash of this guide do not include the following:  
1.3.1 Dusts from kilns producing products such as lime, portland cement, activated clays, etc.;  
1.3.2 By-products of flue gas desulflurization that are not collected with the primary fly ash removal equipment such as the baghouse or electrostatic precipitator; and  
1.3.3 Fly ash or other combustion products derived from the burning of waste; municipal, industrial, or commercial garbage; sewage sludge or other refuse, or both; derived fuels; wood; wood waste products; rice hulls; agriculture waste; or other non-coal fuels or other such fuels blended with coal, or some combination thereof.  
1.4 Fly ash may contain some trace elements that may affect performance or potential end use.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides users with current methods for preconditioning, handling, processing, and means of characterizing the materials that are produced.  
4.2 Lime and fly ash, and mixtures of lime and fly ash, can be useful for treating hazardous and nonhazardous waste as follows:  
4.2.1 Treating hazardous waste for potential resource recovery application;  
4.2.2 Solidifying liquids and sludges that are banned from land disposal because of excess free liquid content;  
4.2.3 Treating hazardous waste that may require treatment because of hazardous constituents prior to land disposal; and  
4.2.4 Treating hazardous waste for potential delisting to a nonhazardous waste status. Each one of these applications, however, must comply with requirements of the Resource Recovery and Conservation Act and the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides descriptions and references of existing test methods and commercial practices relating to the processing of lime, fly ash, and heavy metal wastes in construction applications.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method describes a physical property of solid waste in processing facilities, a property that characterizes the solid waste streams and hence the operation of resource recovery separators and processors.  
5.2 The bulk density is an important property for the design of materials handling equipment, separators, and processors.  
5.3 In this test method, bulk density is not considered an absolute material property as is the density of individual particles of a material. The measured bulk density here depends on the size of the container, the moisture content of the “as tested” material, and how the material is loaded into the container. For example, the bulk density of material placed loosely in a container will be less than that of material tamped into a container. Also, some materials placed loosely in a container will settle with time due to its own weight; thus, its bulk density will increase. As written, the “as tested” waste sample may or may not be dried prior to testing, so that calculated bulk density includes the moisture associated with the “as tested” material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method may be used to determine the bulk density of various fractions from the resource recovery processing of municipal solid waste. It is intended as a means of characterizing such fractions and for providing data useful to designers of solid waste processing plants.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When considering the specification of fuels for a boiler, issues to evaluate are the fuel’s combustion characteristics, handling and feeding logistics, environmental concerns, and ash residue considerations. A thorough understanding of these issues is required to engineer the combustion unit for power and steam generation; however, TDF has demonstrated compatible characteristics allowing it to serve as a supplemental fuel in existing combustion units based on cumulative experience in many facilities originally designed for traditional fossil fuels, or wood wastes, or both. When used as a supplemental energy resource in existing units, TDF usage is generally limited to blend ratios in the 10 to 30 % range based on energy input. This limit is due to its high heat release rate and low moisture content, which differ significantly from other solid fuels such as wood, refuse-derived fuel, coal, and petroleum coke.  
4.2 New combustion units dedicated to the use of TDF (or whole tires) as the sole fuel source are rare. The generation and availability of scrap tires are ultimately determined by market conditions for new tires and the depletion rate of scrap tire inventories (stockpiles). Scrap tires account for approximately 1 % of the municipal solid waste stream. Based on a national scrap tire generation rate, there are roughly 2.5 to 3 million tons (annually available for all uses to include fuel, crumb rubber, engineering projects, and so forth). Some dedicated combustion units have been built, however, competition for the scrap tires as other existing sources begin to use TDF will determine the ultimate viability of these facilities. Although most regions can supply TDF demand as a supplemental fuel, a dedicated boiler in the range of 500 000 lb/h (227 000 kg/h) steaming capacity would require over 66 000 scrap tires/day to meet its fuel demand. Such demand may strain a region's ability to supply and put the fuel supply at risk. Some design projects have incorpora...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and provides guidance for the material recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. The conversion of a whole scrap tire into a chipped formed for use as a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF). This recovery guide has moved from a pioneering concept in the early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the United States with industrial and utility applications.  
1.2 Combustion units engineered to use solid fuels, such as coal or wood, or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S. Many of these units are now using TDF even though they were not specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF has combustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solid fuels. Similarities led to pragmatic testing in existing combustion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance of TDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventional fuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required to modify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodate TDF range from none to relatively minor. The issues of proper applications and specifications are critical to successful utilization of this alternative energy resource.  
1.3 This guide explains TDF’s use when blended and combusted under normal operating conditions with originally specified fuels. Whole-tire combustion for energy recovery is not discussed herein, since whole-tire usage does not require tire processing to a defined fuel specification.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the appli...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Throughput, power and energy requirements, and product size are key parameters that describe the operation and performance of solid waste size-reduction equipment.  
5.2 This test method can be used to determine if the size-reduction equipment is operating within specifications and meeting performance criteria.  
5.3 Having determined the parameters given in 5.1, the equipment that has been subjected to the test may be compared to other equipment similarly tested in order to establish relative levels of performance among equipment.  
5.4 The basic test period is a continuous 2 to 4-h duration. The use of several test periods may be warranted to adequately assess the performance of size-reduction equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the performance of solid waste size-reduction equipment.  
1.2 This test method can be used to measure the flow (that is, throughput) of solid waste through the size-reduction equipment, energy usage of the size-reduction device, and particle size of the shredded product.  
1.3 This test method includes instructions for measuring energy usage, solid waste throughput, net processing time, and particle size distribution.  
1.4 This test method applies only to size-reduction equipment that produces a shredded product with a size corresponding to 90 % cumulative passing in the range of 0.5 to 15 cm (0.2 to 6 in.) on an air-dry weight basis. For material with nominal sizes outside of this range, the precision and bias statements for particle size designation (Section 14) may not apply.  
1.5 This test method can be applied to size-reduction equipment located anywhere within a processing line.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for specific hazard information.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The establishment of these test methods for municipal ferrous scrap as a raw material for certain industries (see Specification E702) will aid commerce in such scrap by providing the chemical and physical tests for the characterization of the scrap needed as a basis for communication between the purchaser and supplier.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover various tests for assessing the usefulness of a ferrous fraction recovered from municipal wastes.  
1.2 These test methods comprise both chemical and physical tests, as follows:    
Section  
Sampling  
5  
Bulk Density  
6  
Total Combustibles  
7  
Chemical Analysis (for Industries Other Than the
Detinning Industry)  
8  
Magnetic Fraction (for the Detinning Industry)  
9  
Chemical Analysis for Tin (for the Detinning Industry)  
10  
Metallic Yield for All Industries Other Than the Copper
Industry and the Detinning Industry  
11  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 MSW composting is considered an important component in the overall solid waste management strategy. The volume reduction achieved by composting, combined with the production of a usable end product (for example, compost as a soil amendment), has resulted in municipalities analyzing and selecting source-separated organic MSW composting as an alternative to landfill disposal of biodegradable organic materials. This standard provides a method to analyze and determine the effect of materials on the compost process and the performance, utility, and feasibility of the composting process as a method for managing organic solid waste material.5 Using this method, key parameters of process performance, including theoretical oxygen uptake (ThOU) and theoretical carbon dioxide production (ThCO2P) are determined.  
5.2 This test method provides a simulation of the overall compost process while maintaining reproducibility. Exposing the test material with several other types of organic materials that are typically in MSW provides an environment which provides the key characteristics of the composting process, including direct measurement of organism respiration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the biodegradation properties of a material by reproducibly exposing materials to conditions typical of source-separated organic municipal solid waste (MSW) composting. A material is composted under controlled conditions using a synthetic compost matrix and determining the acclimation time, cumulative oxygen uptake, cumulative carbon dioxide production, and percent of theoretical biodegradation over the period of the test. This test method does not establish the suitability of the composted product for any use.  
1.2 This test is performed at mesophilic temperatures. Some municipal compost operations reach thermophilic temperatures during operation. Thermophilic temperatures can affect the biodegradation of some materials. This test is not intended to replicate conditions within municipal compost operations that reach thermophilic temperatures.  
1.3 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A measurement of compost stability is needed for several reasons. It aids in assessing whether the composting process has proceeded sufficiently far to allow the finished compost to be used for its intended application. A different compost stability may be required for different applications of the compost.  
5.2 A measurement of compost stability also is needed to verify whether a composting plant is processing the waste to previously agreed levels of stability. This measurement is useful in the commissioning of composting plants and the verification of whether plant operators are satisfying permit requirements.  
5.3 The level of compost stability also will indicate its potential to cause odors if the compost is stored without aeration, as well as the level to which it has been hygienized and how susceptible the compost is to renewed bacterial and possible pathogenic activity. Compost stability is an important parameter with regard to phytotoxicity and plant tolerance of the compost.  
5.4 The determination of compost stability will allow the selection of well-performing composting technologies, as well as the safe application of compost in its various markets. The method indicates a degree of stability, but does not necessarily indicate that one level is preferable over another level of stability.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the stability of a compost sample by measuring oxygen consumption after exposure of the test compost to a well-stabilized compost under controlled composting conditions on a laboratory scale involving active aeration. This test method is designed to yield reproducible and repeatable results under controlled conditions that resemble the end of the active composting phase. The compost samples are exposed to a well-stabilized compost inoculum that is prepared from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste or waste similar to the waste from which the test materials are derived. The aerobic composting takes place in an environment where temperature, aeration, and humidity are monitored closely and controlled.  
1.2 This test method yields a cumulative amount of oxygen consumed/g of volatile solids in the samples over a four-day period. The rate of oxygen consumption is monitored as well.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to different types of compost samples including composts derived from wastes, such as municipal solid waste, yard waste, source-separated organics, biosolids, and other types of organic wastes that do not have toxicity levels that are inhibitory to the microorganisms present in aerobic composting systems.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 There is no similar or equivalent ISO method.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Shredder explosions have occurred in most refuse processing plants with shredding facilities. Lessons learned in these incidents have been incorporated into this practice along with results of relevant test programs and general industrial explosion protection recommended practices. Recommendations in this practice cover explosion protection aspects of the design and operation of shredding facilities and equipment used therein.  
4.2 This practice is not intended to be a substitute for an operating manual or a detailed set of design specifications. Rather, it represents general principles and guidelines to be addressed in detail in generating the operating manual and design specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers general recommended design features and operating practices for shredder explosion protection in resource recovery plants and other refuse processing facilities.  
1.2 Hammermills and other types of size reduction equipment (collectively termed shredders) are employed at many facilities that mechanically process solid wastes for resource recovery. Flammable or explosive materials (for example, gases, vapors, powders, and commercial and military explosives) may be present in the as-received waste stream. There is potential for these materials to be released, dispersed, and ignited within or near a shredder. Therefore, explosion prevention and damage amelioration provisions are required.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers particulate glass (cullet material) recovered from waste destined for disposal, smaller than 6 mm intended for reuse as a raw material in the manufacture of glass containers. Flint glass cullet is a particulate glass material that contains no more than 0.1 weight % Fe2O3, or 0.0015 weight % Cr2O3, as determined by chemical analysis. The color mix for amber, flint, green and other color glass cullet shall conform to the prescribed mix.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers particulate glass (cullet material, recovered from waste destined for disposal, smaller than 6 mm intended for reuse as a raw material in the manufacture of glass containers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to document the ability of a solid waste resource recovery separator to capture the component(s) of interest in the desired process stream.  
5.2 The recovery determined in this way is used in conjunction with the purity of the product, as described in Test Method E889.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the recovery of a desired product in a device processing solid waste for the purpose of concentrating a component of interest. The recovery is determined with respect to the amount of the desired component in one output stream (accepts) as opposed to another output stream (rejects). The results of this calculation determine the effectiveness of component separation when coupled with a measure of product purity as described in Test Method E889.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary information is given in Section 6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to provide general guidance to HHW programs for accepting and segregating materials, selecting a management method, and packaging materials collected by HHW programs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) programs for accepting, segregating, and packaging materials collected through HHW programs to minimize the risk associated with managing these materials and to identify applicable regulations. This guide does not address storing, vehicle loading, or transporting collected and packaged materials. This guide does not attempt to define the hazardous nature of materials.  
1.2 Certain existing local, state, and federal regulations apply to HHW program operations. This guide does not replace these existing regulations, and is not intended to be used as the basis for regulations for HHW programs. This guide does not reference all applicable applications, since applicable regulations will vary. HHW programs should research all applicable regulations before establishing a materials collection program.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Waste composition information has widespread applications and can be used for activities such as solid waste planning, designing waste management facilities, and establishing a reference waste composition for use as a baseline standard in both facility contracts and acceptance test plans.  
4.2 The method can be used to define and report the composition of MSW through the selection and manual sorting of waste samples. Where applicable, care should be taken to consider the source and seasonal variation of waste.  
4.3 After performing a waste composition analysis, laboratory analyses may be performed on representative samples of waste components, or mixtures of waste components, for purposes related to the planning, management, design, testing, and operation of resource recovery facilities.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures for measuring the composition of unprocessed municipal solid waste (MSW) by employing manual sorting. This test method applies to determination of the mean composition of MSW based on the collection and manual sorting of a number of samples of waste over a selected time period covering a minimum of one week.  
1.2 This test method includes procedures for the collection of a representative sorting sample of unprocessed waste, manual sorting of the waste into individual waste components, data reduction, and reporting of the results.  
1.3 This test method may be applied at landfill sites, waste processing and conversion facilities, and transfer stations.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method describes a physical property of solid waste in processing facilities, a property that characterizes the solid waste streams and hence the operation of resource recovery separators and processors.  
5.2 The bulk density is an important property for the design of materials handling equipment, separators, and processors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method may be used to determine the bulk density of various fractions from the resource recovery processing of municipal solid waste. It is intended as a means of characterizing such fractions and for providing data useful to designers of solid waste processing plants.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended for use of scrap tires including: tire derived aggregate (TDA) comprised of pieces of scrap tires, TDA/soil mixtures, tire sidewalls, and whole scrap tires in civil engineering applications. This includes use of TDA and TDA/soil mixtures as lightweight embankment fill, lightweight retaining wall backfill, drainage layers for roads, landfills, and other applications, thermal insulation to limit frost penetration beneath roads, insulating backfill to limit heat loss from buildings, vibration damping layers for rail lines, and replacement for soil or rock in other fill applications. Use of whole scrap tires and tire sidewalls includes construction of retaining walls, drainage culverts, road-base reinforcement, and erosion protection, as well as use as fill when whole tires have been compressed into bales. It is the responsibility of the design engineer to determine the appropriateness of using scrap tires in a particular application and to select applicable tests and specifications to facilitate construction and environmental protection. This practice is intended to encourage wider utilization of scrap tires in civil engineering applications.  
4.2 Three TDA fills with thicknesses in excess of 7 m have experienced a serious heating reaction. However, more than 100 fills with a thickness less than 3 m have been constructed with no evidence of a deleterious heating reaction (1).7 Guidelines have been developed to minimize internal heating of TDA fills (2) as discussed in 6.11. The guidelines are applicable to fills less than 3 m thick. Thus, this practice should be applied only to TDA fills less than 3 m thick.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidance for testing the physical properties, design considerations, construction practices, and leachate generation potential of processed or whole scrap tires in lieu of conventional civil engineering materials, such as stone, gravel, soil, sand, lightweight aggregate, or other fill materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard is intended to provide a method for determining the weight percent of carbon and hydrogen in an RDF analysis sample.  
5.2 Carbon and hydrogen are components of RDF and, when determined, can be used for calculating RDF combustion characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for the determination of total carbon and hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Both carbon and hydrogen are determined in one analysis. This test method yields the total percentages of carbon and hydrogen in RDF as analyzed and the results include not only carbon and hydrogen in the organic matter, but also the carbon present in mineral carbonates and the hydrogen present in the free moisture accompanying the analysis sample as well as hydrogen present as water of hydration.  
Note 1: It is recognized that certain technical applications of the data derived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. These corrections could involve compensation for the carbon present as carbonates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the analysis sample, and the calculated hydrogen present as water of hydration.  
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The standard sample is available to producers and users of RDF as a method of determining the weight percent of carbon and hydrogen in the analysis sample.  
5.2 Carbon and hydrogen are part of the ultimate analysis of a fuel and can be used for calculations of combustion parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total carbon and hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Both carbon and hydrogen are determined in one operation. This test method yields the total percentages of carbon and hydrogen in RDF as analyzed and the results include not only the carbon and hydrogen in the organic matter, but also the carbon present in mineral carbonates and the hydrogen present in the free moisture accompanying the analysis sample as well as hydrogen present as water of hydration.  
Note 1: It is recognized that certain technical applications of the data derived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. These corrections could involve compensation for the carbon present as carbonates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the analysis sample, and the calculated hydrogen present as water of hydration.  
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The standard sample is available to producers and users of RDF as a method of determining the weight percent of carbon and hydrogen in the analysis sample.
Carbon and hydrogen are part of the ultimate analysis of a fuel and can be used for calculations of combustion parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total carbon and hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Both carbon and hydrogen are determined in one operation. This test method yields the total percentages of carbon and hydrogen in RDF as analyzed and the results include not only the carbon and hydrogen in the organic matter, but also the carbon present in mineral carbonates and the hydrogen present in the free moisture accompanying the analysis sample as well as hydrogen present as water of hydration.
Note 1—It is recognized that certain technical applications of the data derived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. These corrections could involve compensation for the carbon present as carbonates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the analysis sample, and the calculated hydrogen present as water of hydration.  
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 8.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covered the determination of total carbon and hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF).
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D34 on Waste Management, this practice was withdrawn in July 2017 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The standard is available to producers and users of RDF to use in determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.  
4.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data are too often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning equipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the RDF, and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash behavior more than the ash fusibility characteristics determined by the laboratory test. Furthermore, conditions existing during applied combustion of RDF are so complex that they are impossible to duplicate completely in a small-scale laboratory test. Therefore, the analysis should be considered an empirical one and the data, at best, only qualitative.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF ash attain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly-reducing, and oxidizing atmospheres.  
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is available to producers and users of RDF to use in converting laboratory data from one basis to another.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method gives equations to enable analytical data from the application of RDF analyses procedures to be expressed on various different bases in common use. Such bases are: as-received; dry; dry, ash-free; and others.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The standard is available to producers and users of RDF for determining the content and forms of chlorine present in the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the forms of chlorine in refuse-derived fuel-three (RDF): total chlorine, water-soluble chloride, and water-insoluble chlorine.  
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precaution statements see Section 6 and 11.2.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using this procedure a sample of RDF can be converted into a physical form suitable for laboratory fuel analysis.  
5.2 As indicated in Test Method E791, air-dry moisture, which is determined by this procedure, is essential to the calculation of other laboratory results on an as-received basis. The air-dry moisture value is used in conjunction with the results of the residual moisture determination in Test Method E790 to calculate total sample moisture.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of RDF laboratory samples for analysis, the laboratory samples having been previously obtained from representative RDF samples.  
1.2 The determination of the air-dry loss of the RDF is part of this preparation procedure and must be performed prior to the particle size reduction.  
1.3 The practice given may also be used for other RDF types but additional sample preparation steps may be necessary prior to the application of this method.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.

ABSTRACT
This specification describes glass cullet recovered from municipal waste destined for disposal, but intended for the manufacture of glass fiber for use in insulation-type products. The glass cullet shall primarily be soda-lime bottle glass and shall be one of three grades depending upon the total usage rate requirement of the user. The three grades shall satisfy the specified chemical composition, color mix, contamination, and particle size requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes glass cullet recovered from municipal waste destined for disposal. The recovered cullet is intended for use in the manufacture of glass fiber used for insulation-type products.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The standard sample is available to producers and users of RDF as a method for determining the weight percent of nitrogen in the analysis samples.  
5.2 Nitrogen is part of the ultimate analysis and can be used for calculation of combustion parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of total Kjeldahl nitrogen in prepared analysis samples of solid forms of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The procedures measure free ammonia or ammonia formed from the conversion of organic nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids and proteins. However, the procedures may not convert the nitrogenous compounds of some wastes to ammonia. Examples of such compounds that may not be measured are nitro compounds, hydrozones, oxines, nitrates, semicarbazones, pyridines, and some refractory tertiary amines.  
1.2 Two alternatives are described for the final determination of the ammonia, the Kjeldahl-Gunning Test Method and the Acid-Titration Test Method.  
1.3 The analytical data from these test methods are to be reported as part of the ultimate analysis where ultimate analysis is requested.  
1.4 These test methods may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see 8.4.1 and Section 9.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a list of applications and appropriate test procedures to establish selected uses for the lime kiln dusts and Portland cement kiln dusts.  
4.2 The lime kiln dusts and Portland cement kiln dusts covered by this guide may vary in composition from one source to another. It is therefore advised that the use of such products be undertaken only after their specific compositions, physical properties, performance characteristics, and the anticipated variabilities have been evaluated for the service intended. Until the degree of variability in the dust source or sources has been established, frequent performance testing is recommended.  
4.3 Specifications should be prepared to facilitate uses, environmental protection, and engineering designs by the responsible persons.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to evaluate and describe lime kiln dusts and Portland cement kiln dusts for uses in commercial applications. This guide is not intended to cover uses for lime or Portland cement.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This classification is intended for use in the marketing of mixed nonferrous metals.  
4.2 Mixed nonferrous metals covered by this classification are suitable for use by one or more of the following industries:  
4.2.1 Secondary aluminum smelters,  
4.2.2 Primary aluminum producers,  
4.2.3 Scrap dealers and processors,  
4.2.4 Zinc refiners, and  
4.2.5 Copper refiners.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers municipal mixed nonferrous metals (MNM), not source-separated, that are recovered from municipal waste destined for disposal.  
1.2 The mixed nonferrous metals (MNM) have been sub- divided according to processing history, nonferrous metal content, size, and moisture content.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to document the mass flowrate of a resource recovery unit operation in a plant and as a means of relating operation to design objectives.  
5.2 This test method is also used in conjunction with measurements of the performance of materials separators (particularly recovery and purity). As such, throughput should not generally be measured by sampling the feed since this may change its performance. Processing equipment that does not perform separations can be sampled at either the feed or product streams.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for measuring the throughput, or mass flowrate, of a resource-recovery unit operation, or series of unit operations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Section 9.1.2 indicates the equivalent weight in pounds for samples with particle size greater than 90 mm.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary information is given in Section 7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These procedures are used by producers and users of RDF for determining the total sulfur content of the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods present two alternative procedures for the determination of total sulfur in prepared analysis samples of solid refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Sulfur is included in the ultimate analysis of RDF.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Test  
Sections  
Eschka Method  
8 – 11  
Bomb Washing Method  
12 and 13  
1.3 These test methods may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The particle size distribution of RDF-5 strongly influences the storage and handling characteristics of the fuel. Small particles tend to block flow through storage bins and feed hoppers, although correct bin and hopper designs will alleviate this problem of blockage.  
3.2 This test method of measuring size manually allows accurate description of RDF-5 particle size distribution. Manual measurement is superior to sieving techniques, wherein particles may be broken by the size separation technique itself. However, hand measurement is more time-consuming than sieving techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the size distribution of a RDF-5 sample. Size is defined as the maximum length of the particle, where length is determined by the RDF-5 manufacturing process. That is, a pellet, cubette, or briquette all have a recognizable length. Fig. 1 displays the sizes and shapes of some RDF-5 particles.  
1.2 An air dried RDF-5 sample is separated into categories of differing particle sizes. The size distribution is measured as the weight percentage of each size category. A graph of a function of the cumulative fraction of material by weight finer than particle size versus particle size is plotted. From this plot are taken values which describe the size distribution—the uniformity constant and the characteristic particle size.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of silica in refuse-derived fuel (RDF), RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag. The test method is an acid dehydration gravimetric procedure and is independent of interferences. Silicon compounds shall be dissolved by alkali fusion and dehydrated with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Dehydration is completed by ignition, and the silica is volatilized as silicon tetrafluoride.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of silica in refuse-derived fuel (RDF), RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag.  
1.2 The test method is an acid dehydration gravimetric procedure and is independent of interferences.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section 6.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the chemical and physical requirements of municipal ferrous scrap that are intended for use by such industries listed as follows: copper industry, iIron and steel foundries, iron and steel production, detinning industry, and ferroalloy industry. Municipal ferrous scrap shall conform to the requirements as to chemical composition for the respective end uses prescribed. Also, municipal ferrous scrap shall conform to the physical properties for the respective end uses prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the chemical and physical requirements of municipal ferrous scrap that are intended for use by such industries listed as follows:  
1.1.1 Copper industry (precipitation process),  
1.1.2 Iron and steel foundries,  
1.1.3 Iron and steel production,  
1.1.4 Detinning industry, and  
1.1.5 Ferroalloy industry.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Questions concerning material rejection, downgrading, and retesting based on failure to meet the requirements of this specification shall be dealt with through contractual arrangements between the purchaser and the supplier.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedure in this test method for a sample as specified herein is intended for the purpose of determining the residual moisture present in a RDF analysis sample.  
5.2 The residual moisture value is used to correct as-determined analysis results such as gross heating value, sulfur, and ash to dry sample basis results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of residual moisture in refuse-derived fuel (RDF) analysis samples. It is used to calculate on a dry basis other determinations performed on analysis RDF samples. It is used with air-dry moisture results to calculate total moisture (Note 1). The total moisture is used to calculate as-received values or other analyses performed on a sample.  
Note 1: In some instances RDF moisture may change during size-reduction steps of the RDF analysis sample preparation procedure. This moisture change, unless suitable corrections are made, will affect the accuracy of the total moisture value as calculated from the air-dry and residual moisture results.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary information see Section 7.