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ASTM E2688-16

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Tapes to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics

Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Tapes to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Building products made with tapes are often used for applications for which Test Method E84 is used for compliance with building, life safety code or mechanical code requirements. This practice describes, in detail, specimen mounting procedures for those tapes which are not able to be supported by their own structural characteristics during the test.  
5.2 Codes are often silent with regard to testing tapes for the assessment of flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics. This practice describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for such materials and products.  
5.3 The material shall be representative of the materials used in actual field installations.  
5.4 The limitations for this procedure are those associated with Test Method E84.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for specimen preparation and mounting when testing tapes to assess flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84. Tapes are to be tested in full coverage as applied to fiber cement board as described in Test Method E84.  
1.2 This practice applies to tapes intended for various uses within buildings. The tapes addressed in this practice are not able to be supported by their own structural characteristics during the test.  
1.3 Testing is conducted in accordance with Test Method E84.  
1.4 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.5 This practice does not apply to materials for which the test specimen does not remain in place before and during the test until maximum flame propagation has occurred.  
1.6 This practice is not for system evaluation. It is for the comparison of the materials only.  
1.7 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.  
1.8 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.10 This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84. See also Section 9.  
1.11 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2016
ICS
13.220.40 - Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.22 - Surface Burning
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2688-10 - Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Tapes to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Replaced By
ASTM E2688-18 - Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Tapes to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2018
Referred By
ASTM E84-23b - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM E176-21ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016

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ASTM E2688-16 - Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Tapes to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsASTM E2688-16 - Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Tapes to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2688 − 16 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Tapes to Assess
1
Surface Burning Characteristics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.11 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for specimen prepa-
shall not be considered requirements of the standard.
ration and mounting when testing tapes to assess flame spread
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and smoke development as surface burning characteristics
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
using Test Method E84. Tapes are to be tested in full coverage
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
as applied to fiber cement board as described in Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E84.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 This practice applies to tapes intended for various uses
within buildings. The tapes addressed in this practice are not
2. Referenced Documents
able to be supported by their own structural characteristics
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
during the test.
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
1.3 Testing is conducted in accordance with Test Method
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
E84.
Building Materials
1.4 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
be used as a regulatory tool.
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI): The
Modern Metric System
1.5 This practice does not apply to materials for which the
test specimen does not remain in place before and during the
3. Terminology
test until maximum flame propagation has occurred.
3.1 Definitions:For definitions of terms used in this practice
1.6 This practice is not for system evaluation. It is for the
and associated with fire issues, refer to the terminology
comparison of the materials only.
contained in Terminology E176. For definitions of terms used
1.7 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the
in this practice associated with thin tapes refer to Terminology
standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of
C717.
units are given in parentheses, for information only; see
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.
3.2.1 self-supporting specimen, n—a specimen that remains
1.8 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative in place by its own structural characteristics both before and
measures. during the fire test.
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-
4. Summary of Practice
guards for personnel and property shall be employed in
conducting these tests. 4.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen prepa-
ration and mounting when testing tapes to assess flame spread
1.10 This standard gives instructions on specimen prepara-
and smoke development as surface burning characteristics
tion and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in
using Test Method E84. Tapes are to be tested in full coverage
Test Method E84. See also Section 9.
as applied to fiber cement board as described in Test Method
E84.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface
2
Burning. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2668-10. DOI: 10.1520/E2688- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
16. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2688 − 16
4.2 This practice applies only to those tapes from which it is 7.2 When there is a concern over adhesion to the fiber
not possible to develop specimens that are self-supporting by cement board, it is permissible to use nails or staples to hold
their own structural characteristics.
the tape in place. No more than one staple or nail per 2 ft. (610
mm) of tape shall be used.
4.3 The tapes addressed in this practice shall be tested in
accordance with the specimen preparation and mounting pro-
7.3 Tapes manuf
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2688 − 10 E2688 − 16 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Tapes to Assess
1
Surface Burning Characteristics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for specimen preparation and mounting when testing tapes up to and including 8 in.
(203.2 mm) widths to to assess flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84.
Tapes in excess of 8 in. (203.2 mm) are to be tested in full coverage as applied to fiber cement board as described in Test Method
E84.
1.2 This practice applies to tapes intended for various uses within buildings. The tapes addressed in this practice are not able
to be supported by their own structural characteristics during the test.
1.3 Testing is conducted in accordance with Test Method E84.
1.4 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.
1.5 This practice does not apply to materials for which the test specimen does not remain in place before and during the test
until maximum flame propagation has occurred.
1.6 This practice is not for system evaluation. It is for the comparison of the materials only.
1.7 The results obtained by using this mounting procedure are confined to the materials themselves as tested and are not
comparable to materials that are tested in a full tunnel width application.
1.7 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given
in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.
1.8 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these
tests.
1.10 This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test
Method E84. See also Section 9.
1.11 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
shall not be considered requirements of the standard.
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface Burning.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010July 1, 2016. Published February 2010July 2016. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2668-10.
DOI: 10.1520/E2688-10.10.1520/E2688-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2688 − 16
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:For definitions of terms used in this practice and associated with fire issues, refer to the terminology contained
in Terminology E176. For definitions of terms used in this practice associated with thin tapes refer to Terminology C717.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 self-supporting specimen, n—a specimen that remains in place by its own structural characteristics both before and during
the fire test.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen preparation and mounting when testing tapes up to and including 8 in.
(203.3 mm) in width to to assess flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteris
...

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5.1 The surface burning characteristics of wood products are often evaluated with Test Method E84 to comply with code requirements. This practice describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for such materials and systems.  
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1.2 This test method differs from Test Method E1354 in that it prescribes a different specific test specimen size, specimen holder, test specimen orientation, a direct connection between the plenum and the top plate of the cone heater assembly to ensure complete collection of all the combustion gases (Fig. 1), and a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygen consumption calorimetry. It is intended for use on materials and products that contain only small amounts of combustible ingredients or components, such as test specimens that yield a peak heat release of 2 and total heat release of 2.
Note 1: PMMA is typically used to check the general operation of a Cone Calorimeter. PMMA should not be used with this standard as the heat release rate is too high.  
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of test specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development (an optional measurement) is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.  
1.4 Test specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes generated by a conical radiant heater. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The test specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation.  
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.  
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, and development and research. Examples of material test specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applic...

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ASTM
ASTM E1537-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a specimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniture specimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions after ignition using a propane gas burner. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.  
5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations of oxygen depletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, and in particular in A4.1.2.  
5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics are measured, namely smoke obscuration and combustion gas release, as they are also important in making decisions on fire safety.  
5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures, but fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.  
5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholstered furniture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health care facilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels.  
5.6 It has been shown that if the gas burner is used at a flow rate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent to 19.3 kW), as is the case in California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximates the ignition propensity of five cru...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the burning behavior of upholstered furniture used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when the specimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well-ventilated conditions.  
1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior from a specific ignition source until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditions other than those conditions specified. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See X1.6 for further information.  
1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 for further information.  
1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for further information.  
1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photographic or video recordings, whenever possible.  
1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is the SI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its us...

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ASTM
ASTM E1474-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.  
5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used for upholstery and mattress product designs and product development.  
5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by yielding a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product does not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.  
5.4 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if either of the following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2) the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.  
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable to obtain heat release data at different heat fluxes. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.  
1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.  
1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3020-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ignition Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A variety of standard test methods, specifications, and regulations have been issued by a number of different standards developing organizations and regulatory authorities that contain ignition sources used to assess fire-test-response characteristics associated with flaming and non-flaming ignition. This practice describes such ignition sources and provides information on the standard method in which they are described.  
5.2 The ignition source to be chosen for any specific use needs to be relevant to the fire hazard associated with the intended application. Neither the scope of the standard containing the ignition source nor any other aspect of the standard has any bearing on the use of the ignition source for another application.  
5.3 This practice is not expected to be a fully comprehensive list of ignition sources. If additional ignition sources are identified they can be added to the practice.  
5.4 This practice does not describe test specimen preparation or detailed testing procedures for the materials or products.  
5.5 This practice does not address limitations associated with the ignition sources described in this practice.  
5.6 This practice does not necessarily address the latest edition of any standard referenced.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a series of ignition sources that have been used and that are potentially applicable to assessing fire-test-response characteristics resulting from the ignition of materials, products, or assemblies.  
1.2 This practice does not identify which of the ignition sources described is applicable to any specific use since that is a function of the associated fire hazard (see also 5.2).  
1.3 This practice is not necessarily comprehensive and it is possible that other applicable ignition sources exist (see also 5.3).  
1.4 This practice describes both flaming and non-flaming ignition sources, since the outcome of a non-flaming ignition can be the eventual flaming ignition of these materials or products (see also 4.2).  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 This practice contains notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard in referee decisions. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for further details.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2032-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Extension of Data From Fire Resistance Tests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this practice relate to the extension of the fire resistance ratings obtained from particular fire tested specimens to constructions that have not been tested.  
4.2 Users of this practice must have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Method E119 including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance.  
4.3 In order to apply some of the principles described in this practice, reference to the original fire test report will be necessary.  
4.4 In Test Method E119, the specimens are subjected to specific laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Substitution of different test conditions or changes in the end use conditions have the ability to change the measured fire-test-response characteristics. Therefore, the extensions of data are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in Test Method E119,.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the extension of fire resistance ratings obtained from fire tests performed in accordance with Test Method E119 to constructions that have not been tested. Test Method E119 evaluates the duration for which test specimens will contain a fire, retain their standard integrity, or both during a predetermined test exposure.  
1.2 This practice is based on principles involving the extension of test data using simple considerations. The acceptance of these principles and their application is based substantially on an analogous worst case proposition.  
1.3 These principles are only applicable to temperature conditions represented by the standard time-temperature curve described in Test Method E119. Test Method E119 is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.4 The types of building constructions which are the subject of this practice are categorized as follows: beams; floor and roof assemblies; columns; and walls and partitions. Floor and roof assemblies include such assemblies with ceiling protective membranes.  
1.5 The extension of test data using numerical calculations based on empirical data or theoretical models is not covered in this practice.  
1.6 This practice does not cover the substitution of one proprietary material for another proprietary material, or materials for which fire test data are not presently available.  
1.7 This practice does not purport to be comprehensive in its treatment of non-proprietary modifications of tested constructions. Engineering evaluation or tests are recommended for assessing modifications not specifically covered in this practice.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard is used to determine certain fire-test responses of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions by using results obtained from fire-test-response standards. The results obtained from using this standard do not by themselves constitute measures of fire hazard or fire risk.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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