ASTM E1354-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of the test material. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and smoke production. These properties are determined on small size specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use.
5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario. Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and X1.11.
5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.
FIG. 1 Overall View of Apparatus
Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres.
Note 2: * Indicates a critical dimension.
FIG. 2 Cross-Section View Through the Heater
Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres.
Note 2: * Indicates a critical dimension.
FIG. 3 Exploded View, Horizontal Orientation
FIG. 4 Exploded View, Vertical Orientation
FIG. 5 Exhaust System
Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres (not to scale).
FIG. 6 Horizontal Specimen Holder
Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres.
Note 2: * Indicates a critical dimension.
FIG. 7 Vertical Specimen Holder
Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres except where noted.
Note 2: * Indicates a critical dimension.
FIG. 8 Optional Wire Grid (For Horizontal or Vertical Orientation)
Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres.
FIG. 9 Gas Analyzer Instrumentation
Note 1: Rotameter is on outlet of the oxygen (O2) analyzer.
FIG. 10 Smoke Obscuration Measuring System
FIG. 11 Calibration Burner
Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres except where noted.
FIG. 12 Optional Retainer Frame for Horizontal Orientation Testing
Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres.
Note 2: * Indicates a critical dimension.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor.
1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development of materials and products.
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.
1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes in the range of 0 kW/m2 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The value of the initial test heat flux and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the relevant material or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions for vertical orientation testing; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only.
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, or development and research. Examples of material specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame un...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1354 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and
1
Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1354; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measuring
flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
radiant heating with or without an external ignitor.
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability,
actual fire conditions.
heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion,
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and visible smoke development of materials and products.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
The effective heat of combustion is determined from a con-
For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
comitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combi-
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-
nation with the heat release rate. Smoke development is
guards for personnel and property shall be employed in
measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product
conducting these tests.
stream.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
2 2
the range of 0 kW ⁄m to 100 kW/m . External ignition, when
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
used, shall be by electric spark. The value of the initial test heat
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
flux and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
relevant material or performance standard (see X1.2). The
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent
of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a
2. Referenced Documents
vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions for
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
vertical orientation testing; this is used for exploratory or
D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and
diagnostic studies only.
Coke
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design
E662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke
purposes, or development and research. Examples of material
Generated by Solid Materials
specimens include portions of an end-use product or the
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
various components used in the end-use product.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
E906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile
standard.
Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and
2
Combustion Products. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2023. Published April 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as E1354 – 22c. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E13
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1354 − 22c E1354 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and
1
Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1354; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant
heating with or without an external ignitor.
1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and
visible smoke development of materials and products.
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration
and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement
of specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured by obscuration of light by
the combustion product stream.
2 2
1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes in the range of 0 kW ⁄m to 100 kW/m . External ignition, when used,
shall be by electric spark. The value of the initial test heat flux and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the relevant
material or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the
end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions for vertical orientation
testing; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only.
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes,
or development and research. Examples of material specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components
used in the end-use product.
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and Combustion
Products.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2022March 1, 2023. Published December 2022April 2023. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as
E1354 – 22b.E1354 – 22c. DOI: 10.1520/E1354-22C.10.1520/E1354-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E1354 − 23
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these
tests.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
E662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials
E691
...
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