ASTM F1978-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray Coatings by Using the TaberTM Abraser
Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray Coatings by Using the Taber<sup>TM</sup> Abraser
SCOPE
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of metallic coatings produced by thermal spray processes on flat metallic surfaces. It is intended as a means of characterizing coatings used on surgical implants.
1.2 This test uses the TaberTM abraser, which generates a combination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coating surface. Wear is quantified as cumulative mass loss.
1.3 This test method is limited to flat, rigid specimens that do not react significantly with water and do not undergo a phase transformation or chemical reaction between room temperature and 100oC in air.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F 1978 – 99
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray
Coatings by Using the TaberY Abraser
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1978; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of 4.1 This test method uses a Tabery abraser with H-22
metallic coatings produced by thermal spray processes on flat Calibradey wheels and the 250-g mass of the abrading head
metallic surfaces. It is intended as a means of characterizing without added weights. Specimens are abraded repeatedly and
coatings used on surgical implants. cleaned ultrasonically for a set number of rotational cycles (2
1.2 This test uses the Tabery abraser, which generates a to 100 cycles). The specimens are weighed after each cleaning,
combination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coating and the mass loss is the measure of abrasive wear to the
surface. Wear is quantified as cumulative mass loss. specimen.
1.3 This test method is limited to flat, rigid specimens that
5. Significance and Use
do not react significantly with water and do not undergo a
5.1 This test method provides a means to evaluate the
phase transformation or chemical reaction between room
temperature and 100°C in air. resistance to particle shedding of a thermal sprayed coating.
Such particle shedding might occur during surgical insertion of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the an implant or as the result of micromotion of the implant after
surgical insertion.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applicable 5.2 This abrasion test method may be useful for quality
control analysis of a coating, and it can be used to evaluate the
regulatory limitations prior to use.
effects of processing variables, such as substrate preparation
2. Referenced Documents
prior to coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, or
2.1 ASTM Standards: post-coating treatments, any of which may influence the
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to susceptibility of the coating to particle shedding.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method 5.3 This abrasion test method is for flat plate shaped
specimens of a size sufficient that the wheels of the abrader do
3. Terminology
not leave the surface of the specimen. It is not recommended,
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: however, for devices with other shapes or sizes.
3.1.1 abraser, n—an instrument that is designed to deter-
6. Apparatus
mine the resistance of surfaces to composite rolling and
rubbing action. 6.1 Tabery Abraser Model 5150, or equivalent.
3.1.2 particle shedding, n—the loss of surface particles and 6.2 Two H-22 Tabery Calibradey Wheels, or equivalent,
fragments from a coating. with abrading head of 250-g mass and no added weights.
3.1.3 thermal spray coating, n—coating produced by spray- 6.3 Tabery Vacuum Unit, made by Shop-Vacy, 7.4 amps,
ing melted or softened powder or wire by means of combus- or equivalent.
tible gases, plasma, or two-wire arc. 6.4 Tabery Wheel Refacer Model 200 .
3.1.4 weight loss, n—amount of mass removed by the test 6.5 Ultrasonic Cleaning Unit, for cleaning specimens after
apparatus over the course of testing. abrading.
6.6 Drying Oven, capable of operation at 100°C 6 2°C, for
drying specimens.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-04 on Medical
6.7 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing specimens to
and Surgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F04.15 on Material Test Methods. an accuracy of 0.0001 g.
Current edition approved May 10, 1999. Published September 1999.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
7. Test Specimen
is Taber Industries, North Tonawanda, NY 14120 USA. If you are aware of
7.1 Abrasion test specimens shall be 10-cm (4-in.) squares
alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters. Your
comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
or 10-cm diameter circles of at least 0.16-cm (0.0625-in.)
technical committee, which you may attend.
thickness with a 0.64-cm (.25-in.) diameter hole through the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 1978
center to allow the specimen to fit on the pin of the Tabery cleaner with saline solution. This solution shall be changed to
abraser. For substrates other than titanium, consideration shall a fresh solution before the first cleaning done that day.
be given to the weight of the test specimen relative to the 8.2.2 Place the cleaned specimen in a 100°C oven for 10
capacity of the analytical balance. min to dry.
7.2 The coating shall be applied in a manner representative 8.2.3 Allow the specimen to cool to room temperature
of that used on the finished surgical implant. before weighing.
7.3 A minimum of six specimens for each coating shall be 8.2.4 Using the analytical balance, weigh the specimen no
prepared. fewer than three times, and record the average of these weight
7.4 One specimen, randomly selected, from each group of measurements on a data sheet.
six specimens shall be reserved to measure weight loss caused 8.2.5 Place the specimen on the Tabery abraser, coating
by ultrasonic cleaning. This specimen shall be called the side up and the turntable pin through the hole in the center of
“blank” specimen and shall be weighed, cleaned, and re- the specimen. Place the metal flange over the specimen, and
weighed for an equal number of times to the cleaning and secure the specimen and flange to the turntable with the screw
weighing of the abraded specimen. fastener. Lower the abrading heads gently so that abrading
wheels rest on the surface of the specimen. Lower the vacuum
8. Procedure
pick up after the abrading heads are resting on the coating
8.1 General Test Conditions:
surface.
8.1.1 Prepare a fresh cleaning solution for the ultrasonic
8.2.6 Set the Tabery abraser to reach the appropriate
cleaner by adding 0.1 6 0.005 g of reagent grade NaCl to each
number of cumulative cycles (2, 5, 10, or 100). With the
L of deionized water.
vacuum set at 100 % power, start the Tabery abraser in
8.1.2 Resurface the abrading wheels using Tabery Wheel
“vacuum only” mode. Let it run for no less than5sto allow
Refacer Model 200 for each new specimen. Check the radius of
vacuum to reach full power, then start the turntable rotation.
the wheel, it is essential that the diameter of the abrading
When the turntable rotation for that partial run is completed,
wheels not fall below the marked minimum level over the
turn the vacuum off.
course of the test. Should the wheel radius fall below the
8.2.7 Clean, dry, cool, and weigh the specimen as before
labeled mark, the test run shall be discarded and a new
(see 8.2.1-8.2.4).
spe
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