ASTM D2259-96
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
Standard Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the shrinkage of yarns in skein form when immersed in solvent or boiling water or exposed to dry heat, or saturated steam, for specific time periods. All measurements are made when the yarn is at standard conditions. This test method is applicable to yarns made from any fiber or combination of fibers where the tex of the yarn is known or can be determined. This is not recommended for elastomeric yarns and those yarns that stretch more than 5% under the tension loadings prescribed, although it has been used for the latter.
Note 1-Procedures for determining yarn shrinkage and bulk properties of textured yarns are covered in Test Method D 4031.
1.2 This test method shows the values in both inch-pound and SI units. "Inch-pound" units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. "SI" units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D 2259 – 96
Standard Test Method for
Shrinkage of Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2259; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
Ventilation Ovens
1.1 This test method is used to determine the shrinkage of
yarns in skein form when treated in boiling water, dry heat,
3. Terminology
saturated steam, or solvents. This test method is applicable to
3.1 Definitions:
yarns made from any fiber or combination of fibers where the
3.1.1 extension, n—the change in length of a material due to
tex of the yarn is known or can be determined. This is not
stretching.
recommended for elastomeric yarns and those yarns that
3.1.1.1 Discussion—In yarn shrinkage testing, extension is
stretch more than 5 % under the tension loadings prescribed,
usually expressed as a percentage of the length prior to
although it has been used for the latter.
exposure. For yarns in skein form, this change is an increase in
NOTE 1—Procedures for determining yarn shrinkage and bulk proper-
loop length. Extension is sometimes referred to as “negative”
ties of textured yarns are covered in Test Method D 4031.
shrinkage or growth.
1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI and
3.1.2 shrinkage, n—a decrease in one or more dimensions
inch-pound units. “SI” units is the technically correct name for
of an object or material.
the system of metric units known as the International System of
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Shrinkage is usually expressed as a
Units. “Inch-pound” units is the technically correct name for
percentage of the length prior to exposure. For yarns in skein
the customary units used in the United States. The values stated
form this decrease is in loop length.
in either SI units or in other units shall be regarded as standard.
3.1.3 skein loop-length, n—the inside length of a coil of
The values expressed in each system may not be exact
yarn mounted vertically as measured under a specified tension.
equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently
3.1.4 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
of the other without combining in any way.
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4.1 The loop length of a conditioned skein of yarn is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
measured under a specific tension, which is sufficient to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. straighten but not stretch the skein. The tension-free skein is
then immersed in boiling water or exposed to dry heat or
2. Referenced Documents
saturated steam or in the solvent reconditioned, and remea-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sured. The shrinkage (or in some cases, growth) is calculated as
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
the change in length expressed as a percentage of the length
D 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
before immersion or exposure.
Length Specimens
5. Significance and Use
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
D 1907 Test Method for Yarn Number by the Skein 5.1 Test Method D 2259 for testing yarn for shrinkage in
Method
boiling water, saturated steam, dry heat, or solvents is consid-
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing ered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial ship-
D 2259 Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
ments of yarn because the test method has been used exten-
D 4031 Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns sively in the trade for that purpose.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
reported test results when using Test Method D 2259 for
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D-13 on Textiles and
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods, General.
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1996. Published February 1997. Originally
published as D 2259 – 64 T. Last previous edition D 2259 – 91.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2259
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of known to 1 part in 1000. The hook may have a pointer located
bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test and attached for ease in reading the measuring scale at a point
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which level with the inside bottom of the skein.
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test 6.4 Tensioning Masses—Accurate to 1 part in 1000.
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers 6.5 For Boiling Water:
to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two 6.5.1 Container, of sufficient size for 40:1 mass ratio water
laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical bath.
analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two 6.5.2 Roller Wringer or Centrifugal Extractor.
parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its 6.5.3 Heat Source, for water bath.
cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the 6.5.4 Distilled or Demineralized Water.
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid- 6.5.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent.
eration to the known bias. 6.6 For Dry Heat:
5.2 Results obtained by this test method can be used for the 6.6.1 Heating Oven—A forced-draft oven capable of meet-
following purposes: ing the required temperature and that meets the temperature
5.2.1 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of uniformity requirements for a Type IIB oven as described in
fabrics to wet processing, Specification E 145, Table 1. There must be a means of
5.2.2 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of suspending the skeins in the oven. This may be accomplished
fabrics during processing at elevated temperatures, and with a rod with cup hooks from which to suspend skeins. The
5.2.3 As a control measure in the manufacture of some types rod may be mounted on a stand for placement in the oven;
of fibers. skeins should not be allowed to touch the sides of the oven.
5.3 The shrinkage medium to be used in the test depends on 6.7 For Saturated Steam:
the requirements of the parties involved. 6.7.1 Autoclave—A pressure vessel capable of sustaining
5.4 The procedure for shrinkage in boiling water is de- the temperatures and pressures required, and of such a size that
scribed in Section 12, for shrinkage in dry heat in Section 13, the test skeins of yarn can be suspended without touching sides
for shrinkage in saturated steam in Section 14, and for or bottom of the autoclave.
shrinkage in solvents in Section 15. A 30-min exposure time is 6.8 For Solvents:
prescribed for boiling water. In exposure to dry heat, saturated 6.8.1 Hot Plate or Heated Block—A temperature controlled
steam, or solvents, the extent of change in the length of yarn is hot plate or heated block which can maintain the temperature
dependent upon the fiber type and upon the time and tempera- of the solvent in a container to 6 2°C or 4°F of the specified
ture of the exposure. Fiber types differ in their reaction to value.
elevated temperature as well as the nature of the specific 6.8.2 Container, of sufficient size for a 40:1 mass ratio
solvent, and prior fiber history can have a great influence upon solvent bath.
the heat and solvent shrinkage of a yarn. Therefore, the time 6.9 For Drying Wet Skeins:
and temperature conditions to be used to determine dry heat or 6.9.1 Drying Oven—A ventilated drying oven maintained at
saturated steam shrinkage must be agreed upon for the particu- a temperature of 65 6 3°C or 149 6 5°F, in which the yarn
lar product involved. In addition, time and temperature condi- specimens are not exposed to direct radiation from the heating
tions, and solvent to be used must be agreed upon for solvent elements.
shrinkage determination for the particular product involved.
7. Hazards
7.1 Avoid physical contact with hot water and hot metal and
6. Apparatus and Reagents
especially saturated steam (Sections 12, 13, and 14).
6.1 Reel—A hand or motor-driven reel having a nominal
7.2 Refer to manufacturer’s safety data sheets (MSDS) on
perimeter of 1 m, 1.5 yd, or 1.125 m (Note 2). The reel should
the operation of the autoclave. Care should be excercised in
have a traversing mechanism that will minimize bunching of
ends on the reel, a yarn-tensioning device capable of maintain-
TABLE 1 Components of Variance as Standard Deviations,
ing tension below 1 cN/tex or 1.0 gf/den, and a yarn length or
Percentage Points
revolution indicator. A warning bell that will ring just prior to
Single- Within- Between-
the specified number of reel revolutions is recommended. A Properties Operator Laboratory Laboratory
Component Component Component
collapsible arm is advisable for convenience in skein removal.
Shrinkage, boiling water:
NOTE 2—By agreement, reels of other perimeters, between 1 and 2 m
Nylon spun yarn 0.32 0.60 0.61
(1 and 2 yd) may be used.
Nylon filament yarn 0.20 0.76 0.79
Polyester spun yarn 0.32 0.31 0.26
6.2 Measuring Scale—A tape or scale accurate to 1 part in
Polyester filament yarn 0.11 0.32 0.25
1000 is recommended. Any scale length exceeding the reel
Acrylic filament yarn 0.22 0.42 0.30
Cotton yarn 0.16 0.21 0.19
diameter by 250 mm or 10 in. allowing for the extension of the
Rayon spun yarn 0.16 0.25 0.21
skein is satisfactory. The scale should be mounted vertically. A
Shrinkage, dry heat:
top hook holds the skein and is mounted with support surface Nylon spun yarn at 150°C 0.24 0.23 0.17
Nylon filament yarn at 150°C 0.20 0.55 0.51
in line with the zero index of the scale.
Polyester spun yarn at 190°C 0.39 0.38 0.26
6.3 Metal Hook—A hook designed to hang from the skein,
Polyester filament yarn at 190°C 0.15 0.65 0.65
shaped to receive the tensioning weights, and with a mass
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2259
venting the autoclave so that physical contact is not made with controversy, results obtained as directed in Test Method
the saturated steam (Section 14). D 1907 shall prevail.
7.3 Refer to manufacturer’s material safety data sheets 11.3 Calculate a tension force corresponding to 0.5 cN/tex
(MSDS) for information on handling, storage, use, and dis- or 0.05 gf/den using Eq 1 or Eq 2:
posal of any solvents used in this test method (Section 15).
Tension force, mN 5 5.0 3 N 3 T (1)
Tension force, gf 5 0.5 3 N 3 D (2)
8. Sampling
8.1 Division into Lots—For acceptance testing purposes,
where:
divide the material to be tested into lots as directed in Practice
N 5 number of ends; that is twice the number of wraps in
D 2258. the skein,
8.2 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, T 5 yarn number, tex, and
D 5 yarn number, denier.
take at random the number of shipping containers directed in
an applicable material specification or other agreement be-
NOTE 4—For example, an 80-wrap skein has 160 ends. For a 16 tex
tween the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to
yarn, the tension force would be 5.0 3 16 3 160 5 1280 cN 5 12.8 N
use Practice D 2258.
(0.5 3 16 3 160 5 1280 gf 5 1.28 kgf).
11.4 Measure the loop-length of each conditioned skein.
NOTE 3—Differences between shipping containers, between packages
within a container, and between specimens within a package are all 11.4.1 Hang the conditioned skein from the hook at the top
sources of variability in test results. A realistic specification or other
of the measuring scale with the inside of the top of the skein
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires a sampling
and the zero index of the scale.
plan that considers the relative effects of such sources of variability and
11.4.2 Hang the hook described in 6.3 on the bottom of the
which at the specified limits for shrinkage has a meaningful producer’s
untwisted skein and add sufficient mass (including the mass of
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and lot tolerance fraction
the hook) to produce the force calculated in 11.3.
defective.
11.4.3 After 30 6 3 s, measure the inside length of the skein
8.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
to the nearest 1 mm or ⁄16 in.
tance testing, take a total of ten packages. Select the packages
11.4.4 Record the loop-length of each skein.
randomly from all the packages in the lot sampling units.
11.5 Twist each skein into a figure 8 and bring the ends
8.4 Number of Specimens—Test one skein from each pack-
together to form a two-coil loop. Repeat the procedure to form
age in the laboratory sample.
a four-coil loop.
11.6 Continue as directed in Section 12 for boiling water,
9. Preparation of Specimens
Section 13 for dry heat, Section 14 for saturated steam, or
9.1 Reel and discard the outer 10 % or 100 m or 110 yd
Section 15 for solvent.
material from each package.
12. Boiling Water Exposure
9.2 Reel an 80-wrap skein using a uniform tension of not
over 1 cN/tex or 0.1 gf/den. Lay the yarn smoothly on the reel,
12.1 Wrap each skein carefully in cheesecloth and secure
overlap, and loosely tie the beginning and trailing ends of the
the cheesecloth (sewed, tied) to prevent the entanglement of
skein. To reduce tangling, the skein may be laced loosely. The
the yarn in actively boiling water.
number of wraps may be increased or decreased for very fine
12.2 Make up a distilled or demineralized water bath, which
or very coarse yarns by agreement of the interested parties.
is 40 times the mass of the wrapped skeins, and contains a
9.3 Identify each skein separately.
0.05 % solution of wetting agent by weight.
12.3 Bring the bath to a continuously rolling boil and
10. Conditioning
immerse the skeins for 30 min.
10.1 Condition the prepared skeins for testing as directed in
NOTE 5—A basket
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