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ASTM E1781/E1781M-13

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors

Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2013
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1781-08 - Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Replaced By
ASTM E1781/E1781M-19 - Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
01-Jul-2019
Referred By
ASTM E2981-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Composite Overwraps in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013

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REDLINE ASTM E1781/E1781M-13 - Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission SensorsREDLINE ASTM E1781/E1781M-13 - Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1781/E1781M − 13
Standard Practice for
1
Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE1781/E1781M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E1106Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic
Emission Sensors
1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary
calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves
3. Terminology
of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work.
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology E1316, Section B,
The source producing the signal used for the calibration is
for terms used in this practice.
mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
undertesting(SUT).Rayleighwavesaredominantunderthese
3.2.1 reference sensor (RS)—a sensor that has had its
conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sen-
response established by primary calibration (also called sec-
sor’s sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the
ondary standard transducer) (see Method E1106).
sensorisdeterminedforexcitationwithintherangeof100kHz
to1MHz.Sensitivityvaluesareusuallydeterminedatfrequen-
3.2.2 secondary calibration—a procedure for measuring the
cies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration frequencyortransientresponseofanAEsensorbycomparison
are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity,
with an RS.
or acceleration).
3.2.3 test block—a block of homogeneous, isotropic, elastic
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- material on which a source, an RS, and a SUT are placed for
conducting secondary calibration.
poundunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.Thevaluesstatedin
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
4. Significance and Use
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of
with the standards.
calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary
calibration to other sensors.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. General Requirements
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 Units for Calibration—Secondary calibration produces
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. the same type of information regarding a sensor as does
primarycalibration(MethodE1106).AnAEsensorrespondsto
2. Referenced Documents
motion at its front face.The actual stress and strain at the front
2
face of a mounted sensor depends on the interaction between
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the mechanical impedance of the sensor (load) and that of the
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam
mounting block (driver); neither the stress nor the strain is
Contact Testing
amenable to direct measurement at this location. However, the
E494Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materi-
free displacement that would occur at the surface of the block
als
intheabsenceofthesensorcanbeinferredfrommeasurements
made elsewhere on the surface. Since AE sensors are used to
monitor motion at a free surface of a structure and interactive
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
effectsbetweenthesensorandthestructurearegenerallyofno
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on
Acoustic Emission Method.
interest, the free motion is the appropriate input variable. It is
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally
thereforerequiredthattheunitsofcalibrationshallbevoltsper
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1781-08. DOI:
unit of free displacement or free velocity, that is, volts per unit
10.1520/E1781_E1781M-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or or volt seconds per unit.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.2 The calibration results may be expressed, in the fre-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. quency domain, as the steady-state magnitude and phase
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

--------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1781 − 08 E1781/E1781M − 13
Standard Practice for
1
Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1781;E1781/E1781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary
calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The
source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing
(SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor’s sensitivity to
Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values
are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical
input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in
parentheses are for information only. stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing
E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials
E1106 Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology E1316, Section B, for terms used in this practice.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 reference sensor (RS)—a sensor that has had its response established by primary calibration (also called secondary
standard transducer) (see Method E1106).
3.2.2 secondary calibration—a procedure for measuring the frequency or transient response of an AE sensor by comparison
with an RS.
3.2.3 test block—a block of homogeneous, isotropic, elastic material on which a source, an RS, and a SUT are placed for
conducting secondary calibration.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary
calibration to other sensors.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Emission
Method.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2008June 1, 2013. Published January 2009June 2013. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 19982008 as
ε1
E1781 - 98E1781 - 08.(2003) . DOI: 10.1520/E1781-08.10.1520/E1781_E1781M-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1781/E1781M − 13
FIG. 1 Schematic of the Prototype Secondary Calibration Apparatus: A = a Capillary-Break Source, B = a 41 by 41 by 19-cm [16 by 16
by 7.5 in.] Steel Block, C = the RS, D = the SUT, and E = the Two-Channel Waveform Recorder System
5. General Requirements
5.1 Units for Calibration—Secondary calibration produces the same type of information regarding a sensor as does primary
calibration (Method E1106). An AE sensor responds to motion at its front face. The actual stress and strain at the front face of a
mounted sensor depends on the interaction between the mechanical impedance of the s
...

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Standard Practice for Resonance Testing Using the Impulse Excitation Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 IEM Applications and Capabilities—IEM has been successfully applied to a wide range of NDT applications in the manufacture, maintenance, and repair of metallic and non-metallic parts. Examples of anomalies detected are discussed in 1.1 and 6.2. IEM has been proven to provide fast, cost-effective, and accurate NDT solutions in nearly all manufacturing, maintenance, or repair modalities. Examples of the successful application focuses include, but are not limited to: sintered powder metals, castings, forgings, stampings, ceramics, glass, wood, weldments, heat treatment, composites, additive manufacturing, machined products, and brazed products.  
4.2 General Approach and Equipment Requirements for IEM:  
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FIG. 1 IEM Tabletop Testing System Using a Non-Instrumented Impactor
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for using the Impulse Excitation Method (IEM) to facilitate natural frequency measurement and detection of defects and material variations in metallic and non-metallic parts. This test method is also known as Impulse Excitation Technique (IET), Acoustic Resonance Testing (ART), ping testing, tap testing, and other names. IEM is listed as a Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) method. The method applies an impulse load to excite and then record resonance frequencies of a part. These recorded resonance frequencies are compared to a reference population or within subgroups/families of examples of the same part, or modeled frequencies, or both.  
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Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.  
4.2 The applied load (on the examination object) may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional), internal pressure and thermal gradients. It may be short to long, random or cyclic. The applied load may be controlled by the examiner or may already exist as part of the process. In either case the applied load is measured along with the AE activity.  
4.3 Possible applications include the determination of part integrity, quality control assessment of production processes on a sampled or 100 % inspection basis, in-process examination during a period of applied load of a fabrication process (for example, spot welding, bonding, soldering, pressing, etc.), proof-testing after fabrication, monitoring a “region of interest” (or concern) of a structure (for example, bridge joint or repair, vessel, pipe), and re–examination after intervals of service.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances.  
1.2 The guide assumes a typical AE examination as one where there is a controlled or measured stress acting upon the part being monitored by AE. Particular emphasis is placed on sensor and system selection, sensor placements, stressing considerations, noise reduction/rejection techniques, spatial filtering, location determination, use of guard sensors, collection of AE data, AE data analysis and report. The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an object under evaluation is withstanding the applied load.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines simple economical procedures for testing or comparing the performance of acoustic emission sensors. These procedures allow the user to check for degradation of a sensor or to select sets of sensors with nearly identical performances. The procedures are not capable of providing an absolute calibration of the sensor nor do they assure transferability of data sets between organizations.  
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Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Acoustic Emission data acquisition can be affected by numerous factors associated with the electronic instrumentation, cables, sensors, sensor holders, couplant, the examination article on which the sensor is mounted, background noise, and the user's settings of the acquisition parameters (for example, threshold).  
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Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
Note 1: The stated accuracy applies only if the transfer standard returns to quiescence, following the transient input, before any wave reflected from the boundary of the calibration block returns to the transfer standard (∼100 μs). For low frequencies with periods on the order of the time window, this condition is problematical to prove.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the absolute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The calibration yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves, at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to 1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic displacement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
5.7 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences.  
5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.9 Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of ultrasonic search units (also known as “probes”) that are used with ultrasonic testing instrumentation. This practice describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of ultrasonic search units.  
1.2 The procedures are designed to measure search units as individual components (separate from the ultrasonic test instrument) using commercial search unit characterization systems or using laboratory instruments such as signal generators, pulsers, amplifiers, digitizers, oscilloscopes, and waveform analyzers.  
1.3 The procedures are applicable to manufacturing acceptance and incoming inspection of new search units or to periodic performance evaluation of search units throughout their service life.  
1.4 The procedures in Annex A1 – Annex A6 are generally applicable to ultrasonic search units operating within the 0.4 to 10 MHz range. Annex A7 is applicable to higher frequency immersion search unit evaluation. Annex A8 describes a practice for measuring sound beam profiles in metals from contact straight-beam search units. Additional Annexes, such as sound beam profiling for angle-beam search units in metal and alternate means for search unit characterization, will be added when developed.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.  
4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage.  
4.3 This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E650/E650M-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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