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ASTM D7879-13

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis

Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Longitudinal preparation is much quicker and less damaging than cross-sectional analysis and allows the fibers to be evaluated in their natural state.  
5.2 This test method provides measurement of a flax fiber specimen that uses less specimen preparation, produces consistent results, and minimal specimen modification. It has been shown that the median values of width correlate very well with the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA), an apparatus developed for measuring the value and distribution of wool fiber diameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method involves the measurement and analysis of two-dimensional projections of flax fibers using image analysis software in the longitudinal plane to determine the average and distribution of fiber widths.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2013
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.17 - Bast Fibers and Plants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7879-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Referred By
ASTM D6798-02(2018) - Standard Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013

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ASTM D7879-13 - Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image AnalysisASTM D7879-13 - Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis
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ASTM D7879-13 - Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7879 − 13
Standard Test Method for
1
Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7879; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope deviation, median, and numerical distribution of the fiber
widths are calculated.
1.1 Thistestmethodinvolvesthemeasurementandanalysis
of two-dimensional projections of flax fibers using image
5. Significance and Use
analysis software in the longitudinal plane to determine the
average and distribution of fiber widths.
5.1 Longitudinal preparation is much quicker and less
damaging than cross-sectional analysis and allows the fibers to
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
be evaluated in their natural state.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
5.2 This test method provides measurement of a flax fiber
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the specimen that uses less specimen preparation, produces con-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sistent results, and minimal specimen modification. It has been
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- shownthatthemedianvaluesofwidthcorrelateverywellwith
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA), an apparatus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. developed for measuring the value and distribution of wool
fiber diameters.
2. Referenced Documents
2
6. Interferences
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
6.1 Out of focus objects.
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
6.2 Real resolution of image capturing device impacts
D6798Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
measurements.
3. Terminology
6.3 Fingerprints, cracks, scratches, tape, dust and other
impurities (non-fibrous objects) on the glass slides can bias
3.1 Definitions:
measurement results.
3.1.1 For all terminology related to Flax and Linen see
Terminology D123.
6.4 Resultswillbeincorrectormisleadingiftheoperatorof
3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
the software has not properly set up the image capture
average fiber width (µm).
parameters.
3.1.1.2 For definitions of all other textile terms see Termi-
6.5 Image processing techniques employed to complete
nology D6798.
missing or incompletely developed fiber boundaries must be
4. Summary of Test Method used with caution as false boundaries may be created.
4.1 This test method involves the preparation of flax fibers
6.6 Vibrations or movement of the sample during image
for digital capture, the scanning of the fibers for analysis, and
capture can blur the image and must be minimized or elimi-
the calibration and standardization of the image processing. nated when using automatic image analysis.
From the image analysis, the arithmetic mean and its standard
6.7 Non-uniform illumination can influence feature detec-
tion and threshold using automatic image analyzers.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles 6.8 Operation of the equipment in a non-environmentally
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.17 on Flax and Linen.
controlled room may result in fiber shape deviations after
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. DOI: 10.1520/
initial fiber conditioning has occurred.
D7879-13
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
7. Apparatus
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 7.1 Fiber Preparation Apparatus:
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7879 − 13
7.1.1 Acoarsecomborotherdeviceusedtodistributefibers 10.1.3 Use a coarse comb or other device to distribute test
to create a single focal plane and better enable fiber edge specimen fibers on a flat surface thus creating a single focal
detection. plane and enabling better fiber edge detection.
NOTE 1—Excessive overlap of fibers reduces the possibility of observ- NOTE 5—Fine combs, multiple combings, or rigorous combing, or
ing all of the fibers in a single focal plane. combination thereof, can reduce fiber width measurements.
7.1.2 Two flat surfaces capable of compressing the sample 10.1.4 Use two flat surfaces capable of compressing and
securing the fiber specimen where at least one surface is
where at least one surface is optically transpa
...

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5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
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Note 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
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ASTM D1294-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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