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ASTM E1858-97

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Oxidation Induction Time of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calirometry

Standard Test Method for Determining Oxidation Induction Time of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calirometry

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the oxidative properties of hydrocarbons by differential scanning calorimetry or pressure differential scanning calorimetry and is applicable to hydrocarbons that oxidize exothermically in their analyzed form.
1.2 Computer or electronic-based instruments, techniques or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used.
Note 1--Since all electronic data treatments are not equivalent, the user shall verify equivalency to this method.
1.3 Test Method A--A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used at ambient pressure, for example, about 100 kPa of oxygen.
1.4 Test Method B-- A pressure DSC (PDSC) is used at high pressure, for example, 3.5 MPa (500 psig) oxygen.
1.5 SI values are the standard.
1.6 This test method is related to ISO 11357-6 but is different in technical content.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 2 and Note 13.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-2000
ICS
71.080.01 - Organic chemicals in general
Technical Committee
E37 - Thermal Measurements
Drafting Committee
E37.01 - Calorimetry and Mass Loss
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1858-00 - Standard Test Method for Determining Oxidation Induction Time of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Effective Date
10-May-2000

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ASTM E1858-97 - Standard Test Method for Determining Oxidation Induction Time of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning CalirometryASTM E1858-97 - Standard Test Method for Determining Oxidation Induction Time of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calirometry
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ASTM E1858-97 - Standard Test Method for Determining Oxidation Induction Time of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calirometry
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 1858 – 97
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Determining Oxidation Induction Time of Hydrocarbons by
1
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1858; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope bricating Greases by Pressure Differential Scanning Calo-
4
rimetry
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining
D 5885 Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Poly-
the oxidative properties of hydrocarbons by differential scan-
olefin Geosynthics By High Pressure Differential Scanning
ning calorimetry or pressure differential scanning calorimetry
5
Calorimetry
and is applicable to hydrocarbons that oxidize exothermically
6
E 473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis
in their analyzed form.
E 691 Practice for Conducting and Interlaboratory Study To
1.2 Computer or electronic-based instruments, techniques
6
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be
E 967 Practice for Temperature Calibration of Differential
used.
6
Scanning Calorimeters
NOTE 1—Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such
instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of 3. Terminology
the user of this test method to determine the necessary equivalency prior
3.1 Definitions:
to use.
3.1.1 Specific technical terms used in this test method are
1.3 Test Method A—A differential scanning calorimeter
given in Terminology E 473.
(DSC) is used at ambient pressure, for example, about 100 kPa
4. Summary of Test Method
of oxygen.
1.4 Test Method B—A pressure DSC (PDSC) is used at high 4.1 The test specimen in an aluminum pan and the reference
pressure, for example, 3.5 MPa (500 psig) oxygen. aluminum pan are heated to a specified constant test tempera-
1.5 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the ture in an oxygen environment. Heat flow out of the specimen
standard. is monitored at an isothermal temperature until the oxidative
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the reaction is manifested by heat evolution on the thermal curve.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the The oxidative induction time (OIT), a relative measure of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- oxidative stability at the test temperature, is determined from
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- data recorded during the isothermal test. The OIT measurement
is initiated upon reaching the isothermal test temperature.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
tionary statements are given in Note 6 and Note 12. 4.2 For some particularly stable materials, the OIT may be
quite long (> 120 min) at the specified elevated temperatures of
2. Referenced Documents
the experiment. Under these circumstances, the OIT may be
reduced by increasing the isothermal temperature or increasing
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the pressure of oxygen purge gas, or both. Conversely, reac-
D 3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastic Pipe and
2
tions that proceed too rapidly, with a short OIT, may be
Fitting Materials
D 3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly- extended by decreasing the test temperature or reducing the
2
partial pressure of oxygen, or both. By admixing oxygen gas
olefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
D 4565 Test Method for Physical Environmental Perfor- with a suitable diluent, for example, nitrogen, the OIT will be
increased (see Test Methods D 3895, D 5482, Specification
mance Properties of Insulations and Jackets for Telecom-
3
munications Wire and Cable D 3350, and Test Method D 4565).
D 5482 Test Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lu-
NOTE 2—For some systems, the use of copper pans to catalyze
oxidation will reduce the oxidation induction time for a particular
temperature. The results, however, will not correlate with non-catalyzed
1
This test method is under the direct jurisdiction of Committee E-37 on Thermal tests.
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.01 on Test
Methods and Recommended Practices.
4
Current edition approved March 10, 1997. Published May 1997. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards,, Vol 04.09.
3 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
1

---------------------- Pa
...

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ASTM E1858-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining Oxidation Induction Time of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Oxidative induction time is a relative measure of the degree of oxidative stability of the material evaluated at the isothermal temperature of the test. The presence, quantity or effectiveness of antioxidants may be determined by this method. The OIT values thus obtained may be compared from one hydrocarbon to another or to a reference material to obtain relative oxidative stability information.  
5.2 Typical uses include the oxidative stability of edible oils and fats (oxidative rancidity), lubricants, greases, and polyolefins.
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1.1 These test methods describe the determination of the oxidative properties of hydrocarbons by differential scanning calorimetry or pressure differential scanning calorimetry and is applicable to hydrocarbons that oxidize exothermically in their analyzed form.  
1.2 Test Method A—A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used at ambient pressure, for example, about 100 kPa of oxygen.  
1.3 Test Method B—A pressure DSC (PDSC) is used at high pressure, for example, 3.5 MPa (500 psig) oxygen.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Imperial units are provided for user convenience and are not the standard.  
1.5 These test methods are related to ISO 11357–6 but is different in technical content. These test methods are related to CEC L-85–T but includes additional experimental conditions.  
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1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is one of a number of tests conducted on heavy hydrocarbon mixtures to characterize these materials for a refiner or a purchaser. It provides an estimate of the yields of fractions of various boiling ranges.  
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Note 1: While the practice of reblending distillates with residue can be done to produce a lighter residue, it is not recommended because it produces blends with irregular properties.  
5.4 Details of cutpoints must be mutually agreed upon before the test begins.  
5.5 This is a complex procedure involving many interacting variables. It is most important that at the time of first use of a new apparatus, its components be checked as detailed in Annex A1 and Annex A2 and that the location of the vapor temperature sensor be verified as detailed in 6.5.3 and Fig. 1.
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1.1 This test method covers the procedure for distillation of heavy hydrocarbon mixtures having initial boiling points greater than 150 °C (300 °F), such as heavy crude oils, petroleum distillates, residues, and synthetic mixtures. It employs a potstill with a low pressure drop entrainment separator operated under total takeoff conditions. Distillation conditions and equipment performance criteria are specified and typical apparatus is illustrated.  
1.2 This test method details the procedures for the production of distillate fractions of standardized quality in the gas oil and lubricating oil range as well as the production of standard residue. In addition, it provides for the determination of standard distillation curves to the highest atmospheric equivalent temperature possible by conventional distillation.  
1.3 The maximum achievable atmospheric equivalent temperature (AET) is dependent upon the heat tolerance of the charge. For most samples, a temperature up to 565 °C (1050 °F) can be attained. This maximum will be significantly lower for heat sensitive samples (for example, heavy residues) and might be somewhat higher for nonheat sensitive samples.  
1.4 The recommended distillation method for crude oils up to cutpoint 400 °C (752 °F) AET is Test Method D2892. This test method can be used for heavy crude oils with initial boiling points greater than 150 °C (302 °F). However, distillation curves and fraction qualities obtained by these methods are not comparable.  
1.5 This test method contains the following annexes:  
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warnings, see 6.5.4.2, 6.5.6.3, 6.9.3, 9.5, 9.7, and A2.3.1.3.  
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4.1 The coulometric technique is especially suited for determining low concentrations of water in organic liquids that would yield small titers by the Karl Fischer volumetric procedure. The precision and accuracy of the coulometric technique decreases for concentrations of water much greater than 2.0 % because of the difficulty in measuring the small size of sample required. The test method assumes 100 % efficiency of coulombs in iodine production. Provision is made for verifying this efficiency. (See Table 1 and Note 5.)
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of water from 0 % to 2.0 % mass in most liquid organic chemicals, with Karl Fischer reagent, using an automated coulometric titration procedure. Use of this test method is not applicable for liquefied gas products such as Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), Butane, Propane, Liquid Natural Gas (LNG), etc.  
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ASTM D1722-09(2023)(Test Method)
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4.1 Water-insoluble materials present in a solvent expected to be completely water miscible may interfere with many uses of the solvent. This test method provides a measure of the miscibility of water-soluble solvents with a polar medium-water. It also provides a qualitative indication of the presence or absence of water-immiscible contaminants.  
4.2 The results of this test method may be used in assessing compliance with a specification. Prior to agreeing to this test method as the basis of a specification requirement, it may be desirable that the interpretation of what constitutes cloudiness or turbidity be agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the miscibility of water-soluble solvents with water. While written specifically for testing acetone, isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol), and methyl alcohol (methanol), the method is suitable for testing most water-soluble solvents.  
1.2 This test method serves to detect water-immiscible contaminants qualitatively; the level of detection of these impurities varies widely with both the type of solvent and the type of impurity.  
1.3 The level of detection of water-insoluble materials depends upon the solvent tested and the type of impurity or impurities present, that is paraffin, olefin, aromatic, high molecular weight alcohol, or ketone, etc. There is, therefore, no specific level of impurity detected by this procedure.  
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5.1 The aniline point (or mixed aniline point) is useful as an aid in the characterization of pure hydrocarbons and in the analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures. Aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit the lowest, and paraffins the highest values. Cycloparaffins and olefins exhibit values that lie between those for paraffins and aromatics. In homologous series the aniline points increase with increasing molecular weight. Although it occasionally is used in combination with other physical properties in correlative methods for hydrocarbon analysis, the aniline point is most often used to provide an estimate of the aromatic hydrocarbon content of mixtures.
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1.2 These test methods also cover the determination of the mixed aniline point of petroleum products and hydrocarbon solvents having aniline points below the temperature at which aniline will crystallize from the aniline-sample mixture.  
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5.1 Autoignition, by its very nature, is dependent on the chemical and physical properties of the material and the method and apparatus employed for its determination. The autoignition temperature by a given method does not necessarily represent the minimum temperature at which a given material will self-ignite in air. The volume of the vessel used is particularly important since lower autoignition temperatures will be achieved in larger vessels. (See Appendix X2.) Vessel material can also be an important factor.  
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5.7 This test method was developed primarily for liquid chemicals but has been employed to test readily vaporized solids. Responsibility for extension of this test method to solids of unknown thermal stability, boiling point, or degradation characteristics rests with the operator.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of hot- and cool-flame autoignition temperatures of a liquid chemical in air at atmospheric pressure in a uniformly heated vessel.  
Note 1: Within certain limitations, this test method can also be used to determine the autoignition temperature of solid chemicals which readily melt and vaporize at temperatures below the test temperature and for chemicals that are gaseous at atmospheric pressure and temperature.
Note 2: After a round robin study, Test Method D2155 was discontinued, and replaced by Test Method E659 in 1978. See also Appendix X2.  
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1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Relative Initial and Final Melting Points and the Melting Range of Organic Chemicals

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5.1 It has long been recognized that narrow melting range and high final melting point are good indications of high purity in crystalline organic compounds. Several ASTM test methods use these criteria to assay the purity of organic compounds (Note 1).
Note 1: Other ASTM test methods using melting (or freezing point) data to indicate sample purity are Test Methods D852 and D6875.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination, by a capillary tube method, of the initial melting point and the final melting point, which define the melting range, of samples of organic chemicals whose melting points without decomposition fall between 30 °C and 250 °C.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only to crystalline materials that are sufficiently stable in storage to met the requirements of a satisfactory standard sample as defined in Section 7.  
1.3 This test method is not directly applicable to opaque materials or to noncrystalline materials such as waxes, fats, and fatty acids.  
1.4 Review the current Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, handling, and safety precautions.  
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ASTM D6875-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Solidification Point of Industrial Organic Chemicals by Thermistor

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for process control during the manufacture of organic chemicals described in Section 1, for setting specifications, for development and research work, and to determine if contamination was introduced during shipment.
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1.1 This test method covers a general procedure for determining the solidification point of most organic chemicals having appreciable heats of fusion and solidification points between 4 °C and 41 °C.
Note 1: Other test methods for determining freeze point and solidification point of aromatic hydrocarbons include Test Methods D852, D1015, D1016, D3799, D4493, and D6269.  
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1.3 The following applies to all specified limits in this test method: for purposes of determining conformance with applicable specifications using this test method, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the “rounding-off method” of Practice E29.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 8, Hazards.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1547-09(2023)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Industrial and Specialty Chemicals

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1.1 This standard covers terminology relating to industrial and specialty chemicals. It is intended to provide an understanding of terms commonly used in test methods, practices, and specifications throughout the industry.  
Note 1: The boldface numbers following each definition refer to E15 standards in which the definition appears. Lightface numbers refer to the E15 subcommittee having jurisdiction.  
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Standard Test Methods for Determining Oxidation Induction Time of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Oxidative induction time is a relative measure of the degree of oxidative stability of the material evaluated at the isothermal temperature of the test. The presence, quantity or effectiveness of antioxidants may be determined by this method. The OIT values thus obtained may be compared from one hydrocarbon to another or to a reference material to obtain relative oxidative stability information.  
5.2 Typical uses include the oxidative stability of edible oils and fats (oxidative rancidity), lubricants, greases, and polyolefins.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe the determination of the oxidative properties of hydrocarbons by differential scanning calorimetry or pressure differential scanning calorimetry and is applicable to hydrocarbons that oxidize exothermically in their analyzed form.  
1.2 Test Method A—A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used at ambient pressure, for example, about 100 kPa of oxygen.  
1.3 Test Method B—A pressure DSC (PDSC) is used at high pressure, for example, 3.5 MPa (500 psig) oxygen.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Imperial units are provided for user convenience and are not the standard.  
1.5 These test methods are related to ISO 11357–6 but is different in technical content. These test methods are related to CEC L-85–T but includes additional experimental conditions.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.4 and 12.10.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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