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ASTM E1734-09

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings

Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory and consistent results. This practice is not intended for controlling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopic method may be used for detecting volumetric discontinuities and density variations that are within the sensitivity range of this practice. The dynamic aspects of radioscopy are useful for maximizing defect response.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of castings.
1.2 This practice applies only to radioscopic examination in which an image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for evaluation. Test part acceptance may be based on a static or dynamic image. The examination results may be recorded for later review. This practice does not apply to fully automated systems in which evaluation is performed automatically by a computer.
1.3 Due to the many complex geometries and part configurations inherent with castings, it is necessary to recognize the potential limitations associated with obtaining complete radioscopic coverage. Consideration shall be given to areas where geometry or part configuration does not allow for complete radioscopic coverage.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2009
ICS
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1734-04 - Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2009
Replaced By
ASTM E1734-15 - Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1647-16(2022) - Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology
Effective Date
01-Jul-2009

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1734 − 09
StandardPractice for
1
Radioscopic Examination of Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1734; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1000Guide for Radioscopy
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radio-
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
scopic examination of castings.
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
1.2 This practice applies only to radioscopic examination in
E1255Practice for Radioscopy
which an image is finally presented on a display screen
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
(monitor)forevaluation.Testpartacceptancemaybebasedon
E1411Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
a static or dynamic image. The examination results may be
E1453Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that
recorded for later review. This practice does not apply to fully
Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data
automatedsystemsinwhichevaluationisperformedautomati-
E1475Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of
cally by a computer.
Digital Radiological Examination Data
E1647Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Ra-
1.3 Due to the many complex geometries and part configu-
rations inherent with castings, it is necessary to recognize the diology
E1742Practice for Radiographic Examination
potential limitations associated with obtaining complete radio-
scopic coverage. Consideration shall be given to areas where E2002PracticeforDeterminingTotalImageUnsharpnessin
Radiology
geometry or part configuration does not allow for complete
3
radioscopic coverage.
2.2 ASNT Standards:
ASNT SNT-TC-1APersonnel Qualification and Certifica-
1.4 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
tion in Nondestructive Testing
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
ANSI/ASNT CP-189Personnel Qualification and Certifica-
information only.
tion in Nondestructive Testing
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.3 Military Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NAS-410NAS Certification and Qualification of Nonde-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4
structive Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applicable to this
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: practice may be found in Terminology E1316.
E94Guide for Radiographic Examination
4. Significance and Use
E543Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
Testing
4.1 Therequirementsinthispracticeareintendedtocontrol
E747Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
and consistent results. This practice is not intended for con-
Used for Radiology
trolling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopic
method may be used for detecting volumetric discontinuities
and density variations that are within the sensitivity range of
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
this practice.The dynamic aspects of radioscopy are useful for
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
maximizing defect response.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1734-04. DOI:
10.1520/E1734-09.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or AvailablefromTheAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. 1250 Eye
the ASTM website. Street N.W., Washington, DC 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1734 − 09
5. Basis of Application 6.2.4 Image Processing Subsystem—Where agreed upon
between the purchaser and the supplier, image processing
5.1 The following items shall be agreed upon between the
systems may be used for noise reduction through image
purchaser and the supplier:
integration or averaging, contrast enhancement, and othe
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1734–04 Designation:E1734–09
Standard Practice for
1
Radioscopic Examination of Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1734; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of castings.
1.2 This practice applies only to radioscopic examination in which an image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor)
forevaluation.Testpartacceptancemaybebasedonastaticordynamicimage.Theexaminationresultsmayberecordedforlater
review. This practice does not apply to fully automated systems in which evaluation is performed automatically by a computer.
1.3 Duetothemanycomplexgeometriesandpartconfigurationsinherentwithcastings,itisnecessarytorecognizethepotential
limitationsassociatedwithobtainingcompleteradioscopiccoverage.Considerationshallbegiventoareaswheregeometryorpart
configuration does not allow for complete radioscopic coverage.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values SI units given in bracketsparentheses
are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E543 PracticeSpecification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification ofWire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for
Radiology
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiology
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
E1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media Thatthat Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data
E1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Test Data Guide for Data Fields for
Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Examination Data
E1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology
E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
E2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness in Radiology
3
2.2 ASNT Standards:
ASNT SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
2.3 Military Standard:
4
NAS-410 NAS Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee)
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on NondestructiveTesting and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved FebruaryJuly 1, 2004.2009. Published March 2004.August 2009. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 19982004 as
E1734-98.E1734-04.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
4
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. 1250 Eye Street N.W., Washington, DC 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1734–09
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applicable to this practice may be found in Terminology E1316.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory and
consistentresults.Thispracticeisnotintendedforcontrollingtheacceptabilityofthecasting.Theradioscopicmethodmaybeused
for detecting volumetric discontinuities and density variations that are within the sensitivity range of this practice. The dynamic
aspects of radioscopy are usef
...

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4.1 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory and consistent results. This practice is not intended for controlling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopic method may be used for detecting volumetric discontinuities and density variations that are within the sensitivity range of this practice. The dynamic aspects of radioscopy are useful for maximizing defect response.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—Ultrasonic testing is a widely used nondestructive method for the examination of a material. The majority of ultrasonic examinations are performed using transducers that directly convert electrical energy into acoustic energy through the use of piezoelectric crystals. This guide describes an alternate technique in which electromagnetic energy is used to produce acoustic energy inside an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material. EMATs have unique characteristics when compared to conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic search units, making them a significant tool for some ultrasonic examination applications.  
4.2 Principle—An electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) generates and receives ultrasonic waves without the need to contact the material in which the acoustic waves are traveling. The use of an EMAT requires that the material to be examined be electrically conductive or ferromagnetic, or both. There are two basic components of an EMAT system, a magnet and a coil. The magnet may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet, which is used to produce a magnetic field in the material under test. The coil is driven using alternating current at the desired ultrasonic frequency. The coil and AC current also induce a surface magnetic field in the material under test. In the presence of the static magnetic field, the surface current experiences Lorentz forces that produce the desired ultrasonic waves. Upon reception of an ultrasonic wave, the surface of the conductor oscillates in the presence of a magnetic field, thus inducing a voltage in the coil. The transduction process occurs within an electromagnetic skin depth. The EMAT forms the basis for a very reproducible noncontact system for generating and detecting ultrasonic waves.  
4.3 Specific Advantages—Since an EMAT technique does not have to be in contact with the material under examination, no fluid couplant is required. Important consequences of this include applications to moving objects, in...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended primarily for tutorial purposes. It provides an overview of the general principles governing the operation and use of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for ultrasonic examination.  
1.2 This guide describes a non-contact technique for coupling ultrasonic energy into an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, through the use of electromagnetic fields. This guide describes the theory of operation and basic design considerations as well as the advantages and limitations of the technique.  
1.3 This guide is intended to serve as a general reference to assist in determining the usefulness of EMATs for a given application as well as provide fundamental information regarding their design and operation. This guide provides guidance for the generation of longitudinal, shear, Rayleigh, and Lamb wave modes using EMATs.  
1.4 This guide does not contain detailed procedures for the use of EMATs in any specific applications; nor does it promote the use of EMATs without thorough testing prior to their use for examination purposes. Some applications in which EMATs have been applied successfully are outlined in Section 9.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Co...

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ASTM
ASTM E215-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Standardizing Equipment and Electromagnetic Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The examination is performed by passing the tube lengthwise through or near an eddy current sensor energized with alternating current of one or more frequencies. The electrical impedance of the eddy current sensor is modified by the proximity of the tube. The extent of this modification is determined by the distance between the eddy current sensor and the tube, the dimensions, and electrical conductivity of the tube. The presence of metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the tube will alter the apparent impedance of the eddy current sensor. During passage of the tube, the changes in eddy current sensor characteristics caused by localized differences in the tube produce electrical signals which are amplified and modified to actuate either an audio or visual signaling device or a mechanical marker to indicate the position of discontinuities in the tube length. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the external or internal surface of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall.  
4.2 The depth of penetration of eddy currents in the tube wall is influenced by the conductivity (alloy) of the material being examined and the excitation frequency employed. As defined by the standard depth of penetration equation, the eddy current penetration depth is inversely related to conductivity and excitation frequency (Note 2). Beyond one standard depth of penetration (SDP), the capacity to detect discontinuities by eddy currents is reduced. Electromagnetic examination of seamless aluminum alloy tube is most effective when the wall thickness does not exceed the SDP or in heavier tube walls when discontinuities of interest are within one SDP. The limit for detecting metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities by way of conventional eddy current sensors is generally accepted to be approximately three times the SDP point and is referred to as the effective depth of penetration (EDP).
Note 2: The standard depth of penetratio...
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1.1 This practice2 is for standardizing eddy current equipment employed in the examination of seamless aluminum-alloy tube. Artificial discontinuities consisting of flat-bottomed or through holes, or both, are employed as the means of standardizing the eddy current system. General requirements for eddy current examination procedures are included.  
1.2 Procedures for fabrication of reference standards are given in X1.1 and X2.1.  
1.3 This practice is intended for the examination of tubular products having nominal diameters up to 4 in. (101.6 mm) and wall thicknesses up to the standard depth of penetration (SDP) of eddy currents for the particular alloy (conductivity) being examined and the examination frequency being used.  
Note 1: This practice may also be used for larger diameters or heavier walls up to the effective depth of penetration (EDP) of eddy currents as long as adequate resolution is obtained and as specified by the using party or parties.  
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. They must be established by the using party or parties.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3024/E3024M-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flux in the part.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for industrial applications. Refer to Practice E1444/E1444M for aerospace applications. Guide E709 may be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the Level III or the cognizant engineering organization, as applicable, and the supplier.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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