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ASTM C625-15(2021)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Reporting Irradiation Results on Graphite

Standard Practice for Reporting Irradiation Results on Graphite

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to identify sample and test parameters that may influence graphite irradiation test results. This practice should not be construed as a requirement or recommendation that proprietary information be disclosed.  
4.2 Irradiation results on graphite include dimensional changes and changes in properties that are used in reactor design. The irradiation data are reported in government documents, open literature publications, and are assembled into data manuals for use by reactor designers.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers information recommended for inclusion in reports giving graphite irradiation results.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2021
ICS
71.060.10 - Chemical elements
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.F0 - Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E261-15 - Standard Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Refers
ASTM E261-10 - Standard Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Refers
ASTM E261-03 - Standard Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Refers
ASTM E261-98 - Standard Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
Effective Date
10-Jan-1998
Refers
ASTM E525-90(1996) - Practice for Reporting Dosimetry Results on Nuclear Graphite (Withdrawn 2001)
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996

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ASTM C625-15(2021) - Standard Practice for Reporting Irradiation Results on GraphiteASTM C625-15(2021) - Standard Practice for Reporting Irradiation Results on Graphite
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ASTM C625-15(2021) - Standard Practice for Reporting Irradiation Results on Graphite
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Standards Content (Sample)


This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C625 − 15 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Practice for
Reporting Irradiation Results on Graphite
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C625; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope documents,openliteraturepublications,andareassembledinto
data manuals for use by reactor designers.
1.1 This practice covers information recommended for in-
clusion in reports giving graphite irradiation results.
5. Sample Description
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
5.1 Source,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
5.2 Grade or identifying sample number,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5.3 Rawmaterialsincludingfiller,binder,additives,impreg-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
nants and their pretreatment, if not proprietary information,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.4 Forming process including the size and shape of parent
stock, if not proprietary information,
2. Referenced Documents
2 5.5 Heat treatment including graphitizing temperature, rate
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of heating and soak time, if not proprietary information.
E261 Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence
Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques 5.6 Purification, if not proprietary information,
E525 Practice for Reporting Dosimetry Results on Nuclear
5.7 Sampling plan including location in parent stock, grain
Graphite (Withdrawn 2001)
orientation, size, and shape of samples, and
5.8 Pre-irradiation sample treatment including prestressing,
3. Terminology
annealing, or previous irradiation.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 grade, n—designation given a material by a manufac-
6. Property Measurements
turer such that it is always reproduced to the same specifica-
6.1 Method—Indicate the method and accuracy of measure-
tions established by the manufacturer.
ment and, if applicable, differences between pre- and post-
irradiation measurements. Where applicable, give reference to
4. Significance and Use
standards or guides that prescribe (or describe) the method
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to identify sample and
used.
test parameters that may influence graphite irradiation test
6.2 Results—Specify the number of samples represented or
results. This practice should not be construed as a requirement
the number of measurements per sample if mean values are
or recommendation that proprietary information be disclosed.
given.
4.2 Irradiation results on graphite include dimensional
6.3 Indicate other measurements taken but not reported.
changes and changes in properties that are used in r
...

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ASTM C714-23(Guide)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal diffusivity is an important property required for such purposes as design applications under transient heat flow conditions, determination of safe operating temperature, process control, and quality assurance.  
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1.1 This guide covers the determination of the thermal diffusivity of carbons and graphite at temperatures up to 500 °C. It is applicable only to small easily fabricated specimens. Thermal diffusivity values in the range from 0.04 cm2/s to 2.0 cm2/s are readily measurable by this guide; however, for the reason outlined in Section 7, for materials outside this range this guide may not be applicable.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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5.1 This test method may be used for material development, characterization, design data generation, and quality control purposes.  
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5.3 This test method can be adapted for other materials that are elastic in their initial stress-strain behavior, as defined in Test Method E111.  
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the dynamic elastic properties of isotropic and near isotropic carbon and graphite materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. The dynamic elastic properties of a material can therefore be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable (rectangular or cylindrical) test specimen of that material can be measured. Dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural or longitudinal mode of vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio.  
1.2 This test method determines elastic properties by measuring the fundamental resonant frequency of test specimens of suitable geometry by exciting them mechanically by a singular elastic strike with an impulse tool. Specimen supports, impulse locations, and signal pick-up points are selected to induce and measure specific modes of the transient vibrations. A transducer (for example, contact accelerometer or non-contacting microphone) senses the resulting mechanical vibrations of the specimen and transforms them into electric signals. (See Fig. 1.) The transient signals are analyzed, and the fundamental resonant frequency is isolated and measured by the signal analyzer, which provides a numerical reading that is (or is proportional to) either the frequency or the period of the specimen vibration. The appropriate fundamental resonant frequencies, dimensions, and mass of the specimen are used to calculate dynamic Young's modulus, dynamic shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio. Annex A1 contains an alternative approach using continuous excitation.
FIG. 1 Block Diagram of Typical Test Apparatus  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a practical estimate of nonburnable residues in commercially available graphite materials. The ash values determined by this test method are of use in comparing the relative purity of various grades of graphite. To facilitate use, this test method institutes simplifications that preclude the ability to determine absolutely the ash values of the test graphite material due to uncontrolled sources of trace contamination.  
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1.1 This test method provides a practical determination for the ash content in a graphite sample.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is applicable only for determination of the volatile moisture content resulting from adsorption of water vapor from the atmosphere, and is not intended to give representative moisture data for graphite that has been exposed to liquid water contamination.
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1.1 This test method provides a practical determination for the percentage of moisture in a graphite sample.  
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Standard Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Graphites

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Two- and three-parameter formulations exist for the Weibull distribution. This practice is restricted to the two-parameter formulation. An objective of this practice is to obtain point estimates of the unknown Weibull distribution parameters by using well-defined functions that incorporate the failure data. These functions are referred to as estimators. It is desirable that an estimator be consistent and efficient. In addition, the estimator should produce unique, unbiased estimates of the distribution parameters (6). Different types of estimators exist, such as moment estimators, least-squares estimators, and maximum likelihood estimators. This practice details the use of maximum likelihood estimators.  
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5.1 This test method can be used to measure the rate of oxidation for various grades of manufactured carbon and graphite in standard conditions, and can be used for quality control purposes.  
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5.4 Accurately determined kinetic parameters, like activation energy and logarithm of pre-exponential factor, can be used for prediction of oxidation rates in air as a function of temperature in conditions similar to those of this test method. However, extrapolation of such predictions outside the temperature range where Arrhenius plots are linear (outside the kinetic or chemically controlled regime of oxidation) should be made with extreme caution. In conditions where (1) oxidation rates become controlled by a mechanism other than chemical reactions (such as in-pore diffusion or boundary transport of the oxidant gas), or (2) the oxidant supply rate is no...
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1.1 This test method recommends a standard procedure for measuring oxidation rates in air of various grades of nuclear graphite and/or manufactured carbon. Following the standard procedure recommended here, one can obtain kinetic parameters that characterize the oxidation resistance in standard conditions of tested materials and that can be used to for materials selection and qualification, and for quality control purposes in the fabrication process.  
1.2 This test method covers the rate of oxidative weight loss per exposed nominal geometric surface area, or per initial weight of machined test specimens of standard size and shape, or both. The test is valid in the temperature range where the rate of air oxidation of graphite and manufactured carbon is limited by reaction kinetics.  
1.3 This test method also provides a standard oxidation temperature (as defined in 3.1.7), and the kinetic parameters of the oxidation reaction, namely the apparent activation energy and the logarithm of pre-exponential factor in Arrhenius equation. The kinetic parameters of Arrhenius equation are calculated from the temperature dependence of oxidation rates measured over the temperature range where Arrhenius plots (as defined in 3.1.8) are linear, which is defined as the “kinetic” or “chemical control” oxidation regime. For typical nuclear grade graphite materials it was found that the practical range of testing temperatures is from about 500 °C to 550 °C up to about 700 °C to 750 °C.  
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Standard Test Method for Oxidation Mass Loss of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Materials in Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is primarily concerned with the oxidation mass loss of manufactured carbon and graphite materials in air at temperatures from 371 °C to 677 °C.  
3.2 The test method will provide acceptable results at preselected test temperatures that yield less than 10 % mass loss in 100 h. These results can be used to determine relative service temperatures.
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1.1 This test method provides a comparative oxidation mass loss of manufactured carbon and graphite materials in air.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D8377-21a(Guide)
Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Molten Salt Reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material, and molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it may be necessary to measure the various strengths of the manufactured graphite materials after impregnation with molten salt and before exposure to the reactor environment in a range of test configurations in order for designers or operators to assess their performance.
Note 1: Depending upon the salt selected for the reactor, there may be some chemical reaction between the salt and the graphite that could affect properties. The user should establish, prior to following this guide, that any interactions between the molten salt and graphite are understood and any implications for the validity of the strength tests have been assessed.  
5.2 For gas-cooled reactors, the strength of a graphite specimen is usually measured at room temperature. However, for molten salt reactors, the operating temperature of the reactor must be higher than the melting temperature of the salt, and so the salt will be in solid state at room temperature. Consequently, room temperature measurements may not be representative of the performance of the material at its true operating conditions. It is therefore necessary to measure the strength at an elevated temperature where the salt is in liquid form.
Note 2: Users should be aware that a small increase in graphite strength is expected with increasing temperature. Testing at the plant operating temperature will eliminate this small uncertainty.  
5.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide considerations, which should be included in testing graphite specimens impregnated with molten salt at elevated temperature.  
5.4 For the test results to be meaningful, the...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the best practice for strength measurements at elevated temperature of graphite impregnated with molten salt.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D8091-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Impregnation of Graphite with Molten Salt

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The molten salt reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material and fluoride molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it is important to assess the effect of impregnation of molten salt on the properties of the as-manufactured graphite material.  
5.2 The purpose of this guide is to report considerations that should be included in the preparation of graphite specimens representative of that after exposure to a molten salt environment. The degree to which the molten salt will infiltrate the graphite will depend upon a number of factors, including the type of graphite and the type and extent of porosity, the properties of the molten salt, the impregnation pressure and temperature, and the duration of the exposure of the graphite to the molten salt.  
5.3 The user of this guide will need to select impregnation parameters sufficiently representative of those in a molten salt reactor based on parameters provided by the designer. Alternatively, the user may select a standard set of impregnation conditions to allow comparisons across a range of graphites.  
5.4 This guide is not intended to be prescriptive. A typical apparatus and associated procedure are described. Some indication of the sensitivity of the procedure to graphite type and impregnation conditions is given in He, et al.5  
5.5 There are four major practical issues that must be addressed during the impregnation process:  
5.5.1 The density of molten salt is greater than that of graphite. A specially designed tool is required to submerge graphite samples in the molten salt during the impregnation process.  
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1.1 This guide covers procedures for the impregnation of graphite with molten salt under a consistent pressure and temperature. Such procedures are necessary if the user wishes to prepare graphite specimens for testing that represent material that has been exposed to a molten salt environment in a molten salt nuclear reactor. The user will need to ensure that impregnation temperature and pressure conditions reflect those pertaining to the molten salt environment, noting that the properties of the material will change once it becomes irradiated.
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Carbon and graphite can usually support higher loads in compression than in any other mode of stress. This test, therefore, provides a measure of the maximum load-bearing capability of carbon and graphite objects.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the compressive strength of carbon and graphite at room temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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