ASTM F2088-24

Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant and Cradle Swings

SCOPE
1.1 This consumer safety specification establishes safety performance requirements, test methods, and labeling requirements to minimize the hazards to infants presented by swings as identified in the introduction.  
1.2 This consumer safety specification is intended to minimize the risk of injuries to infants resulting from normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse or abuse of swings. It is not intended to address all incidents and injuries resulting from the interaction of other persons with the infant in the swing.  
1.3 This consumer safety specification covers products with a powered mechanism used for the purpose of providing a swinging or gliding seat in any direction relative to the frame (that is, front to back, side to side, arc, etc.) for an infant. The powered mechanism can be through batteries, AC adapter, wind-up mechanism, or other means. This specification does not cover products that are intended to provide sleeping accommodations for the occupant.  
1.4 No swing produced after the approval date of this consumer safety specification shall, either by label or other means, indicate compliance with this specification unless it conforms to all requirements contained herein.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2024
• ICS: 97.190 - Equipment for children
• Technical Committee: F15 - Consumer Products
• Drafting Committee: F15.21 - Infant Carriers, Bouncers and Baby Swings

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F2088-22 - Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant and Cradle Swings
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM F963-23 - Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2023
• Referred By: ASTM F3343-20e1 - Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Bathers
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024

Overview

ASTM F2088-24: Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant and Cradle Swings is a widely recognized standard published by ASTM International. This specification establishes essential safety performance, testing, and labeling requirements for infant and cradle swings equipped with a powered mechanism. The primary goal of ASTM F2088-24 is to minimize safety hazards that may arise from normal use or reasonably foreseeable misuse of these products, ensuring greater protection for infants.

Crucially, the standard covers swings designed to provide a rocking, swinging, or gliding motion in various directions using mechanisms such as batteries, AC adapters, wind-up devices, or other power sources. However, it does not apply to products that are intended for infant sleeping accommodations.

Key Topics

ASTM F2088-24 addresses key areas vital for consumer product safety, including:

• Safety Performance Requirements

  • Protection from sharp edges, small parts, and hazardous materials
  • Structural integrity to withstand static and dynamic loads
  • Prevention of tipping, collapse, or unintentional folding

• Restraint and Containment Systems

  • Mandatory restraint systems in infant swings to prevent falls or ejection
  • Specific designs for crotch and shoulder straps to minimize entanglement and ensure security

• Labeling and Warning Specifications

  • Permanent and conspicuous warning labels
  • Clear instructions and safety warnings provided in accordance with ANSI labeling guidelines

• Test Methods

  • Procedures for verifying product stability, label durability, and attachment strength of any toys or accessories
  • Simulations of foreseeable abuse and use conditions to ensure reliability

• Material Requirements

  • Smooth, splinter-free wooden parts
  • Compliance with toxicological regulations regarding paint, coatings, and component materials

Applications

ASTM F2088-24 is applicable to a broad range of infant and cradle swing products, especially those with powered swinging or gliding actions. The standard is essential for:

• Manufacturers

  • Designing and producing infant and cradle swings
  • Assessing compliance during product development and quality assurance
  • Meeting international and regulatory requirements in global markets

• Retailers and Importers

  • Verifying that products sourced or sold meet stringent safety benchmarks
  • Reducing liability by offering compliant products

• Certification Bodies and Testing Laboratories

  • Utilizing standardized test methods and pass/fail criteria to evaluate product safety
  • Supporting manufacturers in product certification and regulatory submissions

• Regulatory Authorities

  • Referencing ASTM F2088-24 when assessing product recalls, market surveillance, or consumer safety incidents

Implementing ASTM F2088-24 helps ensure infant swings are constructed and labeled to reduce risks such as tipping, entanglement, structural failure, and hazardous materials exposure. Compliance enhances consumer confidence and facilitates access to regulated markets.

Related Standards

To further support the safety, performance, and labeling of infant and child products, ASTM F2088-24 references and aligns with several key standards and regulations:

• ASTM F963 - Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety
• ASTM F2194 - Consumer Safety Specification for Bassinets and Cradles
• ASTM F406 - Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Full-Size Baby Cribs/Play Yards
• 16 CFR 1303 - Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and Certain Consumer Products
• 16 CFR 1500 & 1501 - Hazardous Substances Act Regulations and Small Parts Testing
• ANSI Z535 Series - Product Safety Signs, Symbols, and Labeling
• UL 1310 - Standard for Class 2 Power Units

Adhering to ASTM F2088-24 and these related standards ensures a comprehensive approach to infant product safety, supporting manufacturers, retailers, and consumers alike with reliable and internationally accepted benchmarks.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2088 − 24
Standard Consumer Safety Specification for
Infant and Cradle Swings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2088; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This consumer safety specification addresses incidents associated with swings intended for infants
identified by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).
In response to incident data compiled by the CPSC, this specification attempts to minimize the
following hazards: (1) swings tipping over or collapsing, (2) structural failures, and (3) entanglement
in the restraints or entrapment in leg holes.
This specification is intended to cover normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse or abuse of
swings.
This specification is written within the current state-of-the-art of swing technology and will be
updated whenever substantive information becomes available that necessitates additional requirements
or justifies the revision of existing requirements.
1. Scope conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.1 This consumer safety specification establishes safety
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
performance requirements, test methods, and labeling require-
ments to minimize the hazards to infants presented by swings test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification: This
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
as identified in the introduction.
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
1.2 This consumer safety specification is intended to mini-
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
mize the risk of injuries to infants resulting from normal use
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
and reasonably foreseeable misuse or abuse of swings. It is not
regulatory limitations prior to use.
intended to address all incidents and injuries resulting from the
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
interaction of other persons with the infant in the swing.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.3 This consumer safety specification covers products with
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
a powered mechanism used for the purpose of providing a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
swinging or gliding seat in any direction relative to the frame
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
(that is, front to back, side to side, arc, etc.) for an infant. The
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
powered mechanism can be through batteries, AC adapter,
wind-up mechanism, or other means. This specification does
2. Referenced Documents
not cover products that are intended to provide sleeping
2.1 ASTM Standards:
accommodations for the occupant.
D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
1.4 No swing produced after the approval date of this
F406 Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Full-Size
consumer safety specification shall, either by label or other
Baby Cribs/Play Yards
means, indicate compliance with this specification unless it
F963 Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety
conforms to all requirements contained herein.
F2194 Consumer Safety Specification for Bassinets and
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded Cradles
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
This consumer safety specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit-
tee F15 on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F15.21 on Infant Carriers, Bouncers and Baby Swings. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as F2088 – 22. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F2088-24. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2088 − 24
2.2 Federal Regulations: 3.1.4 cradle swing, n—a swing which is intended for use by
16 CFR Part 1303 Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and Certain an infant lying flat to swing or glide and is intended for use
Consumer Products Bearing Lead-Containing Paint with infants from birth until infant begins to push up on hands
16 CFR Part 1500 Hazardous Substances Act Regulations and knees (approximately 5 months).
including sections:
3.1.5 dynamic load, n—application of impulsive force
1500.48—Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp
through free fall of a weight.
Point in Toys or Other Articles Intended for Use by
3.1.6 infant swing, n—a swing that enables an infant in a
Children Under Eight Years of Age
seated position to swing or glide and is intended for use with
1500.49—Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp
infants from birth until infant attempts to climb out of the
Metal or Glass Edge in Toys or Other Articles Intended for
swing (approximately 9 months).
Use by Children Under Eight Years of Age
3.1.7 manufacturer’s recommended use position, n—any
1500.50-.51—Test Method for Simulating Use and Abuse
of Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children position, that is presented as a normal, allowable, or acceptable
configuration for the use of the product by the manufacturer in
16 CFR Part 1501 Method for Identifying Toys and Other
Articles Intended for Use by Children Under Three Years any descriptive or instructional literature; this specifically
of Age Which Present Choking, Aspiration, or Ingestion excludes positions that the manufacturer shows in a like
Hazards Because of Small Parts manner in its literature to be unacceptable, unsafe, or not
29 CFR 1910.7 Definition and requirements for a nationally recommended.
recognized testing laboratory
3.1.8 non-paper label, n—any label material (such as plastic
2.3 ANSI Standards:
or metal) which either will not tear without the aid of tools or
ANSI A100.1-2018 American National Standard for Safety
tears leaving a sharply defined edge.
of Corded Window Covering Products
3.1.9 occupant, n—that individual who is in a product that is
ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors
set up in one of the manufacturer’s recommended use posi-
ANSI Z535.4 Product Safety Signs and Labels
tions.
ANSI Z535.6 Product Safety Information in Product
3.1.10 paper label, n—any label material which tears with-
Manuals, Instructions, and Other Collateral Materials
out the aid of tools and leaves a fibrous edge.
2.4 Other Documents:
CAMI Infant Dummy, Mark II (see Fig. 1)
3.1.11 protective component, n—any component used for
CAMI Newborn Dummy (see Fig. 2)
protection from sharp edges, points, or entrapment of fingers or
UL 1310 Standard for Class 2 Power Units
toes.
3.1.11.1 Discussion—Examples of protective components
3. Terminology
include caps, sleeves, and plugs.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.12 static load, n—vertically downward load applied by
3.1.1 combination swing, n—a swing that has a cradle swing
weights or other means.
use, mode, or position and an infant swing use, mode, or
3.1.13 strap, n—a piece of flexible material of which the
position.
width is significantly greater than the thickness.
3.1.2 conspicuous, adj—visible, when the product is in all
3.1.13.1 Discussion—The strap may consist of
manufacturer’s recommended use position(s), to a person
monofilaments, rope, woven and twisted cord, plastic and
standing near the product at any one position around the swing
textile tapes, ribbon, or similar materials.
but not necessarily visible from all positions.
3.1.14 structural component, n—any load bearing member
3.1.3 cord, n—a length of slender flexible material including
or part of the product that supports the weight or portion of the
monofilaments, rope, woven and twisted cord, plastic and
weight of the occupant.
textile tapes, ribbon, and those materials commonly called
string. 3.1.15 tethered strap and/or cord, n—an accessible and
exposed strap or cord below or behind the occupant support
surface with both ends secured to the product or to itself. (See
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,
6.9.)
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
3.1.15.1 Discussion—This specifically excludes straps or
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
cords that are only attached on one end and are not intended to
Department of Transportation Memorandum Report AAC-119-74-14, Revision
be attached to another component according to the manufac-
II, Drawing No. SA-1001 by Richard Chandler, July 2, 1974. Federal Aviation
turer’s instructions.
Administration, Civil Aeromedical Institute, Protection and Survival Laboratory,
Aeromedical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.
3.1.15.2 Discussion—This specifically excludes straps or
Drawing numbers 126-0000 through 126-0015 (sheets 1 through 3), 126-0017
cords that are a part of the restraint system that are attached
through 126-0027, a parts list entitled “Parts List for CAMI Newborn Dummy”, and
solely to the front of the seat (occupant’s seat bottom or
a construction manual entitled, “Construction of the Newborn Infant Dummy” (July
1992). Copies of the materials may be inspected at NHTSA’s Docket Section, 400
occupant’s seat back) and do not pass through openings in the
Seventh Street, SW., Room 5109, Washington, DC, or at the Office of the Federal
seat bottom or seat back.
Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., suite 700, Washington, DC.
3.1.15.3 Discussion—This specifically excludes straps or
Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,
WA 98607-8542, http://www.ul.com. cords that are not accessible or are covered by other product
F2088 − 24
components, such as, but not limited to, plastic covers/barriers, rigid surface shall be permissible (see Fig. 3). The product shall
upholstery, or textile covers. If a strap or cord is partially be evaluated in all manufacturer’s recommended use positions.
accessible and exposed, only the accessible and exposed
5.7 Exposed Coil Springs—Any exposed coil spring which
portion shall be considered a tethered strap or cord.
is accessible to the occupant, having or capable of generating
3.1.16 travel swing, n—a low-profile, compact infant,
a space between coils of 0.210 in. (5.33 mm) or greater during
cradle, or combination swing having a distance of 6 in. or less
static load testing (see 7.3.2) shall be covered or otherwise
between the underside of the seat bottom and the support
designed to prevent injury from entrapment.
surface (floor) at any point in the seat’s range of motion.
5.8 Protective Components—If a child can grasp compo-
nents between the thumb and forefinger, or teeth, or if there is
4. Calibration and Standardization
at least a 0.04 in. (1.0 mm) gap between the component and its
4.1 All testing shall be conducted on a concrete floor that
adjacent parent component, such component shall not be
may be covered with ⁄8 in. (3 mm) thick vinyl floor covering,
removed when tested in accordance with 7.2. All protective
unless test instructs differently.
components that are accessible to a child in the product or
4.2 The product shall be completely assembled, unless accessible to a child from any position around the product shall
be evaluated.
otherwise noted, in accordance with the manufacturer’s in-
structions.
5.9 Labeling:
4.3 No testing shall be conducted within 48 h of manufac-
5.9.1 Warning labels, (whether paper or non paper) shall be
turing.
permanent when tested per 7.8.
5.9.2 Warning statements applied directly onto the surface
4.4 The product to be tested shall be in a room with an
of the product by hot stamping, heat transfer, printing, wood
ambient temperature of 73 °F 6 9 °F (23 °C 6 5 °C) for at
burning, etc. shall be permanent when tested per 7.9.
least 1 h prior to testing. Testing then shall be conducted within
5.9.3 Non-paper labels shall not liberate small parts when
this temperature range.
tested in accordance with 7.10.
4.5 All testing required by this specification shall be con-
5.10 Toys—Toy accessories attached to, removable from, or
ducted on the same product.
sold with a swing, as well as their means of attachment, shall
5. General Requirements comply with the applicable requirements of Consumer Safety
Specification F963.
5.1 Hazardous Sharp Edges or Points—There shall be no
5.10.1 Toy mobiles that attach solely to a swing are not
hazardous sharp points or edges as defined by 16 CFR 1500.48
required to contain labeling as stated in Consumer Safety
and 16 CFR 1500.49 before and after testing to the consumer
Specification F963, Section 5, Safety Labeling for Mobiles,
safety specification.
and Section 6, Instructional Literature for Mobiles.
5.2 Small Parts—There shall be no small parts as defined by
5.10.2 Toy mobiles included with the swing that have toys
16 CFR 1501 before testing or liberated as a result of this
within the reach of the occupant shall not detach rigid
testing to this specification.
components when tested in accordance with 7.12. Detachment
5.3 The paint and surface coating on the product shall
of a soft toy only is not considered a failure.
comply to 16 CFR 1303.
NOTE 1—The intent is to exempt soft items that would not result in
5.4 Wood Parts—Prior to testing, any exposed wood parts impact injury if the occupant was struck by that component. Examples are
soft filled toys, stuffed toys, and pliable toys.
shall be smooth and free from splinters.
5.11 Cradle swings or combination swings in a cradle swing
5.5 Scissoring, Shearing, Pinching—The product, when in
use, mode, or position while in the rest (non-rocking) position
the manufacturer’s recommended use position(s), shall be
shall comply with the requirements of Consumer Safety
designed and constructed so as to prevent injury to the
Specification F2194.
occupant from any scissoring, shearing, or pinching when
members or components rotate about a common axis or
6. Performance Requirements
fastening point, slide, pivot, fold, or otherwise move relative to
one another. Scissoring, shearing, or pinching that may cause
6.1 Electrically Powered Swings (remote control devices are
injury exists when the edges of the rigid parts admit a probe
exempt from the requirements in 6.1):
greater than 0.210 in. (5.33 mm) and less than 0.375 in.
6.1.1 Each battery compartment shall provide a means to
(9.53 mm) in diameter at any accessible point throughout the
contain the electrolytic material in the event of a battery
range of motion of such parts.
leakage. This containment means shall not be accessible to the
5.6 Openings—Holes or slots that extend entirely though a occupant.
wall section of any rigid material less than 0.375-in. (9.53-mm) 6.1.2 Positive protection from the possibility of charging
thick and admit a 0.210-in. (5.33-mm) diameter rod shall also any primary (non-rechargeable) battery shall be achieved either
admit a 0.375-in. (9.53-mm) diameter rod. Holes or slots that through physical design of the battery compartment or through
are between 0.210-in. (5.33-mm) and 0.375-in. (9.53-mm) and the use of appropriate electrical circuit design. This applies to
have a wall thickness less than 0.375-in. (9.53-mm), but are situations in which a battery may be installed incorrectly
limited in depth to 0.375-in. (9.53-mm) maximum by another (reversed), and in which a battery charger may be applied to a
F2088 − 24
product containing primary batteries. This section does not 6.5.2 Infant swings with a maximum seat back angle greater
apply to a circuit having one or two batteries as the only source than 50° from horizontal measured in accordance with 7.13
of power. shall include shoulder straps as part of the restraint system.
6.5.3 This system and its closing means shall not slip more
6.1.3 The surfaces of any accessible electrical component,
including batteries, shall not achieve temperatures exceeding than 1 in. (25 mm), break, separate, or permit the removal of
the test dummy when tested per 7.6.
160 °F (71 °C) when tested in accordance with 7.1. At the
conclusion of the test, there shall be no battery leakage or, 6.5.4 A connecting means and adjustment means for the
waist restraint shall be capable of usage independent of one
explosion or a fire to any electrical component. This test shall
be performed prior to conducting any other testing within the another. The connecting means shall not be an adjustment
means but may have one integrally attached to it.
performance requirements section.
6.5.5 Before shipment, the restraint system must be attached
6.1.4 AC adapters supplied with the product must denote
to the infant swing in such a manner as to not become detached
compliance with the appropriate current national safety stan-
through normal use.
dard for AC adapters from a Nationally Recognized Testing
Laboratory (NRTL). AC adaptors must have a nominal output 6.5.6 If the swing seat has a tray or other component that
creates a completely bounded opening in front of the occupant,
voltage less than 30 VDC (42.4 VAC (peak)) and must not be
capable of delivering more than 8 amps into a variable resistive a passive crotch restraint system shall be included and designed
such that its use is mandatory when the tray or other compo-
load for one minute.
nent is in use.
NOTE 2—Refer to UL 1310 for Class II output definitions and
evaluation. 6.6 Passive Crotch Restraint System—For products with a
NOTE 3—NRTLs are organizations recognized by OSHA in accordance
tray or other component that creates a completely bounded
with 29 CFR 1910.7 to test and certify equipment or materials (products)
opening in front of the occupant.
requiring approval by certain OSHA safety standards. A current list of
6.6.1 There shall be no vertical gap between the passive
NRTLs can be found at http://www.osha.gov/dts/otpca/nrtl/nrtllist.html.
crotch restraint and either the tray or seating surface that allows
6.2 Structural Integrity—All tests that cover static and
free passage of a 1.5-in. (38-mm) diameter by 3-in. (76-mm)
dynamic loading are to be performed sequentially on the same
long rod from one leg opening to the other.
product and in the sequence listed in the standard without
6.6.2 The leg openings on each side of the passive crotch
refurbishing or repositioning of adjustment, if any.
restraint shall not allow complete passage of the wedge block
6.2.1 Dynamic Load—The swing shall support a dynamic
when tested in accordance with 7.11.
load and there shall be no failure of seams, breakage of
6.7 Cradle Swing Orientation—The angle of the cradle
materials, or changes of adjustments that could cause the
swing surface along the dummy’s head-to-toe axis relative to
product to not fully support the child or create a hazardous
the horizontal shall not be greater than 5° when tested in
condition as defined in Section 5 after testing in accordance
accordance to 7.7.
with 7.3.1.
6.8 Seat Angles for Swings with Removable Tray/Armbar or
6.2.2 Static Load—The swing shall support a static load and
there shall be no failure of seams, breakage of materials, or Without Tray/Armbar:
6.8.1 Products with a horizontal axis of swing motion shall
changes of adjustments that could cause the product to not fully
support the child or create a hazardous condition as defined in meet the requirements described in 6.8.1.1 or 6.8.1.2.
Section 5 after testing in accordance with 7.3.2. 6.8.1.1 The angle between the seat back and horizontal shall
be:
6.3 Stability Test—The swing shall not tip over when tested
less than 60° for full size swings
according to 7.4.
less than 45° for travel swings
6.4 Unintentional Folding—The swing shall remain in the
and the angle between the seat bottom and horizontal shall be
manufacturer’s recommended use position(s) when tested per
30° or greater when tested in accordance with 7.14.
7.5. If a product is designed with a latching or locking device,
6.8.1.2 The product shall include shoulder straps as part of
that device shall remain engaged and operative after testing.
the restraint system.
6.4.1 Threaded fasteners used to attach structural compo-
6.8.2 Products with other than horizontal axis of swing
nents shall have a locking mechanism such as lock washers,
motion shall meet the requirements described in 6.8.2.1 or
self-locking nuts or other means to prevent detachment due to
6.8.2.2.
vibration.
6.8.2.1 The angle between the seat bottom and horizontal
shall be 5° or greater when tested in accordance with 7.15.
6.5 Restraint System—A restraint system shall be provided
6.8.2.2 The product shall include shoulder straps as part of
to secure an occupant in an infant swing in the seated positions
the restraint system.
in any of the manufacturer’s recommended use positions.
Cradle swings and combination swings when in all manufac- 6.9 Tethered Strap or Cord Entrapment or Entanglement
turer’s use positions as a cradle swing shall not have a restraint
Accessibility for Non-occupants—All tethered straps and cords
system. (see 3.1.15) shall comply with either 6.9.1 or 6.9.2 when tested
6.5.1 The restraint system shall include both waist and in accordance with 7.16.
crotch restraint designed such that the crotch restraint’s use is 6.9.1 A bounded opening formed by tethered strap(s) or
mandatory when the restraint system is in use. cord(s), alone or in conjunction with the product, shall not
F2088 − 24
allow the passage of the small head probe (Fig. 14) when tested 7.2.4.3 Gradually apply a force of 15 lbf. (67 N) over a
in accordance with 7.16. period of 5 s in the direction that would normally be associated
6.9.2 A bounded opening formed by tethered strap(s) or with the removal of the protective component. Hold for an
cord(s), alone or in conjunction with the product, shall allow additional 10 s.
the passage of the large head probe (Fig. 15), and the tethered
7.3 Structural Integrity:
strap or cord portion of the bounded opening shall not form a
7.3.1 Dynamic Load:
loop with a perimeter greater than 7.4 in. (188 mm) when
7.3.1.1 Test Equipment—Shot bag, 6 in. to 8 in. (15 cm to
tested in accordance with 7.16.
20 cm) diameter bag filled with shot; total weight 25 lb
(11.4 kg).
7. Test Methods
7.3.1.2 Set-up the swing in accordance with the manufac-
turer’s instructions. If the swing seat has more than one height
7.1 The swing shall be tested using fresh alkaline batteries
or an AC power source. If the swing can be operated using position, recline position, facing direction, tray position, or
other adjustable feature position, test the product in the
both, then both batteries and AC power must be tested
separately. If another battery chemistry is specifically recom- configuration most likely to fail.
7.3.1.3 Place the shot bag on the seating surface of the
mended for use in the swing by the manufacturer, repeat the
test using the batteries specified by the manufacturer. If the swing and allow swinging motion to come to rest. Secure the
swing so that the seat cannot move during the test. The means
swing will not operate using alkaline batteries, then test with
the type of battery recommended by the manufacturer at the of securing the seat shall not affect the outcome of the test.
Raise the shot bag a distance of 1 in. (25 mm) above the seat
specified voltage. The test is to be carried out in a draft-free
location, at an ambient temperature of 68 °F 6 9 °F (20 °C 6 of the swing. Drop the weight onto the seat 500 times with a
cycle time of 4 s 6 1 s per cycle. The drop height is to be
5 °C).
7.1.1 Secure the swing so that the seat cannot move during adjusted to maintain the 1 in. (25 mm) drop height as is
practical.
the test. Operate the swing at the maximum speed. Do not
disable any mechanical or electrical protective device, such as 7.3.2 Static Load Test:
clutches or fuses. Operate the swing continuously, and record 7.3.2.1 Test Equipment—Wood block, 6 in. by 6 in. by ⁄4 in.
peak temperature. The test shall be discontinued 60 min after (150 mm by 150 mm by 19 mm).
the peak temperature is recorded. If the swing shuts off 7.3.2.2 Place a static load of 75 lb (34.1 kg) or 3 times the
automatically or must be kept “on” by hand or foot, monitor manufacturer’s maximum recommended weight, whichever is
temperatures for 30 s, resetting the swing as many times as greater, in the center of the seat distributed by a wood block.
necessary to complete the 30 s of operation. If the swing shuts Gradually apply the weight within 5 s and maintain for 60 s.
off automatically after an operating time of greater than 30 s,
7.4 Stability Test:
continue the test until the swing shuts off.
7.4.1 Test Equipment:
7.2 Removal of Protective Components Test:
7.4.1.1 CAMI Mark II Dummy, 17.5 lb (8 kg) (see 2.4 and
7.2.1 Any protective component shall be tested in accor- Fig. 1).
dance with each of the following methods in the sequence
7.4.1.2 Inclined Surface—A smooth inclined surface with a
listed. 1 in. by 1 in. (25 mm by 25 mm) stop or equivalent device
7.2.2 Secure the product so that the product cannot move
mounted parallel to the lower edge of the surface and parallel
during the performance of the following tests: to the floor so as to prevent the swing from sliding, but not
7.2.3 Torque Test—Gradually apply a torque of 2 lbf-in. prevent it from tipping.
(0.2 Nm) over a period of 5 s in a clockwise direction until a 7.4.2 Stability in the Direction of Swing Motion:
rotation of 180° from the original position has been attained or
7.4.2.1 Adjust the inclined surface to 20° from horizontal.
2 lbf-in. (0.2 Nm) has been exceeded. The torque or maximum 7.4.2.2 Place the CAMI Dummy Mark II in the swing seat.
rotation shall be maintained for an additional 10 s. The torque
7.4.2.3 For a product with a horizontal axis of swing
shall then be removed and the test components permitted to motion, position the product on the inclined surface with the
return to a relaxed condition. This procedure shall then be
axis of swinging motion parallel to the stop and the lower most
repeated in the counter-clockwise direction. frame member(s) in contact with the stop as shown in Fig. 5.
7.2.4 Tension Test:
If the swing seat has more than one height position, recline
7.2.4.1 Attach a force gauge to the protective component by position, facing direction, direction of motion, tray position, or
means of any suitable device. For components that cannot o
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2088 − 22 F2088 − 24
Standard Consumer Safety Specification for
Infant and Cradle Swings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2088; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This consumer safety specification addresses incidents associated with swings intended for infants
identified by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).
In response to incident data compiled by the CPSC, this specification attempts to minimize the
following hazards: (1) swings tipping over or collapsing, (2) structural failures, and (3) entanglement
in the restraints or entrapment in leg holes.
This specification is intended to cover normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse or abuse of
swings.
This specification is written within the current state-of-the-art of swing technology and will be
updated whenever substantive information becomes available that necessitates additional requirements
or justifies the revision of existing requirements.
1. Scope
1.1 This consumer safety specification establishes safety performance requirements, test methods, and labeling requirements to
minimize the hazards to infants presented by swings as identified in the introduction.
1.2 This consumer safety specification is intended to minimize the risk of injuries to infants resulting from normal use and
reasonably foreseeable misuse or abuse of swings. It is not intended to address all incidents and injuries resulting from the
interaction of other persons with the infant in the swing.
1.3 This consumer safety specification covers products with a powered mechanism used for the purpose of providing a swinging
or gliding seat in any direction relative to the frame (that is, front to back, side to side, arc, etc.) for an infant. The powered
mechanism can be through batteries, AC adapter, wind-up mechanism, or other means. This specification does not cover products
that are intended to provide sleeping accommodations for the occupant.
1.4 No swing produced after the approval date of this consumer safety specification shall, either by label or other means, indicate
compliance with this specification unless it conforms to all requirements contained herein.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
This consumer safety specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.21
on Infant Carriers, Bouncers and Baby Swings.
Current edition approved May 1, 2022Feb. 1, 2024. Published May 2022March 2024. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20212022 as
F2088 – 21.F2088 – 22. DOI: 10.1520/F2088-22.10.1520/F2088-24.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2088 − 24
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification: This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
F406 Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Full-Size Baby Cribs/Play Yards
F963 Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety
F2194 Consumer Safety Specification for Bassinets and Cradles
2.2 Federal Regulations:
16 CFR Part 1303 Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and Certain Consumer Products Bearing Lead-Containing Paint
16 CFR Part 1500 Hazardous Substances Act Regulations including sections:
1500.48—Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp Point in Toys or Other Articles Intended for Use by Children Under
Eight Years of Age
1500.49—Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp Metal or Glass Edge in Toys or Other Articles Intended for Use by
Children Under Eight Years of Age
1500.50-.51—Test Method for Simulating Use and Abuse of Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children
16 CFR Part 1501 Method for Identifying Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children Under Three Years of Age
Which Present Choking, Aspiration, or Ingestion Hazards Because of Small Parts
29 CFR 1910.7 Definition and requirements for a nationally recognized testing laboratory
2.3 ANSI Standards:
ANSI A100.1-2018 American National Standard for Safety of Corded Window Covering Products
ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors
ANSI Z535.4 Product Safety Signs and Labels
ANSI Z535.6 Product Safety Information in Product Manuals, Instructions, and Other Collateral Materials
FIG. 1 CAMI Infant Dummy, Mark II
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
F2088 − 24
2.4 Other Documents:
CAMI Infant Dummy, Mark II (see Fig. 1)
CAMI Newborn Dummy (see Fig. 2)
UL 1310 Standard for Class 2 Power Units
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 combination swing, n—a swing that has a cradle swing use, mode, or position and an infant swing use, mode, or position.
3.1.2 conspicuous, adj—visible, when the product is in all manufacturer’s recommended use position(s), to a person standing near
the product at any one position around the swing but not necessarily visible from all positions.
3.1.3 cord, n—a length of slender flexible material including monofilaments, rope, woven and twisted cord, plastic and textile
tapes, ribbon, and those materials commonly called string.
3.1.4 cradle swing, n—a swing which is intended for use by an infant lying flat to swing or glide and is intended for use with
infants from birth until infant begins to push up on hands and knees (approximately 5 months).
3.1.5 dynamic load, n—application of impulsive force through free fall of a weight.
3.1.6 infant swing, n—a swing that enables an infant in a seated position to swing or glide and is intended for use with infants
from birth until infant attempts to climb out of the swing (approximately 9 months).
3.1.7 manufacturer’s recommended use position, n—any position, that is presented as a normal, allowable, or acceptable
configuration for the use of the product by the manufacturer in any descriptive or instructional literature; this specifically excludes
positions that the manufacturer shows in a like manner in its literature to be unacceptable, unsafe, or not recommended.
3.1.8 non-paper label, n—any label material (such as plastic or metal) which either will not tear without the aid of tools or tears
leaving a sharply defined edge.
3.1.9 occupant, n—that individual who is in a product that is set up in one of the manufacturer’s recommended use positions.
3.1.10 paper label, n—any label material which tears without the aid of tools and leaves a fibrous edge.
FIG. 2 CAMI Newborn Dummy
Department of Transportation Memorandum Report AAC-119-74-14, Revision II, Drawing No. SA-1001 by Richard Chandler, July 2, 1974. Federal Aviation
Administration, Civil Aeromedical Institute, Protection and Survival Laboratory, Aeromedical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.
Drawing numbers 126-0000 through 126-0015 (sheets 1 through 3), 126-0017 through 126-0027, a parts list entitled “Parts List for CAMI Newborn Dummy”, and a
construction manual entitled, “Construction of the Newborn Infant Dummy” (July 1992). Copies of the materials may be inspected at NHTSA’s Docket Section, 400 Seventh
Street, SW., Room 5109, Washington, DC, or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., suite 700, Washington, DC.
Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas, WA 98607-8542, http://www.ul.com.
F2088 − 24
3.1.11 protective component, n—any component used for protection from sharp edges, points, or entrapment of fingers or toes.
3.1.11.1 Discussion—
Examples of protective components include caps, sleeves, and plugs.
3.1.12 static load, n—vertically downward load applied by weights or other means.
3.1.13 strap, n—a piece of flexible material of which the width is significantly greater than the thickness.
3.1.13.1 Discussion—
The strap may consist of monofilaments, rope, woven and twisted cord, plastic and textile tapes, ribbon, or similar materials.
3.1.14 structural component, n—any load bearing member or part of the product that supports the weight or portion of the weight
of the occupant.
3.1.15 tethered strap, strap and/or cord, n—a strap that is used to secure, anchor, or attach the restraint system or seat to another
part of the product’s frame. an accessible and exposed strap or cord below or behind the occupant support surface with both ends
secured to the product or to itself. (See 6.9.)
3.1.15.1 Discussion—
This specifically excludes straps that are loose or hanging from a product that or cords that are only attached on one end and are
not intended to be attached to another component according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
3.1.15.2 Discussion—
This specifically excludes straps or cords that are a part of the restraint system that are attached solely to the front of the seat
(occupant’s seat bottom or occupant’s seat back) and do not pass through openings in the seat bottom or seat back.
3.1.15.3 Discussion—
This specifically excludes straps or cords that are not accessible or are covered by other product components, such as, but not
limited to, plastic covers/barriers, upholstery, or textile covers. If a strap or cord is partially accessible and exposed, only the
accessible and exposed portion shall be considered a tethered strap or cord.
3.1.16 travel swing, n—a low-profile, compact infant, cradle, or combination swing having a distance of 6 in. or less between the
underside of the seat bottom and the support surface (floor) at any point in the seat’s range of motion.
4. Calibration and Standardization
4.1 All testing shall be conducted on a concrete floor that may be covered with ⁄8 in. (3 mm) thick vinyl floor covering, unless
test instructs differently.
4.2 The product shall be completely assembled, unless otherwise noted, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
4.3 No testing shall be conducted within 48 h of manufacturing.
4.4 The product to be tested shall be in a room with an ambient temperature of 73 °F 6 9 °F (23 °C 6 5 °C) for at least 1 h prior
to testing. Testing then shall be conducted within this temperature range.
4.5 All testing required by this specification shall be conducted on the same product.
5. General Requirements
5.1 Hazardous Sharp Edges or Points—There shall be no hazardous sharp points or edges as defined by 16 CFR 1500.48 and 16
CFR 1500.49 before and after testing to the consumer safety specification.
5.2 Small Parts—There shall be no small parts as defined by 16 CFR 1501 before testing or liberated as a result of this testing
to this specification.
5.3 The paint and surface coating on the product shall comply to 16 CFR 1303.
F2088 − 24
5.4 Wood Parts—Prior to testing, any exposed wood parts shall be smooth and free from splinters.
5.5 Scissoring, Shearing, Pinching—The product, when in the manufacturer’s recommended use position(s), shall be designed and
constructed so as to prevent injury to the occupant from any scissoring, shearing, or pinching when members or components rotate
about a common axis or fastening point, slide, pivot, fold, or otherwise move relative to one another. Scissoring, shearing, or
pinching that may cause injury exists when the edges of the rigid parts admit a probe greater than 0.210 in. (5.33 mm) and less
than 0.375 in. (9.53 mm) in diameter at any accessible point throughout the range of motion of such parts.
5.6 Openings—Holes or slots that extend entirely though a wall section of any rigid material less than 0.375-in. (9.53-mm) thick
and admit a 0.210-in. (5.33-mm) diameter rod shall also admit a 0.375-in. (9.53-mm) diameter rod. Holes or slots that are between
0.210-in. (5.33-mm) and 0.375-in. (9.53-mm) and have a wall thickness less than 0.375-in. (9.53-mm), but are limited in depth
to 0.375-in. (9.53-mm) maximum by another rigid surface shall be permissible (see Fig. 3). The product shall be evaluated in all
manufacturer’s recommended use positions.
5.7 Exposed Coil Springs—Any exposed coil spring which is accessible to the occupant, having or capable of generating a space
between coils of 0.210 in. (5.33 mm) or greater during static load testing (see 7.3.2) shall be covered or otherwise designed to
prevent injury from entrapment.
5.8 Protective Components—If a child can grasp components between the thumb and forefinger, or teeth, or if there is at least a
0.04 in. (1.0 mm) gap between the component and its adjacent parent component, such component shall not be removed when
FIG. 3 Opening Examples
F2088 − 24
tested in accordance with 7.2. All protective components that are accessible to a child in the product or accessible to a child from
any position around the product shall be evaluated.
5.9 Labeling:
5.9.1 Warning labels, (whether paper or non paper) shall be permanent when tested per 7.8.
5.9.2 Warning statements applied directly onto the surface of the product by hot stamping, heat transfer, printing, wood burning,
etc. shall be permanent when tested per 7.9.
5.9.3 Non-paper labels shall not liberate small parts when tested in accordance with 7.10.
5.10 Toys—Toy accessories attached to, removable from, or sold with a swing, as well as their means of attachment, shall comply
with the applicable requirements of Consumer Safety Specification F963.
5.10.1 Toy mobiles that attach solely to a swing are not required to contain labeling as stated in Consumer Safety Specification
F963, Section 5, Safety Labeling for Mobiles, and Section 6, Instructional Literature for Mobiles.
5.10.2 Toy mobiles included with the swing that have toys within the reach of the occupant shall not detach rigid components
when tested in accordance with 7.12. Detachment of a soft toy only is not considered a failure.
NOTE 1—The intent is to exempt soft items that would not result in impact injury if the occupant was struck by that component. Examples are soft filled
toys, stuffed toys, and pliable toys.
5.11 Cradle swings or combination swings in a cradle swing use, mode, or position while in the rest (non-rocking) position shall
comply with the requirements of Consumer Safety Specification F2194.
6. Performance Requirements
6.1 Electrically Powered Swings (remote control devices are exempt from the requirements in 6.1):
6.1.1 Each battery compartment shall provide a means to contain the electrolytic material in the event of a battery leakage. This
containment means shall not be accessible to the occupant.
6.1.2 Positive protection from the possibility of charging any primary (non-rechargeable) battery shall be achieved either through
physical design of the battery compartment or through the use of appropriate electrical circuit design. This applies to situations
in which a battery may be installed incorrectly (reversed), and in which a battery charger may be applied to a product containing
primary batteries. This section does not apply to a circuit having one or two batteries as the only source of power.
6.1.3 The surfaces of any accessible electrical component, including batteries, shall not achieve temperatures exceeding 160 °F
(71 °C) when tested in accordance with 7.1. At the conclusion of the test, there shall be no battery leakage or, explosion or a fire
to any electrical component. This test shall be performed prior to conducting any other testing within the performance requirements
section.
6.1.4 AC adapters supplied with the product must denote compliance with the appropriate current national safety standard for AC
adapters from a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL). AC adaptors must have a nominal output voltage less than 30
VDC (42.4 VAC (peak)) and must not be capable of delivering more than 8 amps into a variable resistive load for one minute.
NOTE 2—Refer to UL 1310 for Class II output definitions and evaluation.
NOTE 3—NRTLs are organizations recognized by OSHA in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.7 to test and certify equipment or materials (products) requiring
approval by certain OSHA safety standards. A current list of NRTLs can be found at http://www.osha.gov/dts/otpca/nrtl/nrtllist.html.
6.2 Structural Integrity—All tests that cover static and dynamic loading are to be performed sequentially on the same product and
in the sequence listed in the standard without refurbishing or repositioning of adjustment, if any.
6.2.1 Dynamic Load—The swing shall support a dynamic load and there shall be no failure of seams, breakage of materials, or
F2088 − 24
changes of adjustments that could cause the product to not fully support the child or create a hazardous condition as defined in
Section 5 after testing in accordance with 7.3.1.
6.2.2 Static Load—The swing shall support a static load and there shall be no failure of seams, breakage of materials, or changes
of adjustments that could cause the product to not fully support the child or create a hazardous condition as defined in Section 5
after testing in accordance with 7.3.2.
6.3 Stability Test—The swing shall not tip over when tested according to 7.4.
6.4 Unintentional Folding—The swing shall remain in the manufacturer’s recommended use position(s) when tested per 7.5. If
a product is designed with a latching or locking device, that device shall remain engaged and operative after testing.
6.4.1 Threaded fasteners used to attach structural components shall have a locking mechanism such as lock washers, self-locking
nuts or other means to prevent detachment due to vibration.
6.5 Restraint System—A restraint system shall be provided to secure an occupant in an infant swing in the seated positions in any
of the manufacturer’s recommended use positions. Cradle swings and combination swings when in all manufacturer’s use positions
as a cradle swing shall not have a restraint system.
6.5.1 The restraint system shall include both waist and crotch restraint designed such that the crotch restraint’s use is mandatory
when the restraint system is in use.
6.5.2 Infant swings with a maximum seat back angle greater than 50° from horizontal measured in accordance with 7.13 shall
include shoulder straps as part of the restraint system.
6.5.3 This system and its closing means shall not slip more than 1 in. (25 mm), break, separate, or permit the removal of the test
dummy when tested per 7.6.
6.5.4 A connecting means and adjustment means for the waist restraint shall be capable of usage independent of one another. The
connecting means shall not be an adjustment means but may have one integrally attached to it.
6.5.5 Before shipment, the restraint system must be attached to the infant swing in such a manner as to not become detached
through normal use.
6.5.6 If the swing seat has a tray or other component that creates a completely bounded opening in front of the occupant, a passive
crotch restraint system shall be included and designed such that its use is mandatory when the tray or other component is in use.
6.6 Passive Crotch Restraint System—For products with a tray or other component that creates a completely bounded opening in
front of the occupant.
6.6.1 There shall be no vertical gap between the passive crotch restraint and either the tray or seating surface that allows free
passage of a 1.5-in. (38-mm) diameter by 3-in. (76-mm) long rod from one leg opening to the other.
6.6.2 The leg openings on each side of the passive crotch restraint shall not allow complete passage of the wedge block when
tested in accordance with 7.11.
6.7 Cradle Swing Orientation—The angle of the cradle swing surface along the dummy’s head-to-toe axis relative to the horizontal
shall not be greater than 5° when tested in accordance to 7.7.
6.8 Seat Angles for Swings with Removable Tray/Armbar or Without Tray/Armbar:
6.8.1 Products with a horizontal axis of swing motion shall meet the requirements described in 6.8.1.1 or 6.8.1.2.
6.8.1.1 The angle between the seat back and horizontal shall be:
less than 60° for full size swings
F2088 − 24
less than 45° for travel swings
and the angle between the seat bottom and horizontal shall be 30° or greater when tested in accordance with 7.14.
6.8.1.2 The product shall include shoulder straps as part of the restraint system.
6.8.2 Products with other than horizontal axis of swing motion shall meet the requirements described in 6.8.2.1 or 6.8.2.2.
6.8.2.1 The angle between the seat bottom and horizontal shall be 5° or greater when tested in accordance with 7.15.
6.8.2.2 The product shall include shoulder straps as part of the restraint system.
6.9 Tethered Strap or Cord Entrapment or Entanglement Accessibility for Non-Occupants—Non-occupants—For any products that
have a tethered strap All tethered straps and cords (see 3.1.133.1.15) that is accessible on the underside of the seat, the maximum
length of the strap shall not exceed 16 in. (406 mm)shall comply with either 6.9.1 or 6.9.2 when tested in accordance with 7.16.
6.9.1 A bounded opening formed by tethered strap(s) or cord(s), alone or in conjunction with the product, shall not allow the
passage of the small head probe (Fig. 14) when tested in accordance with 7.16.
6.9.2 A bounded opening formed by tethered strap(s) or cord(s), alone or in conjunction with the product, shall allow the passage
of the large head probe (Fig. 15), and the tethered strap or cord portion of the bounded opening shall not form a loop with a
perimeter greater than 7.4 in. (188 mm) when tested in accordance with 7.16.
7. Test Methods
7.1 The swing shall be tested using fresh alkaline batteries or an AC power source. If the swing can be operated using both, then
both batteries and AC power must be tested separately. If another battery chemistry is specifically recommended for use in the
swing by the manufacturer, repeat the test using the batteries specified by the manufacturer. If the swing will not operate using
alkaline batteries, then test with the type of battery recommended by the manufacturer at the specified voltage. The test is to be
carried out in a draft-free location, at an ambient temperature of 68 °F 6 9 °F (20 °C 6 5 °C).
7.1.1 Secure the swing so that the seat cannot move during the test. Operate the swing at the maximum speed. Do not disable any
mechanical or electrical protective device, such as clutches or fuses. Operate the swing continuously, and record peak temperature.
The test shall be discontinued 60 min after the peak temperature is recorded. If the swing shuts off automatically or must be kept
“on” by hand or foot, monitor temperatures for 30 s, resetting the swing as many times as necessary to complete the 30 s of
operation. If the swing shuts off automatically after an operating time of greater than 30 s, continue the test until the swing shuts
off.
7.2 Removal of Protective Components Test:
7.2.1 Any protective component shall be tested in accordance with each of the following methods in the sequence listed.
7.2.2 Secure the product so that the product cannot move during the performance of the following tests:
7.2.3 Torque Test—Gradually apply a torque of 2 lbf-in. (0.2 Nm) over a period of 5 s in a clockwise direction until a rotation of
180° from the original position has been attained or 2 lbf-in. (0.2 Nm) has been exceeded. The torque or maximum rotation shall
be maintained for an additional 10 s. The torque shall then be removed and the test components permitted to return to a relaxed
condition. This procedure shall then be repeated in the counter-clockwise direction.
7.2.4 Tension Test:
7.2.4.1 Attach a force gauge to the protective component by means of any suitable device. For components that cannot reasonably
be expected to be grasped between thumb and forefinger, or teeth, on their outer diameter but have a gap of 0.04 in. (1.0 mm) or
more between the rear surface of the component and the structural member of the product to which they are attached, a clamp such
as the one shown in Fig. 4 may be a suitable device.
7.2.4.2 Be sure that the attachment device does not compress or expand the component hindering any possible removal.
F2088 − 24
FIG. 4 Tension Test Adapter/Clamp
7.2.4.3 Gradually apply a force of 15 lbf. (67 N) over a period of 5 s in the direction that would normally be associated with the
removal of the protective component. Hold for an additional 10 s.
7.3 Structural Integrity:
7.3.1 Dynamic Load:
7.3.1.1 Test Equipment—Shot bag, 6 in. to 8 in. (15 cm to 20 cm) diameter bag filled with shot; total weight 25 lb (11.4 kg).
7.3.1.2 Set-up the swing in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. If the swing seat has more than one height position,
recline position, facing direction, tray position, or other adjustable feature position, test the product in the configuration most likely
to fail.
7.3.1.3 Place the shot bag on the seating surface of the swing and allow swinging motion to come to rest. Secure the swing so
that the seat cannot move during the test. The means of securing the seat shall not affect the outcome of the test. Raise the shot
bag a distance of 1 in. (25 mm) above the seat of the swing. Drop the weight onto the seat 500 times with a cycle time of 4 s 6
1 s per cycle. The drop height is to be adjusted to maintain the 1 in. (25 mm) drop height as is practical.
7.3.2 Static Load Test:
7.3.2.1 Test Equipment—Wood block, 6 in. by 6 in. by ⁄4 in. (150 mm by 150 mm by 19 mm).
7.3.2.2 Place a static load of 75 lb (34.1 kg) or 3 times the manufacturer’s maximum recommended weight, whichever is greater,
in the center of the seat distributed by a wood block. Gradually apply the weight within 5 s and maintain for 60 s.
7.4 Stability Test:
7.4.1 Test Equipment:
7.4.1.1 CAMI Mark II Dummy, 17.5 lb (8 kg) (see 2.4 and Fig. 1).
7.4.1.2 Inclined Surface—A smooth inclined surface with a 1 in. by 1 in. (25 mm by 25 mm) stop or equivalent device mounted
parallel to the lower edge of the surface and parallel to the floor so as to prevent the swing from sliding, but not prevent it from
tipping.
F2088 − 24
7.4.2 Stability in the Direction of Swing Motion:
7.4.2.1 Adjust the inclined surface to 20° from horizontal.
7.4.2.2 Place the CAMI Dummy Mark II in the swing seat.
7.4.2.3 For a product with a horizontal axis of swing motion, position the product on the inclined surface with the axis of swinging
motion parallel to the stop and the lower most frame
...