ASTM C138/C138M-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
ABSTRACT
This test method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the unit weight, yield or relative yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials. The test method shall use the following apparatuses: balance or scale; tamping rod, which is a round straight steel rod having the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip; internal vibrator which may have rigid of flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric motors; measure, which is a cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal specified herein; strike-off plate; mallet; and scoop of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the measure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density (see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Unit weight was the previous terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C138/C138M − 23 American Association State
Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T121
Standard Test Method for
Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric)
1
of Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C138/C138M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density
(see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for
2. Referenced Documents
calculating the yield, cement content, and air content of the
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced
C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)
from a mixture of known quantities of the component materi-
and Voids in Aggregate
als.
C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Specimens in the Field
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
gregates
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
Concrete
with the standard.
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
NOTE 1—Unit weight was the previous terminology used to describe the C172/C172M Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Con-
property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.
crete
C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes
Concrete by the Volumetric Method
that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
C231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
as requirements of this standard.
Concrete by the Pressure Method
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C1758/C1758M Practice for Fabricating Test Specimens
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
with Self-Consolidating Concrete
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are
standard, refer to Terminology C125.
caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon
2
prolonged exposure. )
3.2 Symbols:
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
A = air content (percentage of voids) in the concrete
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3 3
C = actual cement content, kg/m [lb/yd ]
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
C = mass of cement in the batch, kg [lb]
b
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3 3
D = density (unit weight) of concrete, kg/m [lb/ft ]
M = total mass of all materials batched, kg [lb] (see Note 3)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
M = mass of the measure filled with concrete, kg [lb] or
c
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.60 on Testing Fresh Concrete.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2023. Published August 2023. Originally
3
approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C138/C138M – 17a. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/C0138_C0138M-23. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
See section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C138/C138M − 23
TABLE 1 Capacity of Measures
M = mass of the measure, kg [lb]
m
Nominal
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C138/C138M − 17a C138/C138M − 23 American Association State
Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T121
Standard Test Method for
Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric)
1
of Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C138/C138M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density (see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating
the yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of
known quantities of the component materials.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
NOTE 1—Unit weight was the previous terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.
1.3 The text of this test method references refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information.material. These notes
and footnotes (excluding those in tables) tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may
2
cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. )
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate
C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.60 on
Testing Fresh Concrete.
Current edition approved March 15, 2017Aug. 1, 2023. Published May 2017August 2023. Originally approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as
C138/C138M – 17.C138/C138M – 17a. DOI: 10.1520/C0138_C0138M-17A.10.1520/C0138_C0138M-23.
2
See section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C138/C138M − 23
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
C172/C172M Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
C231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
C1758/C1758M Practice for Fabricating Test Specimens with Self-Consolidating Concrete
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology C125.
3.2 Symbols:
A = air content (percentage of voids) in the concrete
3 3
C = actual cement content, kg/m [lb/yd ]
C = mass of cement in the batch, kg [lb]
b
3 3
...
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