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ASTM D7879-13(2018)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis

Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Longitudinal preparation is much quicker and less damaging than cross-sectional analysis and allows the fibers to be evaluated in their natural state.  
5.2 This test method provides measurement of a flax fiber specimen that uses less specimen preparation, produces consistent results, and minimal specimen modification. It has been shown that the median values of width correlate very well with the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA), an apparatus developed for measuring the value and distribution of wool fiber diameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method involves the measurement and analysis of two-dimensional projections of flax fibers using image analysis software in the longitudinal plane to determine the average and distribution of fiber widths.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2018
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.17 - Bast Fibers and Plants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7879-13 - Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Refers
ASTM D6798-02(2018) - Standard Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Refers
ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Refers
ASTM D6798-02(2013) - Standard Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Refers
ASTM D6798-02(2013)e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Refers
ASTM D6798-02(2013)e2 - Standard Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-13a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-13ae1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-May-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-12e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Refers
ASTM D123-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Refers
ASTM D123-09e2 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009

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ASTM D7879-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image AnalysisASTM D7879-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis
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ASTM D7879-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7879 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7879; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 Thistestmethodinvolvesthemeasurementandanalysis 4.1 This test method involves the preparation of flax fibers
of two-dimensional projections of flax fibers using image for digital capture, the scanning of the fibers for analysis, and
analysis software in the longitudinal plane to determine the the calibration and standardization of the image processing.
average and distribution of fiber widths. From the image analysis, the arithmetic mean and its standard
deviation, median, and numerical distribution of the fiber
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
widths are calculated.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
5. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 Longitudinal preparation is much quicker and less
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
damaging than cross-sectional analysis and allows the fibers to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
be evaluated in their natural state.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
5.2 This test method provides measurement of a flax fiber
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specimen that uses less specimen preparation, produces con-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
sistent results, and minimal specimen modification. It has been
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
shownthatthemedianvaluesofwidthcorrelateverywellwith
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA), an apparatus
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
developed for measuring the value and distribution of wool
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
fiber diameters.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
6. Interferences
2. Referenced Documents
6.1 Out of focus objects.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
6.2 Real resolution of image capturing device impacts
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
measurements.
D6798Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
6.3 Fingerprints, cracks, scratches, tape, dust and other
impurities (non-fibrous objects) on the glass slides can bias
3. Terminology
measurement results.
3.1 Definitions:
6.4 Resultswillbeincorrectormisleadingiftheoperatorof
3.1.1 For all terminology related to Flax and Linen see
the software has not properly set up the image capture
Terminology D123.
parameters.
3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
6.5 Image processing techniques employed to complete
average fiber width (µm).
3.1.1.2 For definitions of all other textile terms see Termi- missing or incompletely developed fiber boundaries must be
used with caution as false boundaries may be created.
nology D6798.
6.6 Vibrations or movement of the sample during image
capture can blur the image and must be minimized or elimi-
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
nated when using automatic image analysis.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.17 on Flax and Linen.
Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originally
6.7 Non-uniform illumination can influence feature detec-
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7879–13. DOI:
tion and threshold using automatic image analyzers.
10.1520/D7879-18
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.8 Operation of the equipment in a non-environmentally
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
controlled room may result in fiber shape deviations after
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. initial fiber conditioning has occurred.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7879 − 13 (2018)
7. Apparatus 10.1.2 Take the test specimen fibers by random sampling
from the laboratory sample.
7.1 Fiber Preparation Apparatus:
10.1.3 Use a coarse comb or other device to distribute test
7.1.1 Acoarsecomborotherdeviceusedtodistributefibers
specimen fibers on a flat surface thus creating a single focal
to create a single focal plane and better enable fiber edge
plane and enabling better fiber edge detection.
detection.
NOTE 5—Fine combs, multiple combings, or rigorous combing, or
NOTE 1—Excessive overlap of fibers reduces the possibility of observ-
combination thereof, can reduce fiber width measurements.
ing all of the fibers in a single focal plane.
10.1.4 Use two flat surfaces capable of compressing and
7.1.2 Two flat surfaces capable of compressing the sample
securing the fiber specimen where at least one surface is
where at least one surface is optically transparent.
optically transparent to create a uniform focal plane.
NOTE 2—The purpose of the flat and compressive surfaces is to create
a uniform focal plane to capture a majority of fibers in one focal plane.
11. Preparation of Apparatus
7.2 Image Capture Hardware:
11.1 Follow manufacturer’s guidelines.
7.2.1 The hardware device must capture an image with a
12. Calibration and Standardization
real optical resolution of at least 4000 dpi (1 dot = 6.35 µm).
Thehardwaredevicemustbeabletoprovideadigitalimagein
12.1 The system must be calibrated for accurate fiber width
a RAW format for storage and analysis.
measurement.
12.1.1 The scanner and software must be periodically cali-
NOTE 3—Stated resolution does not necessarily correspond to the real
optical resolution. brated according to manufacturer’s recommendations using
images of known dimensions (for example, NIST traceable
7.2.2 The apparatus must be able to creat
...

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5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.  
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ASTM D1294-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

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5.4 The basic differences between the procedures employed in this test method and those of Test Method D2524 are in the gage lengths employed and the methods of clamping. In Test Method D2524, specific clamps are required whereas in Test Method D1294, any conventional clamps may be used. Results for breaking load determined by Test Method D2524 average 30 % higher than ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.  
Note 1: For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
Note 2: This test method can be used for other fibers that lend themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating breaking tenacity.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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