D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Elapsed time between spinning and testing has a marked effect on the results of the draw tension test, especially during the first 24 h. Therefore, if tested within 24 h of spinning, specimens should be compared only if tested after the same elapsed time. No specimen should be tested within 4 h of spinning because the aging process is at its most rapid rate during this period, and the differences in rate due to fiber structure are most pronounced.  
5.3 The extension force of manufactured filament yarns is related to the alignment of the molecules in the yarn filaments, which influences the yarn processing behavior. Knowledge of this property of partially oriented yarn is useful to determine processing conditions.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of extension force developed while drawing a partially oriented filament yarn between pairs of draw rolls of different surface speeds.  
1.2 Extension force provides an estimate of the yarn orientation.  
1.3 This test method applies to partially oriented filament yarns less than 33.3 tex (300 denier), but it can be used for higher deniers by applying the test conditions as directed in Appendix X1.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a quick method used for the determination of the approximate yarn number of short-length specimens taken from packages or fabrics.  
5.2 Because any error present in the reported length of the specimen is multiplied many times when calculating the theoretical yarn number using Eq 2 or Eq 3, it is extremely important that the length be measured as precisely as practicable.  
5.3 For the analysis of fabrics, this test method is adequate for estimating the approximate yarn number of the yarn used to weave or knit the fabric, but the results obtained by this test method may not agree with the nominal yarn number of the yarns actually used to make the fabric because of the changes in the yarn number produced by the weaving or knitting operations, the finishing treatments, and the dissecting operations. This test method is suitable for the evaluation of yarns as they occur in the finished fabric, when that information is needed.  
5.4 The yarn number obtained from the lengths taken from packages should not be expected to agree exactly with the values obtained by the use of the more precise methods of determining the yarn number included in Test Method D1907. If a sufficient number of consecutive specimens were tested, however, a close agreement with Option 1 of Test Method D1907 can be expected.  
5.5 This test method is designed to measure the yarn number of the single yarns present as a component of a plied yarn and the yarn number of the original single yarns used to produce a high twist yarn for a crepe fabric.  
5.6 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing because of the short lengths used. In some cases, the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
5.6.1 In such a case, if there is disagreement arising from the differences in values reported by th...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the yarn number of all types of cotton, woolen, worsted, and man-made fiber yarns taken from packages; or from any textile fabrics in which the yarns are intact and can be removed in measurable lengths. The test method is not applicable to yarns taken from napped or cut pile fabrics. Because this test method is based on short-length specimens, the results should only be considered as approximations of yarn number.
Note 1: For a more precise procedure for the determination of yarn number, refer to Test Method D1907.
Note 2: The following additional methods for the determination of yarn number have been approved for yarns made from specific fibers: Specification D541, D578, and D681.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to yarns which stretch less than 5 % when tension on yarn is increased from 0.25 to 0.75 cN/tex (0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex). By mutual agreement it may be adapted to yarns which stretch more than 5 % by use of tension lower than that specified in the method for elastomers or use of tension higher than that specified in the method to pull the crimp out of textured yarns.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Co...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6774, for determining maximum total contraction, crimp, and residual fiber shrinkage in textured filament yarns is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The properties and their variability as measured by this method relate to bulk appearance, stretch and recovery of fabrics and dyeability of yarns.  
5.3 For some yarns, elapsed time between processing and testing has a marked effect on the results, of this test, especially during the first 72 h. The effect is caused by stress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventh day and after which time the yarn remains relatively stable. Therefore, specimens should only be compared if tested after the same elapsed time. Samples can be tested at-line, thus having little to no elapsed time between processing and testing.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of crimp contraction, residual fiber shrinkage and their variability of all types of filament yarns (partially oriented yarn (POY), fully oriented yarn (FOY), flat yarns, textured and bulked continuous filament (BCF) carpet yarns) using an automated tester.
Note 1: For another method of testing crimp in textured yarns, refer to Test Method D4031.  
1.1.1 This method may also be used for non-textured yarns.  
1.2 This test method is limited to crimped, multi-filament yarns ranging from 22.0 dtex to 890 dtex (15 denier to 800 denier) and for BCF yarns from 890 dtex to 4200 dtex (800 denier to 3800 denier).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Terminology D3888 was originally developed as a terminology standard for rotor spinning when it evolved as a new yarn spinning technology in the 1980s. Ring spinning production had been the traditional spinning since the early 1800s when hand spinning became mechanized. Rotor spinning and other spinning technologies increased yarn production rates and formed yarns by different mechanical means that generated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-spun yarns. The revision of this document is intended to compile terminology for current yarn spinning systems into one standard rather than individual standards, in that all yarn formation is generated by processing raw fiber into a spun yarn by using common preparation steps, such as opening, cleaning, carding, roving formation, and sometimes combing. Terminology in this standard is grouped by the type of spinning system and in chronological order of their development and production usage. It should be noted that the higher end of yarn number ranges cited with each spinning system are possible but are rare in actual production.
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1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor, and air jet yarn spinning systems.  
1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminology related to open-end spinning. It has been expanded to include terms relating to ring and air jet spinning systems.  
1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct, the terms rotor and open-end are used interchangeably in the textile industry.  
1.1.3 While the clarifying examples given in this terminology do not cover industrial yarns and fibers, the technical spinning principles are also valid for this category of textile materials.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 Test Method D6612 also is used for the quality control of filament yarns.  
5.3 Indices of Variability:  
5.3.1 Coefficient of Variation—%CV is a standard statistical calculation and is the most common index of yarn unevenness. For most textile applications in the 80 to 330 dtex (70 to 300 denier) range, a 1.0 to 1.3 %CV is adequate. %CV of yarns coarser than 666 dtex (600 denier) is not routine and usually not meaningful. %CV is less discriminating that %DS.  
5.3.2 Bad/Good Test—%BGT...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of yarn number up to 4000 dtex (3600 denier) and related variability properties of filament and spun yarns using an automated tester with capability for measuring mass variability characteristics.  
1.2 Yarn number variability properties include percent density spread (%DS), coefficient of variation (%CV), density frequency variation.  
Note 1: For determination of yarn number by use of reel and balance, refer to Test Method D1907. For another method of measuring variability (unevenness) in yarn, refer to Test Method D1425.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1578 for testing any spun yarn for breaking strength is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the method has been used extensively in the trade.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1578 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is not suitable for yarns that stretch more than 5 % when the force is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier, because (a ) they require special precautions as to tension in reeling, and (b) users of such yarns are more interested in their elastic behavior at low forces than in their ultimate breaking strength.  
5.3 For Option 1, it is advisable to use a tensile testing machine of the proper capacity to break skeins with 80 turns. If it is necessary to break skeins having only 40 or 20 turns, convert the observed results to an 80-turn basis by multiplying by factors of 2 or 4, respectively. (The available literature does not show that any significant error is introduced by the use of these factors.)  
5.4 The circumference of the skei...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenacity and to skein break factor.
Note 1: For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5 % when the tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier.  
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the perimeter of the reel, the number of wraps in the skein, and the machine speed or time-to-break.  
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50 m or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.  
1.3.2 Option 2—Fifty turns on a 1.00 m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.  
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1 m reel, broken in 20 s.  
Note 2: Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the International Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
Note 3: Metric reels are available with 1 and 1.125 m circumferences. Data from the two reels will be about 1 % different (see 5.6). ISO uses a 1 m circumference reel.  
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins. Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.  
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all requirements in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are exact values.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriat...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.  
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
5.4 When a yarn is incorporated into or removed from a more complex structure, alterations may occur as a result of ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2259 for testing yarn for shrinkage in boiling water, saturated steam, dry heat, or solvents is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarn because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for that purpose.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Results obtained by this test method can be used for the following purposes:  
5.2.1 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of fabrics to wet processing,  
5.2.2 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of fabrics during processing at elevated temperatures, and  
5.2.3 As a control measure in the manufacture of some types of fibers.  
5.3 The shrinkage medium to be used in the test depends on the requirements of the parties involved.  
5.4 The procedure for shrinkage in boiling water is described in Section 12, for shrinkage in dry heat in Section 13, for shrinkage in saturated steam in Section 14, and for shrinkage in solvents in Section 15. A 30-min exposure time is prescribed for boiling water. In exposure to dry heat, saturated steam, or solvents, the extent of change in the length of yarn is dependent upon the fiber type and upon t...
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1.1 This test method is used to determine the shrinkage of yarns in skein form when treated in boiling water, dry heat, saturated steam, or solvents. This test method is applicable to yarns made from any fiber or combination of fibers where the tex of the yarn is known or can be determined. This test method is not recommended for elastomeric yarns and those yarns that stretch more than 5 % under the tension loadings prescribed, although it has been used for the latter.  
Note 1: Procedures for determining yarn shrinkage and bulk properties of textured yarns are covered in Test Method D4031.  
1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI and inch-pound units. “SI” units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. “Inch-pound” units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values stated in either SI units or in other units shall be regarded as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
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1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—Option A1 of Test Method D2256 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. However, this statement is not applicable to knot and loop breaking force tests, tests on wet specimens, tests on oven-dried specimens, or tests on specimens exposed to low or high temperatures and should be used with caution for acceptance testing because factual information on between-laboratory precision and bias is not available.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Fundamental Properties—The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on yarn processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the yarn to extension at forces below the yield point. The chord modulus is used to estimate the resistance to imposed strain. The breaking toughness is a measure of the work necessary to break the yarn.  
5.3 Comparison to Skein Testing—The single-strand method gives a more a...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile properties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns, either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns that stretch more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 0.05 to 1.0 cN/tex [0.5 to 1.0 gf/tex].  
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breaking force and elongation of yarns and includes directions for the calculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, and breaking toughness.  
1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in: (A) straight, (B) knotted, and (C) looped form.  
1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing of specimens that are: (1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed, (3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevated temperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.  
Note 1: Special methods for testing yarns made from specific fibers; namely, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific products; namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Methods D885, and Specification D578.
Note 2: For directions covering the determination of breaking force of yarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D1578.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization estab...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers operating characteristics of tensile testing machines for the determination of the force-elongation properties of textile materials. Types of tensile machine covered in this specification are constant-rate-of-extension, constant-rate-of-traverse, and constant-rate-of-loading. Testing machines calibration shall be verified using the methods indicated in this specification, especially when moved to different locations to make sure that they still meet the specified tolerances. Motor-driven machine is preferred over manually driven machine. Constant-rate-of-traverse type machines shall not be used for measuring forces below fifty times their resolution. Machines shall be equipped with a device for measuring force. Clamping or holding devices shall be prescribed in test methods. Maximum allowable error, indicated force, recorded elongation, nominal gage length, and moving clamp speed shall be within the tolerances prescribed in the individual standards. Verification methods for recorded clamp displacement, recorded elongation, and nominal gage length, shall conform to the procedures indicated in this specification.
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1.1 This specification covers the operating characteristics of three types of tensile testing machines used for the determination of the force-elongation properties of textile materials. These types of tensile testing machines are:  
1.1.1 Constant-rate-of-extension, CRE.  
1.1.2 Constant-rate-of-traverse, CRT.  
1.1.3 Constant-rate-of-loading (force), CRL.  
1.2 Specifications for tensile testing machines to measure other tensile-related properties of textile materials not covered by this standard are given in the ASTM standards using those machines.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Acceptance Testing—The test methods in Test Methods D204 for the determination of the properties of sewing thread are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of sewing thread, unless specified in the individual test method. These test methods are the best available and are used extensively in the trade.  
4.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more) comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
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1.1 These test methods can be used to evaluate sewing threads of any fiber.  
1.1.1 The test methods in this standard are intended to evaluate only sewing thread taken from thread holders.  
1.2 These test methods only provide for the measurement of sewing thread physical properties. These test methods do not address any other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of sewing threads under particular end use conditions.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to measure the following properties:    
Sections  
Colorfastness to Drycleaning  
73 – 83  
Colorfastness to Laundering  
62 – 72  
Colorfastness to Water Migration  
84 – 94  
Diameter  
43 – 50  
Length per Thread Holder  
34 – 42  
Shrinkage, Single Strand  
51 – 61  
Dry Heat  
58.1  
Boiling Water  
58.2  
Strength and Elongation  
15 – 21  
Single Strand—Conditioned  
19.1.1  
Single Strand—Wet  
19.1.2  
Loop Strength  
19.2  
Knot Strength  
19.3  
Twist  
22 – 27  
Twist Balance  
28 – 33  
Yarn Number  
7 – 14
Note 1: For methods covering tests on prepared seams, refer to Test Methods D1683/D1683M and D3940.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology developed by Committee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.  
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.1.2 Subcommittee D13.58 has jurisdictional responsibility for every item in this standard. The standards in which the terms and definitions are used are listed by number after the definition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed without the approval of 13.58 subcommittee. Any changes approved by the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changes or additions to Terminology D123.  
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the terms under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58. Other terminology standards under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Option 1 of this test method is for the determination of the degree of filament yarn entanglement, as measured instrumentally. It is used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments; however, caution is advised because information on between-laboratory precision is lacking. Comparative tests, as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative test should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared statistically. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Option 2 for this test method is intended for use when the supply of yarn is limited.  
5.3 The instrumental option of this test method, Option 1, is based on the total randomization of the entanglements in the yarn; therefore, the distance measured between the point of insertion of a pin in the middle of the yarn and the point at which an entanglement is encountered, by movement of the yarn or the pin until it is stopped at a preset level of force, is representative of the distance between two entanglements at some location in the yarn.  
5.4 Entanglements are used frequently instead of twist to ensure the integrity of filament yarns. Such entanglements generally give somewhat less protection during weaving or knitting than twist, but with proper care, will perform quite satisfactorily.
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1.1 This test method covers two options for the measurement of entanglements in filament yarns using needle insertion options for instrument (Option 1) (Option 2) techniques.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Both the loop breaking tenacity and the knot breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force measured under the conditions specified herein and the linear density of the fiber, are fundamental properties that are used to establish limitations on fiber-processing and upon their end-use applications. Physical properties, such as brittleness, not well defined by tests for breaking force and elongation can be estimated from the ratio of breaking tenacity measured in loop or knot tests, or both, and the normal tenacity as measured by Test Method D3822 provided both methods use the same gauge length and strain rate.  
5.2 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments in the absence of reliable information on between-laboratory precision (see Note 3). In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. In such a case, if there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with each comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
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1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the breaking tenacity of manufactured textile fibers taken from filament yarns, staple, or tow fiber, either crimped or uncrimped, and tested in either a double loop or as a strand formed into a single overhand knot.  
1.2 Methods for measuring the breaking tenacity of conditioned and wet (immersed) fibers in loop and knot form are included.  
1.3 Elongation in loop or knot tests has no known significance, and is usually not recorded.  
1.4 The basic distinction between the procedures described in these test methods and those included in Test Methods D2101 is the configuration of the specimen, that is, either as a double loop or in the configuration of a single overhand knot.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers polyolefin chopped strands (fibers) for use in concrete. Tensile and tenacity properties are calculated by determining the breaking force, the breaking tenacity, and the elongation of adequately conditioned polyolefin filaments using Practice D1776. Conformance requirements for chopped strands for use in concrete include compliance with Specification C1116/C1116M, Type III as well as denier, finish content, tensile strength, and cut length.
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1.1 This specification covers polyolefin chopped strands (fibers) for use in concrete.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for acceptance testing in the trade for economic reasons even though it is less accurate than the direct method, Test Method D1423.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if their is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and that are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The “setting” of twist in some fibers causes excessive contraction when the yarn is retwisted in the reverse direction. Therefore, the number of turns required to bring the specimen back to its original length may be less than the number of turns removed in untwisting. This effect may be partially offset by the use of higher pretensioning loads; but this increases the danger of stretching the yarn. Little information is available on the correct tensions to use for yarns made from different fibers or with different amounts of twist.  
5.3 In addition to being less tedious, this test method requires fewer specimens than the direct-counting method and the results may be sufficiently accurate for certain purposes. This test method can be useful in those cases where the main objective is to measure variations from an average value. Another possible application is where a large amount of twist testing is required on yarns of similar ty...
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1.1 This test method2 describes the determination of twist in single spun yarns when only an approximation of the true twist is required.  
Note 1: For a more accurate method see Test Method D1423.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun single yarns in continuous lengths, and also to spun yarns raveled from fabrics, provided specimens at least 200 mm [8 in.] long can be obtained.  
1.3 This test method has been found satisfactory for use in determining the approximate twist content in single ring spun yarns of all types and fiber contents, but not in open-end spun yarns.  
1.4 This specification shows the values in both inch-pound units and SI units. The “inch-pound” units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The “SI” units is the technically corrected name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory as a referee method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarn or manufactured staple fibers.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its casuse must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Option I is in common use in other countries, particularly in Europe.4  
5.3 Option II is used to calculate the commercial mass of as-produced manufactured filament yarns (except some producer-textured yarns), manufactured staple fibers, and tows. This option is intended to reflect the mass of fiber remaining after fiber lubricants and processing aids are removed.  
5.4 Option III is used to calculate the commercial mass of spun yarns, textured yarns, tops, and slivers. When materials are sold on a CMRU basis, the purchaser pays for the fiber lubricant or other removable processing aids.  
5.5 Option IV is in common use with impregnated aramids.  
5.6 When it can be shown that solvent extraction or another method of testing gives the same results, or results that have a constant ratio to those obtained by the scour procedure, that method may be used for routine testing of known production but should not be substituted for a scour on new or unknown material. For the determ...
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1.1 This test method provides a measurement of the commercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured staple fiber or tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fiber types except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and slivers of all fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; and (3) manufactured fibers or tow, except glass and other fibers used for special purposes such as flock (Note 1).  
Note 1: For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrous materials, refer to Practice D2720.  
1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use in acceptance testing rather than production control. manufactured fiber producers usually sample for the commercial “mass” of product on an on-going basis rather than each shipment to a customer.  
1.2 Commercial mass has been traditionally based on one of three options depending on the state of the material: (1) dried, unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture regain in the calculations; (2) dried, scoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture regain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a defined allowance in the calculations.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This test method for the determination of evenness of textile strands is used extensively for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of filament or spun staple yarn, comber laps, roving, sliver, or tops.  
6.2 Values of strand evenness are also used in quality control, process optimization, and together with yarn strength measurements, as the first appraisal of a strand's quality. A low evenness value is, in general, preferred. Higher evenness values generally indicate poor yarn manufacturing practices, lower yarn strength, and poorer fabric appearance. Experience has shown that the relationship of evenness to the prediction of yarn performance and to fabric appearance is not a simple one. An evenness value must, therefore, be used cautiously and be supplemented by additional evenness information, such as mid-term and long-term mass variations, thin, thick, and nep imperfection counts, diagram chart spectrogram chart, length variation curve, and histogram analyses.  
6.3 Continuous filament yarns should be tested for mass variation on evenness testers that are specifically designed to test this yarn type; failure to do so will result in inaccurate test results. Further, low-twist, continuous filament yarns tend to flatten to a ribbon configuration while passing through the sensor of a capacitance instrument. This flattening effect will cause false mass variation measurements by the capacitive sensor (commonly referred to as shape effect). Evenness testers that are specifically designed to test continuous filament yarns insert a false twist to the yarn strand during testing to overcome the flattening effect and thus ensure accurate mass variation measurements.  
6.4 Strands made from fiber blends should be tested only if the different fibers are uniformly distributed throughout the strand. Non-uniform blending may cause a higher reading of mass variation than the true value if the component fibers differ in dielectric constant.  
6.5 Evenness values obtai...
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1.1 This test method covers the indirect measurement of evenness (mass variation) of non-conductive textile strands, including top, comber lap, sliver, roving, and yarn produced from staple fibers and continuous filament yarns, by means of capacitance testing equipment.  
1.2 Strands made from fiber blends can be tested using this test method only if the different fibers are uniformly distributed throughout the strand.  
1.3 The test method provides numeric values for the measurement and evaluation of short-, mid-, and long-term mass variations of the tested strand in terms of frequently occurring faults classified as thin places, thick places, and neps and graphical representations of evenness values in the form of diagram charts, spectrograms, length variation curves, and histograms.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D3108 for the determination of kinetic friction between yarn and solid materials may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarn, but caution is advised since between laboratory precision is known to be poor. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The frictional properties of textile yarns and of machinery components such as yarn guides are of general interest and have many applications. Because the frictional properties of yarns will affect the performance and life of yarn guides, sewing and knitting needles, and other contact surfaces, the modifying effects of surface finishes and lubricants are of special interest. Frictional properties also affect the quality and performance properties of yarns and subsequently of products made from them. As a consequence, frictional properties are of interest in research, control, and product design.  
5.3 It is stressed that there is no coefficient of friction for a single body such as a yarn or a surface. A coefficient of friction measures the interaction between two bodies or elements such as a yarn running over a surface.  
5.4 Although this method lays down standardized condition...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the kinetic frictional properties of a moving yarn in contact with a solid material.  
Note 1: For determining yarn-to-yarn friction, refer to Test Method D3412.  
1.2 This test method specifies a relative speed of 100 m/min. The test method may be used at other speeds, although with a possible change in precision and coefficient of friction.  
1.3 This test method covers the measurement of the coefficient of kinetic friction between yarn and solid surface or surfaces of constant radius in the contact area. If a yarn of uniform value is used, comparisons of frictional properties of different solid materials can be made with relation to that yarn. If a given solid material is used, comparisons of frictional properties of different yarns, or yarns with different finishes, can be made with relation to that particular solid material.  
1.4 This test method specifically recommends wrap angles of 1.57, 3.14 and 6.28 radian (90, 180 and 360°), but other wrap angles may be used, again with a possible change in precision and level. The angle of wrap should not be so great, especially for yarns having high coefficients of friction, that it causes the output tension to exceed the yield value for the yarn being tested. Also, in every case the angle of wrap should not be less than 1.57 rad (90°).  
1.5 This test method has been applied to yarns having linear densities ranging between 1.5 and 400 tex [14 and 3600 denier] and having coefficients of friction ranging between 0.1 and 1.0 but may also be used with yarns outside these ranges of linear densities and coefficients of friction.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for testing yarn-to-yarn friction is being used, but is not recommended, for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since between-laboratory precision is known to be poor.  
5.1.1 In some cases, the purchaser and supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D3412/D3412M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's  t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is intended for the determination of yarn-to-yarn boundary friction coefficients measured over a specified length of yarn.  
5.3 The test method is useful for quality control, research, and the characterization of yarn boundary lubricants.
Note 3: Because the geometry of the yarns is different, Options 1 and 2 should not be expected to give the same numerical values on the same yarns.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of frictional properties for both continuous filament and spun-staple yarns under boundary friction conditions.  
1.2 This test method has been used with yarns having linear densities ranging from 1.5 to 400 tex, but may be used with yarns outside these ranges [15 to 3600 denier].  
Note 1: For coefficient of friction, yarn to metal, see Test Method D3108/D3108M.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 The two orders of notation are presented to satisfy two separate needs encountered in the textile industry and in textile technology. The single-to-ply notation meets the needs of yarn manufacturers to describe a single yarn, or a plied or cabled yarn primarily in terms of its manufacturing specifications. The ply-to-single notation, based on the resultant yarn number, meets the needs of users of yarn who have relatively little interest in the linear density or twist of the single yarn component(s) but are interested mainly in the final product. The chief difference between the two notations is the order in which the information is presented. In this practice the same symbols are used for both notations and retain their usual mathematical meanings.  
6.2 The single-to-ply notation is prescribed for yarns numbered in both direct and indirect yarn numbering systems and conforms with current usage in large sections of the textile industry. The ply-to-single notation is prescribed for yarns numbered in a direct yarn numbering system and its use is approved by the ISO/TC 38 in Document N362. This latter notation has not been included previously in Practice D1244. The ply-to-single notation has not been recommended for use with yarns numbered in indirect yarn numbering systems because of possible confusion when symbols are used with different meanings in different notations or used in conflict with their established mathematical significance.  
6.3 At first glance, the recommended notation may appear rather involved, but in actuality it is a concise method for describing complex structures. For example, compare the following description of a yarn: “A cabled yarn or cord with a resultant cotton count of 1.4 and 5 turns per inch of Z twist made from 3 strands of plied yarn with 9 turns per inch of S twist each plied from 5 strands of 24 cotton count yarn with 15 turns per inch of Z twist and spun from 11/16 in. staple, graded strict low middling, and having a Micronai...
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1.1 This practice covers instructions for the designation of yarn construction and is applicable to single yarns, plied yarns, and cabled yarns or cords of filaments or spun fibers. The application of the practice to specific cases is illustrated with examples. This practice does not cover the description of novelty yarns or core spun yarns of various types.  
1.2 The primary purpose of this practice is to establish a reference system for use in the trade and particularly for use in correspondence and publications. To secure a simplified notation, certain portions may be omitted provided there is no doubt as to the omitted parts.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This method is considered satisfactory for acceptance grading of commercial shipments because it has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.  
6.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
6.2 The appearance of a woven or knitted fabric depends to a large extent on the smoothness, cleanliness, and general appearance of the yarns from which the fabric is manufactured. Instruments are available for the measurement of unevenness and for counting neps and other imperfections in yarn, but the values obtained from such tests are not easily integrated into an over-all expression for actual fabric appearance. Yarn appearance grading affords additional information which the manufacturer of woven or knitted goods may, through experience, correlate with the appearance to be expected in fabrics made from the yarns.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the grading of singles spun yarns for appearance.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to plied yarns.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D3822 using test specimens having gauge lengths of 10 mm [0.4 in.] or greater is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 were obtained on man-made fibers having a gauge length of 25 mm [1.0 in.] and 250 mm [10 in.]. Natural fibers or fibers having lesser or greater gauge lengths may provide different values and may require comparative testing. (See 5.1.1.)  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom.  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom  
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D3822 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing begins. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results for that material in view of test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on f...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of natural and man-made single textile fibers of sufficient length to permit mounting test specimens in a tensile testing machine.  
1.2 This test method is also applicable to continuous (filament) and discontinuous (staple) fibers or filaments taken from yarns or tow. When the fibers to be tested contain crimp, or if the tow or yarns have been subjected to bulking, crimping, or texturing process, the tensile properties are determined after removal of the crimp.  
Note 1: Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in this test method was originally covered in Test Method D2101, that is discontinued.  
1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchangeably throughout this test method.  
1.4 This test method is also applicable to fibers removed from yarns, or from yarns processed further into fabrics. It should be recognized that yarn and manufacturing processes can influence or modify the tensile properties of fibers. Consequently, tensile properties determined on fibers taken from yarns, or from yarns that have been processed into fabrics, may be different than for the same fibers prior to being subjected to yarn or fabric manufacturing processes.  
1.5 This test method provides directions for measuring the breaking force and elongation at break of single textile fibers and for calculating breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, tangent modulus, tensile stress at specified elongation, and breaking toughness.  
1.6 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet single fibers are included. The test method is applicable to testing under a wide range of conditions.  
1.7 As the length of the test specimen decreases, the tensile strength is likely to increase, but the accuracy of the tensile properties determined may decrease, which may require the need to increase the number of test specimens. T...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Linear density of elastomeric yarns is used in some calculations for tensile and elastic properties.  
5.3 The test method is based on elastomeric yarns in lthe “as-produced” condition, but may be used for treated elastomeric yarns provided the treatment is specified. The method does not cover the removal of finish for the determination of linear density of “finish-free” elastomeric yarns.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear density of short lengths of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers.
Note 1: For the determination of linear density of elastomeric yarns using skeins, refer to Test Method D6717.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns, or yarns spun from elastomeric staple, or elastomeric yarns removed from fabrics.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test the US Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions of technical terms related to force and deformation properties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile. (See Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.) A chart showing the relationship of the basic terms is shown in Table 1. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 For other terms associated with textiles, refer to Terminology D123.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fiber cohesion is related to the resistance to drafting encountered during textile processing and is affected by such fiber properties as surface lubrication, linear density, surface configuration, fiber length, and crimp.  
5.2 Fiber cohesion is affected by the alignment of fiber in sliver in addition to the factors listed in 5.1. A half turn of twist in a 140-mm specimen has been found to increase the breaking force by 30 % and a full turn by 60 %. For this reason, care must be exercised in precise mounting of specimens.  
5.3 For the same reason given in 5.2, card sliver gives a different breaking tenacity than draw sliver of the same fiber. Fibers are more aligned in draw sliver, resulting in lower cohesion.  
5.4 Increasing the gage length of test specimens reduces the breaking force and apparent cohesion.  
5.5 The mathematical relationship between the observed value for breaking tenacity and processability has not been established, but the observed values can be used in comparing various fiber characteristics on a relative basis.  
5.6 This method for measuring fiber cohesion in sliver or top (static tests) is not recommended for acceptance testing because it is an empirical method which must be followed explicitly. Results obtained under other conditions cannot be expected to be comparable.  
5.6.1 In some cases, the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test sp...
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1.1 This test method describes the measurement of fiber cohesion as the force required to cause initial drafting in a bundle of fibers in sliver and top. The observed cohesive force required to separate the fibers is converted to cohesive tenacity based on the linear density of the specimen.  
Note 1: For determination of fiber cohesion in dynamic tests, refer to Test Method D4120.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units appear in parentheses for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for testing for water retention of fibers after centrifuging is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test is more appropriate for development and research. However, if the test is to be used for acceptance testing, comparative tests as described in 5.1.1 are advised.  
5.1.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results using Test Method D2402 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if statistical biases exist between their laboratories. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data with an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties while designing the test program. If the analysis shows a bias, its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test data with consideration for the known bias.  
5.2 The amount of water retained by a fiber mass increases with an increase in the hydrophilic tendency of the fiber. Thus the data obtained can be used to indicate the following:  
5.2.1 Differences in water retention between the various man-made and natural fibers,  
5.2.2 Degree of cross-linking in cellulosic fibers,  
5.2.3 Damage incurred by wool and silk fibers due to alkaline processing, and  
5.2.4 Persistence of water-repellent treatments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of water retention of man-made and natural fibers as staple, tow, or filament and spun yarns. It is intended to give a measure of the amount of water which cannot be removed from thoroughly wetted fiber solely by mechanical means as applied by centrifugal force (see 3.2).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The existence of overlength fiber in manufactured staple can cause serious problems in the spinning of these fibers into yarn. Overlength fibers may create problems in carding, but more especially high-strength multiple cut fibers may cause cockling in spinning.  
5.2 Since the overlength fibers are caused by dull or damaged cutting knives or by uneven flow of tow to the staple cutter, their existence within the fiber population is not uniform and their occurrence in the population follows a highly skewed distribution.  
5.3 Manual methods of determining overlength fiber require much more operator time, and the standard deviations of the test between laboratories and operators are high. Use of the Fibrosampler method greatly reduces both operator time and standard deviation of testing.  
5.4 In manufacturing it is important to know if fibers are overlength due to looping of the tow or multiple length due to damaged cutters.  
5.5 This method for testing staple fiber for overlength fiber is not recommended for acceptance testing (see 13.1).  
5.5.1 In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent by number of overlength or multiple length fibers in a sample of manufactured cut staple. The method is applicable to fiber taken immediately after manufacturing, from the bale, or from partially processed stock.  
Note 1: For measurement of length and length distribution of manufactured staple fibers, refer to Test Method D5103.  
1.2 This test method covers procedures using the Fibrosampler Model 335A (inch-pound units), the Fibrosampler Model 335B (SI units), and Fibrosampler combs Model 336.  
1.2.1 The Fibrosampler Model 335A is equipped with a sample plate that has 15.8-mm (5/8-in.) diameter sample holes and is recommended for use on blended staple taken from the fiber blender or from a carding machine.  
1.2.2 The Fibrosampler Model 335B is equipped with a sample plate that has 10-mm (0.4-in.) diameter sample holes and is recommended for use on unblended staple as may be taken from the fiber cutter or from a bale of staple fiber.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each unit are not exact equivalents; therefore, each unit must be used independently of the other.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The tex system has been approved for general use by the International Organization for Standardization, Technical Committee 38 on Textiles (ISO/TC 38), which has also recommended a list of rounded tex numbers for use with fibers and all types of yarns. Conversion tables showing the rounded tex numbers corresponding to various numbers in different traditional systems are given in Tables D2260 and ISO 2947.  
4.2 The tex system for designation of the linear density of fibers and yarns is a direct system based on mass per unit length, M/L, and employs metric units of length and mass. The tex unit, grams per kilometre (1000 m) has been approved by ISO/TC 38 for use with all fibers and all types of yarn. The committee has also approved the use of kilotex and decatex numbers for coarse structures and decitex and millitex numbers for fibers.  
4.3 The tex system relates to the property commonly associated with coarseness, or inverse fineness of a yarn because the tex numbers increase with an increase in the size or mass per unit length of the yarn. The tex system is intended for use by all branches of the textile industry, in all countries, for yarns made from all types of fibers or mixtures of fibers.
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1.1 This practice covers the use of the tex system to designate the linear density (number, or count) of fibers and of yarns made from any type of fiber or combination of fibers. It is also applicable to other textile materials, including yarn intermediates (slivers, rovings, tops, and so forth), single or plied yarns, cords, and threads.  
Note 1: The mass per unit length concept of linear density is applicable to any material which has a high ratio of length to cross section.  
1.2 Conversion factors for various indirect and direct yarn numbers to exact tex equivalents can be found in Standard Tables D2260.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for research, development, quality control, product specifications, and may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile fibers. However, caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision is lacking. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for upaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method provides objective measurements for determining the average fiber length and length distribution in a sample of fiber.  
5.3 The staple length diagram of a fiber sample can be used to determine the relative number of fibers above and below a specified length. If a fiber is too long, it will not process well in spinning, and if there is a preponderance of short fibers, the yarn might have lower than normal breaking strength.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of average staple length and staple length distribution of both manufactured and natural fibers by manually measuring single fiber lengths. This test method is also used to measure the length of fibers removed from a staple yarn, but such a measurement may not represent the fiber's staple length, as manufactured.  
1.2 Because this test method requires measuring the length of only 50 fibers, it is not suitable for use in determining the number of long fibers that occur infrequently in a sample.  
Note 1: For determination for overlength fibers, refer to Test Method D3513.
Note 2: For methods covering the determination of the average length and length distribution of natural fibers, refer to the following methods: for cotton, Test Method D1440, and Test Method D1447, for wool, Test Method D519, Test Method D1234, and Test Method D1575.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Limited accuracy in measuring the change in length produces errors in estimating values for shrinkage below 10 %. However, this test is being used for low level shrinkage fibers because the results give have been found to give an adequate indication of average shrinkage at the lower levels. The test is not adequate for determining variability in average shrinkage at low levels. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method for testing the shrinkage of fibers is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fibers because only a limited amount of data is available. See Section 14.  
5.3 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fibers; but caution is advised since information on between laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1 are advised.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the unrestrained shrinkage of a bundle of crimped or uncrimped fibers from exposure to some environment, for instance, boiling water for 15 min.  
1.1.1 This test method may be used on fibers from tow and fibers removed from spun or continuous filament yarn.  
Note 1: For measurement of shrinkage of single fibers, refer to Test Method D5104.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for yarn number is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this Test Method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should either use the referee Test Method D1907 for yarn number or conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is also used for the quality control for both filament and spun yarns.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of yarn number of filament and spun yarns using automated testers. Some of the instruments are stand-alone and others are optional modules for instruments that perform additional tests.  
1.1.1 The instruments are capable of measuring yarn numbers up to 4000 dtex (3600 denier).
Note 1: For determination of yarn number by use of reel and balance, refer to Test Method D1907.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This system of sewing thread ticket numbers was developed to overcome the confusion arising from the use by the thread industry of a multiple number of undefined and unrelated ticketing systems.  
4.2 The practice is used by sewing thread manufacturers to determine the ticket number to be assigned to a sewing thread. The ticket number is an indicator of the amount of raw fiber in the thread. It is based on greige thread rather than finished thread because finishing processes such as bleaching, dyeing, stretching, mercerizing, or sewing finish application significantly change the apparent thread size so that it may become an inadequate indicator of raw fiber present. Because of the foregoing it is not practical to verify the ticket number by sizing the finished thread.
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1.1 This practice establishes standard ticket numbers for sewing thread regardless of fiber content or type of thread.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard; the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D3106 for testing permanent deformation of elastomeric yarns is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments when there is prior agreement as to the exact value of elongation to be used for testing, since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more) comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Yarns are subjected to long periods of tension resulting in an appreciable amount of stretch during normal use. A portion of the induced stretch may be permanent. The amount of permanent deformation is influenced by the amount of tension, the time the yarn is under tension and the time available for recovery between successive uses.  
5.3 For optimum processing of elastomeric yarns, the permanent deformation value should be low or zero.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the permanent deformation of bare, continuous elastomeric monofilaments and filament yarns made from rubber, spandex, anidex, or other elastomers subjected to prolonged periods of tension. This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a linear density in the range from 4 to 320 tex (36 to 2900 den.).  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, core-spun yarns, or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method was developed using yarns in the “as-received” condition, but may be used for treated yarns provided the treatment is specified.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 This practice may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but it does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling and one which does not require elaborate statistical computation based on previous knowledge of the amount of variation between lot samples, between laboratory samples, and between test specimens.  
5.3 The smallest number of specimens required for a given variability in the average result will usually be obtained by (1) minimizing the number of shipping units in the lot sample, (2) taking one of the shipping units in the laboratory sample, and (3) taking the prescribed specimen(s) from the selected laboratory sample shipping unit. (See 7.3 and 7.4.)  
5.4 To minimize the cost of sampling a lot of material, it is necessary to agree on the required variance for the reported average for a lot of material:  
5.4.1 Estimate the variance due to lot samples, the variance due to laboratory samples, and the variance due to test specimens.  
5.4.2 Calculate the total variance for the average test results for several combinations of the number of lot samples, the number of laboratory samples per lot sample, and the number of test specimens per laboratory sample.  
5.4.3 Calculate the cost of performing each of the sampling schemes considered in 5.4.2.  
5.4.4 Select the samp...
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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the division of shipments of manufactured staple fiber, sliver (or top) or tow into lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
Note 1: For sampling yarns, refer to Practice D2258.
Note 2: This practice differs from BISFA2 rules for staple fibers in the lot sampling, by the elimination of separate sampling of outer versus inner container areas, in the reduction of number of strata from 6 to 5, and by the elimination of compositing to obtain a single laboratory sample for the lot when testing properties which do not depend on as-received moisture content.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Option A for bundle weighing of Test Method D1577 is used in the trade for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Option B for single-fiber weighing and Option C for the vibroscope may be used for acceptance testing (see Section 37); however, caution is advised when using Option B or Option C because between-laboratory precision information is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 4.1.1 may be advisable.  
4.1.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1577 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of samples that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. These samples should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either the cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results for that material with consideration to the known bias.  
4.2 Option A for bundle weighing is generally considered to be the referee procedure for acceptance testing.  
4.3 Option A is not recommended for measurement of linear density of blends of production fibers having different nominal linear densities.  
4.4 The accuracy of the linear density values obtained by Options A and B is dependent upon the accuracy with which the fibers can be cut and weighed.
Note 2: On short staple fiber, an accuracy in cutting of 1.0 % is difficult to obtain. This problem is further complicated if crimp is present in the fibers.  ...
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1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass per unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and filaments. Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications for crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The options and sections are listed below.    
Option  
Sections  
A—Fiber Bundle Weighing  
7 – 15  
B—Single-Fiber Weighing  
16 – 23  
C—Vibroscope, General  
24 – 30  
35 and 36    
C1—Uncrimped Fibers  
31 and 32    
C2—Crimped Fibers  
33 and 34    
Precision and Bias  
37 and 38  
Note 1: For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to Test Method D1059. For cotton linear density, refer to Test Methods D1769 and D2480. For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test Methods D1282, D2130, and D3510.  
1.2 The crimp, taper, and cross-sectional shape of the fiber may influence the linear density measured by single-fiber weighing and vibroscope.  
1.3 These test methods measure the linear density of fibers with moisture in equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. The fiber moisture under these conditions is not necessarily the same as the commercial moisture regain for the fibers.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized pr...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test differs from other crimp contraction test methods in that it measures the recoverable stretch during the unload cycle of the yarn.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the recoverable stretch of commercial textured yarns, covered elastomeric yarns and other stretch yarns using skeins. This test method is particularly valuable for yarns that develop additional crimp upon exposure to hot, wet conditions. The recoverable stretch is a relative measure of the recovery power the yarn can be expected to provide in a finished fabric.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to continuous filament yarns and is suitable for yarns that develop additional stretch potential upon exposure to heat.  
1.3 This method is applicable to yarns 500 denier or finer.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers polyolefin monofilament yarn materials, and test methods for standard polyolefin monofilaments. The direct yarn number in tex or in denier, tensile properties in terms of breaking force, breaking tenacity, elongation at break and initial modulus shall be determined from a sample material. The width, thickness, gloss, hot water shrinkage, resistance to ultraviolet radiation, stability to thermal oxidation and cleanliness of the material shall also be analyzed.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Acceptance Testing—The test methods in Specification D3218 for the determination of the properties of polyolefin monofilaments are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of polyolefin monofilaments, unless specified in the individual test method. These test methods are the best available and are used extensively in the trade.  
6.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more) comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
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1.1 This specification covers polyolefin monofilament yarn materials, and test methods for standard polyolefin monofilaments. While designed primarily for testing standard polyolefin monofilaments, many of the procedures can be used, with little or no modification, for other polyolefin monofilaments. However, testing on non-standard polyolefin monofilaments should be conducted with caution. See 3.1 for a definition of standard polyolefin monofilament.  
1.2 Only on condition that interlaboratory precision data are available for the specific procedure is any test method described, or referenced in this specification, recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of polyolefin monofilaments.  
1.3 The specification for polyolefin raw materials appears in Section 4.  
1.4 The test methods for individual properties appear in the following sections:    
Property  
Section  
Breaking Force  
10    
Breaking Tenacity  
10    
Elongation  
10    
Gloss  
13    
Hot Water Shrinkage  
14    
Initial Modulus  
10    
Polyolefin-Material Cleanliness  
17    
Resistance to Ultraviolet Radiation  
15    
Stability to Thermal Oxidation  
16    
Tensile Properties  
10    
Thickness  
12    
Width  
11    
Yarn Number  
9
Note 1: In most instances, the suitability of these procedures for polymeric yarns in general, and polyolefin monofilaments in particular, is already accepted in commercial transactions (see 6.1).  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.  
1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification: This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Linear density of elastomeric yarns is used in some calculations for tensile and elastic properties.  
5.3 The test method is based on elastomeric yarns in the as-produced condition, but may be used for treated elastomeric yarns provided the treatment is specified. The method does not cover the removal of finish for the determination of linear density of “finish-free” elastomeric yarns.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear density of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers using a skein.
Note 1: For the determination of linear density of elastomeric yarns using short length specimens, refer to Test Method D2591.  
1.2 The method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns, or yarns spun from elastomeric staple, or elastomeric yarns removed from fabrics.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1907/D1907M is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, since it has been used extensively in the trade for that purpose.  
5.1.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1907/D1907M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories.  
5.1.2 Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the determination of such a bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible, and that are from the same lot of the material in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using statistical analysis for unpaired data, and an acceptable probability level chosen by the parties before testing begins. If a bias is found, either its cause must be identified and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results for that material with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is intended primarily for the determination of the average linear density of yarns. However, the variations identified by the results may also provide useful information. If the coefficient of variation is to be calculated, each skein must be weighed separately, and a larger number of skeins will need to be tested (as compared to the number of skeins to be tested for the determination of the average yarn linear density alone).  
5.3 This test method includes seven options, depending on whether the yarn is scoured before weighing, weighed in the conditioned or oven-dried state, or whether or not the results obtained are adjusted for commercial moisture regain, or a commercial allowance. Option 1 (unscoured, conditioned yarn) is generally used f...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear density of all types of yarn in package form, subject to the limitations of size and stretch given in 1.2 and 1.3. Provision is made for expressing yarn linear density in all the traditional yarn numbering systems.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to yarns that stretch less than 5 % when tension on the yarn is increased from 0.25 to 0.75 cN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. By mutual agreement, and use of a lower than specified reeling tension, this method may also be adapted to measure the linear density of yarns that stretch more than 5 %, under the above force.  
1.3 This method is applicable to yarns finer than 2000 tex. However, it may be also adapted to coarser yarns by the use of skeins of shorter than specified lengths, and alternate reeling conditions, agreeable to the interested parties.  
1.4 Depending on the procedure used to calculate the moisture content of the yarn being tested, and its actual moisture content, or finish content, or both, one or more of the following options may be utilized.  
1.4.1 Unscoured Yarn: Option 1—Yarn at equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
Option 2—Oven-dried yarn.
Option 3—Oven-dried yarn, plus commercial moisture regain.  
1.4.2 Scoured Yarn: Option 4—Scoured yarn at equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
Option 5—Oven-dried, scoured yarn.
Option 6—Oven-dried, scoured yarn, plus commercial moisture regain.
Option 7—Oven-dried, scoured yarn, plus commercial allowance (commercial moisture regain, plus an allowance for finish).  
1.5 Specimens used to determine yarn linear density may also be used to determine the skein breaking strength of the yarn. Hence, this method provides the sequence of steps to be followed, to determine both these yarn properties.  
Note 1: The linear density of yarns produced with jute, or glass, may also be determined by the follo...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for the determination of cohesion in sliver, roving, or top in dynamic tests may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments but caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision is lacking. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compare using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The cohesive forces overcome in continuous drafting of slivers, rovings, or tops are affected by surface lubricants and such fiber properties as linear density, surface configuration, fiber length, fiber crimp, and fiber-frictional characteristics.  
5.2.1 The concept of drafting is one of the most important principles in the production of yarn from fibrous raw stock.  
5.2.2 The values of force to maintain drafting determined by this method are induced by mechanical means similar to those used in textile processing.  
5.2.3 The attenuation of textile fiber strands while in motion closely approximates actual textile processing conditions, and the relative values of force may be used to predict processing behaviors.  
5.3 Fiber cohesion is affected by the alignment of fiber in the textile strand and strand compaction in addition to the factors listed in 5.2. Although fibers are more...
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1.1 This test method describes the measurement of fiber cohesion as the dynamic cohesive force required to maintain drafting in rovings, slivers or tops when they are subjected to stress induced by passing between pairs of drafting rolls of different surface speeds. The cohesive force is converted to cohesive tenacity based on the linear density of the material.  
Note 1: For static tests refer to Test Method D2612.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The force at first filament break of elastomeric yarns may depend on its construction and manufacturing process and provides an indication of the breaking strength of fabrics made from the yarn.  
5.3 Elongation is an indication of the ability of a fiber to absorb energy. The elongation of yarn or fabric must be great enough to withstand strains experienced in processing and end use, and to absorb the energies of applied forces repeatedly.  
5.4 Fabric manufacturers use force and elongation information of elastomeric yarns in determining machine set-up conditions.  
5.5 Other parameters such as elongation at specified force (EASF), force (or tenacity) at specified elongation (FASE, TASE), work and toughness may be calculated from force-elongation curves. EASF and FASE information is needed for tests involving cycling of yarn in determination of elastic properties.  
5.6 This test method was de...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from natural rubber, spandex or other elastomers, using a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine. The properties included in this test method are: (1) force at first filament break, (2) tenacity at first filament break, (3) elongation at first filament break, (4) work to break at first filament break, and (5) toughness at first filament break.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns in the range from 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are given in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for the determination of crimp frequency of manufactured staple fibers may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments but caution is advised since between-laboratory precision is known to be poor. Comparative tests conducted as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is used for quality control. It is an unsophisticated procedure which is particularly useful in detecting major differences in crimp frequency. This test method is not considered to be useful in research and development where minor differences or more complete crimp characterization, including amplitude and index, may be necessary.  
5.3 Crimp in fiber affects the carding and subsequent processing of the fiber into either a yarn or a nonwoven fabric.  
5.4 Staple crimp in fiber will also affect the bulk or openness of a yarn and therefore the hand and visual appearance of the finished textile product.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the crimp frequency of manufactured staple fibers. This test method is applicable to all crimped staple fibers provided the crimp can be viewed two-dimensionally as a sine-wave configuration.  
1.1.1 It should be recognized that yarn manufacturing processes or treatments to manufactured yarns can influence or modify crimp in fiber. Hence, the value for crimp of fibers taken from spun yarns may be different than that of the same fiber prior to the manufacturing or treatment processes.  
1.2 Three options are provided for preparation of the specimens. Option One (preferred) uses single fibers for the specimens with a low magnification available, Option Two (optional for staple or tow samples) uses fiber chips as the specimens, and Option Three uses projected images of single fibers.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The photo-electric method for measuring the hairiness of yarns is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since experience has shown that results obtained from machines produced by one manufacturer cannot usually be verified by machines produced by another manufacturer. This guide is intended to increase the awareness of the user to available techniques for measuring hairiness. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available guide though it has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 There may be a distinct difference in testing speed and tension devices of machines supplied by different manufacturers that may give differences in reported test results.  
5.3 The measurement of hairiness is important to yarn producers. This guide is useful for process control and research of the yarn surface design at an individual manufacturing facility. Hairiness also is used to provide yarn processing machine design, and indications of malfunctioning process equipment, such as rotors, doffing mechanisms, guides, and travelers. It can be used to ident...
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1.1 This guide covers the determination of the hairiness of most filament and spun yarn using a photo-electric sensor apparatus. It is not intended for use on novelty yarns.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The values obtained by this test method should not be used to predict similar properties in fabricated structures except in narrow well-defined comparisons, such as 16.7 tex (150-denier) polyester from the same feed yarn merge and textured on the same machine type. Attempts to relate yarn performance to fabric performance might result in poor correlations unless other factors affecting bulk such as yarn shrinkage and fabric finishing are eliminated.  
5.2 Elapsed time between processing and testing has a marked effect on the results of this test especially during the first 72 h. Therefore, specimens should only be compared if tested after the same elapsed time. This effect is caused by stress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventh day and after which time the sample remains relatively stable. Comparisons are preferably made after the seventh day.  
5.3 In the case of yarns having a linear density near the upper limit of the skein size directed in Table 3, an error is introduced when rounding off to full revolutions. Therefore, the calculated values for crimp contraction, etc., should only be compared with other samples of yarn of the same linear density. (A) See Eq 2, and Note 1.(B) 100 Revolutions, linear density of skein varies.  
5.4 Option A used with crimp development Condition 1 (dry heat oven at 120°C (248°F)) and light loads of 0.04 mN/tex (0.5 mgf/den) and 0.44 mN/tex (5.0 mgf/den) are recommended for textured polyester yarns. All crimp parameters may be calculated.  
5.5 Option B may also be used with crimp development Condition 1 (dry heat) for textured polyester yarns. Crimp contraction may be calculated. When used to duplicate or to utilize suitable mechanical yarn handling devices,3 alternate skein size and weights may be used as described in 6.5.2 and 9.3.2.  
5.6 Option C used with crimp development Condition 2 (water bath at 82°C (180°F)) and a light load of 0.13 mN/tex (1.5 mgf/den) is recommended for textured nylon yarns. ...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the change in length of a tensioned skein of textured yarn due to change in crimp characteristics brought about by exposure to wet or dry heat. The change in length, depending on procedure, is a measure of skein shrinkage, crimp contraction, bulk shrinkage, or crimp recovery.  
1.2 This test method applies to crimped, continuous multifilament yarns ranging from 1.7 to 88.9 tex (15 to 800 denier).  
1.3 Three conditions are provided for crimp development mediums, and loading routines are provided to be used on the yarn skeins to allow determination of yarn bulk by several different procedures.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 Man-made polymers can be combined during manufacture, or natural polymers can be formed during growth, to produce multicomponent fibers having special properties such as cross dyeability, differential shrinkage, or bulk. This standard contains terms which can be used to describe the physical arrangement of components of such fibers. The schematic diagram in Annex A1 provides a guide for interpreting the terminology used in describing two- and three-component fibers, but is not intended to be limiting. Some examples of usage are given in Annex A2, and a bibliography of related literature is given in Appendix X1.  
1.2 For definitions of other textile terms, refer to Terminology D123.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of spun yarns by agreement between purchaser and supplier.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average result from the two laboratories should be compared using statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 Yarn faults are a factor in determining yarn and fabric quality.
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1.1 This test method covers the classifying and counting of faults in spun yarns using capacitance testers.  
1.1.1 Protruding fibers or yarn hairiness, or both, are not determined as part of this method.
Note 1: For measuring protruding fibers or hairiness, or both, refer to Guide D5647.  
1.2 This test method provides for grading yarns by fault level and type.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to all single or plied spun yarns from natural or manufactured fibers or blends of each.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in inch-pound units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.