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ASTM B940-05(2009)e1

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Testing Non-Chromate Coatings on Zinc and Cadmium Surfaces

Standard Practice for Testing Non-Chromate Coatings on Zinc and Cadmium Surfaces

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is applicable to non-chromate coatings that are colorless, colored, electrochemically applied or non-electrochemically applied. The zinc or cadmium, or both, may be electrodeposited, mechanically deposited, hot-dipped, rolled, or in the form of castings.
Because of variables inherent in the salt-spray test which may differ from one test cabinet to another, interpretation of test results for compliance with expected performance should be specified by the purchaser.
Properties such as thickness, color, luster, and ability to provide good paint adhesion are not covered in this practice, nor are the chemical composition and the method of application of these finishes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the protective value of chemical and electrochemical conversion coatings produced by non-chromate (chromate being defined as a compound that has chromium in the plus six oxidation state, and as such, chromium compounds in other oxidation states, such as plus three, shall not be excluded) treatments of zinc and cadmium surfaces.
1.2 The protective value of a non-chromate coating is usually determined by salt-spray test and by determining whether or not the coating possesses adequate abrasion resistance when applied for that purpose.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2009
ICS
25.220.99 - Other treatments and coatings
Technical Committee
B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Drafting Committee
B08.07 - Conversion Coatings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B940-05 - Standard Practice for Testing Non-Chromate Coatings on Zinc and Cadmium Surfaces
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Replaced By
ASTM B940-05(2014) - Standard Practice for Testing Non-Chromate Coatings on Zinc and Cadmium Surfaces
Effective Date
01-Nov-2014

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ASTM B940-05(2009)e1 - Standard Practice for Testing Non-Chromate Coatings on Zinc and Cadmium SurfacesASTM B940-05(2009)e1 - Standard Practice for Testing Non-Chromate Coatings on Zinc and Cadmium Surfaces
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ASTM B940-05(2009)e1 - Standard Practice for Testing Non-Chromate Coatings on Zinc and Cadmium Surfaces
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: B940 − 05(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Practice for
Testing Non-Chromate Coatings on Zinc and Cadmium
Surfaces
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B940; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—The units statement in subsection (1.3) was added editorially in January 2010.
1. Scope 3.1.1.1 Discussion—In most instances, failure is defined as
the first appearance on significant surfaces of white corrosion
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the
products visible to the unaided eye at normal reading distance,
protective value of chemical and electrochemical conversion
except that the presence of white corrosion products at sharp
coatingsproducedbynon-chromate(chromatebeingdefinedas
edges (for example, on threaded fasteners) and at junctions
a compound that has chromium in the plus six oxidation state,
between dissimilar metals should not be considered failure. In
and as such, chromium compounds in other oxidation states,
some instances, it may be desirable to regard the first appear-
suchasplusthree,shallnotbeexcluded)treatmentsofzincand
ance of red rust as failure.
cadmium surfaces.
3.1.2 significant surfaces—in general, significant surfaces
1.2 The protective value of a non-chromate coating is
are those surfaces that are visible and subject to corrosion or
usually determined by salt-spray test and by determining
wear, or both, except that surfaces that are normally difficult to
whether or not the coating possesses adequate abrasion resis-
coat by electroplating or mechanical deposition may be ex-
tance when applied for that purpose.
empt. The designation of significant surfaces may be indicated
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
on the drawing.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4. Significance and Use
standard.
4.1 This practice is applicable to non-chromate coatings that
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
are colorless, colored, electrochemically applied or non-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
electrochemically applied. The zinc or cadmium, or both, may
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
be electrodeposited, mechanically deposited, hot-dipped,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
rolled, or in the form of castings.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2 Because of variables inherent in the salt-spray test
2. Referenced Documents
which may differ from one test cabinet to another, interpreta-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion of test results for compliance with expected performance
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
should be specified by the purchaser.
4.3 Properties such as thickness, color, luster, and ability to
3. Terminology
provide good paint adhesion are not covered in this practice,
3.1 Descriptions of Terms:
nor are the chemical composition and the method of applica-
3.1.1 time to failure—time to failure will depend on the type
tion of these finishes.
of coating tested. The minimum expected protective value
obtainable in a given salt spray test is given in Appendix X2. 5. Conditioning
5.1 Aging—Before subjecting a non-chromate coating to
test, check with the chemical producer to determine if aging is
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic
an issue that needs to be considered.
and Inorganic Coatingsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.07 on
Conversion Coatings
5.2 Preparation of Specimen—The test surface must be free
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published January 2009. Originally
of fingerprints and other extraneous stains and must not be
approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as B940– 05. DOI:
10.1520/B0940-05R09E01.
cleaned except by gentle wiping with a clean, dry, soft cloth to
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
remove loose particles. Oily or greasy surfaces should not be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
used for testing, and degreasing with organic solvents is not
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. recommended.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
...

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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and non rinsed chromate conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance. The materials are classified according to its coating thickness: Class 1; Class 2; Class 3; and Class 4. Chromate conversion coatings are normally applied by dipping: the coating may also be applied by inundation, spraying, roller coating, or by wipe-on techniques.
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ASTM B1023-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Hard Anodic Coatings by a Taber-Type Abraser

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hard anodic oxidation coatings are often used to obtain improved resistance to abrasion, and have been used in such applications as valves, sliding parts, hinge mechanisms, cams, gears, swivel joints, pistons, insulation plates, blast shields, etc.  
5.2 This abrasion resistance test method may be useful for acceptance testing of a hard anodic coating, and it can be used to evaluate the effects of processing variables such as substrate preparation before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, and post coating treatments.  
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5.4 The properties and characteristics of hard anodic oxidation coatings are significantly affected by both the alloy and the method of production.
Note 2: Hard anodizing will usually result in a dimensional increase on each surface equal to about 50 % of the coating thickness. Normal thickness for wear applications tends to be 40 µm to 60 µm; however the thickness of anodized coatings often ranges between 8 µm to 150 µm.  
5.5 The resistance of hard anodic coatings to abrasion may be affected by factors including test conditions, type of abradant, pressure between the specimen and abradant, composition of the alloy, thickness of the coating, and the conditions of anodizing or sealing, or both.
Note 3: The resistance to abrasion is generally measured on unsealed anodic oxidation coatings. While corrosion resistance is often increased by sealing the coating, it has been observed that sealing or dyeing can reduce the resistance to abrasion by over 50 %.  
5.6 The outer surface of the anod...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of electrolytically formed hard anodic oxidation coatings on a plane, rigid surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy.  
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1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The procedure described in Method A is similar to MIL-PRF-8625 (paragraph 4.5.5) and SAE AMS 2469 (paragraph 3.3.4). The procedure described in Method B includes a break-in period of 1000 cycles and is similar to ISO 10074 Annex B. When no procedure is specified, Method A shall be the default procedure. Although the procedures described in this method may be similar, they are not equivalent to Specification B893 or Test Method D4060.  
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ASTM B177/B177M-11(2021)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Engineering Chromium Electroplating

ABSTRACT
This guide provides information on the deposition of engineering chromium by electroplating. This is sometimes called "functional" or "hard" chromium and is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is usually thicker than decorative deposits. This guide is not intended as a standardized procedure, but as a guide for obtaining smooth, adherent coatings of a desired thickness while retaining the required physical and mechanical properties of the base metals. Engineering chromium may be plated directly to the surface of a commonly used engineering metals such as aluminum, nickel alloys, cast iron, steels, copper, copper alloys, and titanium. Substrate requirements including smoothness, fatigue, high-strength steel stress relief, and oxidation are specified. The procedure and requirements for the following are detailed: (1) racking, including rack and anode designs, (2) cleaning, (3) deoxidizing and etching such as anodic etching in chromic acid solution, in plating solution, and in sulfuric acid solution, and slight etching by acid immersion, (4) chromium electroplating process, (5) treatment of chromium coatings such as baking to avoid hydrogen embrittlement, and mechanical finishing by grinding, grinding and honing, or lapping, (6) repair of chromium electrodeposits on steel substrates, and (7) test methods such as thickness determination, hardness test, and adhesion test.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information about the deposition of chromium on steel for engineering uses. This is sometimes called “functional” or “hard” chromium and is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is usually thicker than decorative deposits.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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Standard Guide for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Sampling inspection permits the estimation of the overall quality of a group of product articles through the inspection of a relatively small number of product items drawn from the group.  
4.2 The selection of a sampling plan provides purchasers and sellers a means of identifying the minimum quality levels that are considered to be satisfactory.  
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1.2 The plans in this guide, except as noted, have been selected from some of the single sampling plans of MIL-STD-105D. The specific plans selected are identified in Tables 1-3 of this guide. The plan of Table 4, which is used for destructive testing, is not from the Military Standard. This standard does not contain the Military Standard's requirement for tightened inspection when the quality history of a supplier is unsatisfactory.      
1.3 The plans are based on inspection by attributes, that is, an article of product is inspected and is classified as either conforming to a requirement placed on it, or as nonconforming. Sampling plans based on inspection by variables are given in Guide B762. Variables plans are applicable when a test yields a numerical value for a characteristic, when the specification imposes a numerical limit on the characteristic, and when certain statistical criteria are met. These are explained in Guide B762.  
1.4 The plans in this guide are intended to be generally suitable. There may be instances in which tighter or looser plans or ones that are more discriminating are desired. Additional plans that may serve these needs are given in Guide B697. Also, Guide B697 describes the nature of attribute sampling plans and the several factors that must be considered in the selection of a sampling plan. More information and an even greater selection of plans are given in MIL-STD-105D, MIL-STD-414, ANSI/ASQC Z1.9-1979, Refs (1-7)2, and in Guide B697.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sampling inspection permits the estimation of the overall quality of a group of product articles through the inspection of a relatively small number of product articles drawn from the group.  
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5.3 Because sampling plans yield estimates of the quality of a product, the results of the inspection are subject to error. Through the selection of a sampling plan, the potential error is known and controlled.  
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5.6 Since only a portion of a production lot is inspected, the quality of the uninspected articles is not known. The possibility exists that some of the uninspected articles are nonconforming. Therefore, basic to any sampling inspection plan is the willingness of the buyer to accept lots that contain some nonconforming articles. The number of nonconforming articles in accepted lots is controlled by the size of the sample and the criteria of acceptance that are placed on the sample.  
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5.7.1 When the cost of inspection is high and the consequences of accepting a nonconforming article are not serious.  
5.7.2 When 100 % inspection is fatiguing and boring and, therefore, likely to result in errors.  
5.7.3 When inspection requires a destru...
SCOPE
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1.3 Variables plans can only be used when the characteristic of interest is measurable, the test method gives a numerical measure of the characteristic, and the specification places a numerical limit on the measured value. It is also necessary that the variation of the characteristic from article to article in a production lot be normally distributed (see Appendix X2). Each article must be tested in the same way (for example, coating thickness must be measured at the same location, see X2.7) so that the values from article to article are comparable. If one or more of these conditions are not met, a variables plan cannot be used. Instead, an attributes plan must be used. These are given in Guide B602 and Guide B697.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is applicable to non-chromate coatings that are colorless, colored, electrochemically applied or non-electrochemically applied. The zinc or cadmium, or both, may be electrodeposited, mechanically deposited, hot-dipped, rolled, or in the form of castings.  
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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the protective value of chemical and electrochemical conversion coatings produced by non-chromate (chromate being defined as a compound that has chromium in the plus six oxidation state, and as such, chromium compounds in other oxidation states, such as plus three, shall not be excluded) treatments of zinc and cadmium surfaces.  
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5.1 Old coatings, such as paint or related coatings, may have to be removed from a surface before successful recoating can occur. This practice can be used to test the coatings removal efficiency of products designed for such use.
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ASTM B449-93(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Chromates on Aluminum

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and non rinsed chromate conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance. The materials are classified according to its coating thickness: Class 1; Class 2; Class 3; and Class 4. Chromate conversion coatings are normally applied by dipping: the coating may also be applied by inundation, spraying, roller coating, or by wipe-on techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and nonrinsed chromate conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings. This edition of the specification has been coordinated with ISO/DIS 10546 and is technically equivalent.  
1.2 Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM B1023-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Hard Anodic Coatings by a Taber-Type Abraser

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hard anodic oxidation coatings are often used to obtain improved resistance to abrasion, and have been used in such applications as valves, sliding parts, hinge mechanisms, cams, gears, swivel joints, pistons, insulation plates, blast shields, etc.  
5.2 This abrasion resistance test method may be useful for acceptance testing of a hard anodic coating, and it can be used to evaluate the effects of processing variables such as substrate preparation before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, and post coating treatments.  
5.3 Results may be used for process control, comparative ranking, or to correlate with end-use performance. The resistance of material surfaces to abrasion, as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory, is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance as experienced in the actual use of the material. Other factors may need to be considered in any calculation of predicted life from specific abrasion data.  
5.4 The properties and characteristics of hard anodic oxidation coatings are significantly affected by both the alloy and the method of production.
Note 2: Hard anodizing will usually result in a dimensional increase on each surface equal to about 50 % of the coating thickness. Normal thickness for wear applications tends to be 40 µm to 60 µm; however the thickness of anodized coatings often ranges between 8 µm to 150 µm.  
5.5 The resistance of hard anodic coatings to abrasion may be affected by factors including test conditions, type of abradant, pressure between the specimen and abradant, composition of the alloy, thickness of the coating, and the conditions of anodizing or sealing, or both.
Note 3: The resistance to abrasion is generally measured on unsealed anodic oxidation coatings. While corrosion resistance is often increased by sealing the coating, it has been observed that sealing or dyeing can reduce the resistance to abrasion by over 50 %.  
5.6 The outer surface of the anod...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of electrolytically formed hard anodic oxidation coatings on a plane, rigid surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy.  
1.2 This test uses a Taber-type abraser,2 which generates a combination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coating surface. Wear is quantified as cumulative mass loss or loss in mass per thousand cycles of abrasion.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The procedure described in Method A is similar to MIL-PRF-8625 (paragraph 4.5.5) and SAE AMS 2469 (paragraph 3.3.4). The procedure described in Method B includes a break-in period of 1000 cycles and is similar to ISO 10074 Annex B. When no procedure is specified, Method A shall be the default procedure. Although the procedures described in this method may be similar, they are not equivalent to Specification B893 or Test Method D4060.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1624-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Adhesion Strength and Mechanical Failure Modes of Ceramic Coatings by Quantitative Single Point Scratch Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test is intended to assess the mechanical integrity, failure modes, and practical adhesion strength of a specific hard ceramic coating on a given metal or ceramic substrate. The test method does not measure the fundamental “adhesion strength” of the bond between the coating and the substrate. Rather, the test method gives a quantitative engineering measurement of the practical (extrinsic) adhesion strength and damage resistance of the coating-substrate system as a function of applied normal force. The adhesion strength and damage modes depend on the complex interaction of the coating-substrate properties (hardness, fracture strength, modulus of elasticity, damage mechanisms, microstructure, flaw population, surface roughness, and so forth) and the test parameters (stylus properties and geometry, loading rate, displacement rate, and so forth).  
5.2 The test method as described herein is not appropriate for polymer coatings, ductile metal coatings, very thin (30 μm) ceramic coatings.
Note 2: Under narrow circumstances, the test may be used for ceramic coatings on polymer substrates with due consideration of the differences in elastic modulus, ductility, and strength between the two types of materials. Commonly, the low comparative modulus of the polymer substrate means that the ceramic coating will generally tend to fail in bending (through-thickness adhesive failure) before cohesive failure in the coating itself.  
5.3 The quantitative coating adhesion scratch test is a simple, practical, and rapid test. However, reliable and reproducible test results require careful control of the test system configuration and testing parameters, detailed analysis of the coating damage features, and appropriate characterization of the properties and morphology of the coating and the substrate of the test specimens.  
5.4 The coating adhesion test has direct application across the full range of coating development, engineering, and production efforts. Measurements of t...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the practical adhesion strength and mechanical failure modes of hard (Vickers Hardness HV = 5 GPa or higher), thin (≤30 μm) ceramic coatings on metal and ceramic substrates at ambient temperatures. These ceramic coatings are commonly used for wear/abrasion resistance, oxidation protection, and functional (optical, magnetic, electronic, biological) performance improvement.  
1.2 In the test method, a diamond stylus of defined geometry (Rockwell C, a conical diamond indenter with an included angle of 120° and a spherical tip radius of 200 μm) is drawn across the flat surface of a coated test specimen at a constant speed and a defined normal force (constant or progressively increasing) for a defined distance. The damage along the scratch track is microscopically assessed as a function of the applied force. Specific levels of progressive damage are associated with increasing normal stylus forces. The force level(s) which produce a specific type/level of damage in the coating are defined as a critical scratch load(s). The test method also describes the use of tangential force and acoustic emission signals as secondary test data to identify different coating damage levels.  
1.3 Applicability to Coatings—This test method is applicable to a wide range of hard ceramic coating compositions: carbides, nitrides, oxides, diamond, and diamond-like carbon on ceramic and metal substrates. The test method, as defined with the 200 μm radius diamond stylus, is commonly used for coating thicknesses in the range of 0.1 to 30 μm. Test specimens generally have a planar surface for testing, but cylinder geometries can also be tested with an appropriate fixture.  
1.4 Principal Limitations:  
1.4.1 The test method does not measure the fundamental adhesion strength of the bond between the coating and the substrate. Rather, the test method gives an engineering measurement of the practical (ext...

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  • Standard
    29 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off