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ASTM D5918-13e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils (Withdrawn 2022)

Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils (Withdrawn 2022)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods can be used to determine the relative frost-susceptibility of soils used in pavement systems. Both the frost heave susceptibility and the thaw weakening susceptibility can be determined.  
5.2 These test methods should be used only for seasonal frost conditions and not for permanent or long-term freezing of soil. These test methods also have not been validated for anything other than pavement systems.  
5.3 These test methods cannot be used to predict the amount of frost heave or thaw weakening in the field. Its purpose is to determine the relative frost-susceptibility classification for use in empirical pavement design methods for seasonal frost regions.  
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These laboratory test methods cover the frost heave and thaw weakening susceptibilities of soil that is tested in the laboratory by comparing the heave rate and thawed bearing ratio2 with values in an established classification system. This test was developed to classify the frost susceptibility of soils used in pavements. It should be used for soils where frost-susceptibility considerations, based on particle size such as the limit of 3 % finer than 20 mm in Specification D2940, are uncertain. This is most important for frost-susceptibility criteria such as those used by the Corps of Engineers,3 that require a freezing test for aggregates of inconclusive frost classification. The frost heave susceptibility is determined from the heave rate during freezing. The thaw weakening susceptibility is determined with the bearing ratio test (see Test Method D1883).  
1.2 This is an index test for estimating the relative degree of frost-susceptibility of soils used in pavement systems. It cannot be used to predict the amount of frost heave nor the strength after thawing, nor can it be used for applications involving long-term freezing of permafrost or for foundations of refrigerated structures.  
1.3 The test methods described are for one specimen and uses manual temperature control. It is suggested that four specimens be tested simultaneously and that the temperature control and data taking be automated using a computer.  
1.4 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4.2 Measurements made to more significant digits or better sensitivity than specified in this standard shall not be regarded a nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) repr...

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Jan-2013
Withdrawal Date
14-Apr-2022
ICS
13.080.01 - Soil quality and pedology in general
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.19 - Frozen Soils and Rock
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D5918-13e1 - Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils (Withdrawn 2022)ASTM D5918-13e1 - Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils (Withdrawn 2022)
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ASTM D5918-13e1 - Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils (Withdrawn 2022)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D5918 − 13
Standard Test Methods for
1
Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5918; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially updated units of measurement statement in April 2018.
1. Scope* 1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
1.1 These laboratory test methods cover the frost heave and
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
thaw weakening susceptibilities of soil that is tested in the
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
laboratory by comparing the heave rate and thawed bearing
2 dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
ratio with values in an established classification system. This
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
test was developed to classify the frost susceptibility of soils
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
used in pavements. It should be used for soils where frost-
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
susceptibility considerations, based on particle size such as the
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
limit of 3% finer than 20 mm in Specification D2940, are
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
uncertain. This is most important for frost-susceptibility crite-
3 methods for engineering design.
ria such as those used by the Corps of Engineers, that require
1.4.2 Measurements made to more significant digits or
a freezing test for aggregates of inconclusive frost classifica-
better sensitivity than specified in this standard shall not be
tion. The frost heave susceptibility is determined from the
regarded a nonconformance with this standard.
heave rate during freezing. The thaw weakening susceptibility
is determined with the bearing ratio test (see Test Method
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D1883).
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
providedforinformationonlyandarenotconsideredstandard.
1.2 Thisisanindextestforestimatingtherelativedegreeof
frost-susceptibilityofsoilsusedinpavementsystems.Itcannot
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
be used to predict the amount of frost heave nor the strength when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
after thawing, nor can it be used for applications involving
(lbf)representsaunitofforce(weight),whiletheunitformass
long-term freezing of permafrost or for foundations of refrig- isslugs.Therationalizedslugunitisnotgiven,unlessdynamic
erated structures.
(F=ma) calculations are involved.
1.5.2 It is common practice in the engineering/ construction
1.3 The test methods described are for one specimen and
profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
uses manual temperature control. It is suggested that four
of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two
specimens be tested simultaneously and that the temperature
separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the
control and data taking be automated using a computer.
gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine
1.4 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the
theuseoftwoseparatesetsofinch-poundunitswithinasingle
guideforsignificantdigitsandroundingestablishedinPractice
standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational
D6026.
system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug
unitformass.However,theuseofbalancesorscalesrecording
3
pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft shall not
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoil
be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
andRockandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.19onFrozenSoils
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and Rock.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013. Published March 2013. Originally
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D5918 – 06. DOI:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
10.1520/D5918-13E01.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
2
Sometimes called California Bearing Ratio (CBR).
3
The Army Corps of Engineers uses a frost susceptibility classification proce- mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
dure(TM5-818-2)basedonparticlesizecriteriaandtheUnifiedSoilClassification
1.7 This interna
...

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1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
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5.1 Test methods A and B are used to estimate the permanganate natural oxidant demand exerted by the soil or aquifer solids by determining the quantity of potassium permanganate that is consumed by naturally occurring species as a function of time. Test Method C is used to estimate the permanganate total oxidant demand exerted by soil, aquifer solids, chemical contaminants or any other reduced species by determining the quantity of potassium permanganate that is consumed by all components of the bulk aquifer as a function of time. Typically, the measurement of oxidant demand is used to screen potential sites for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) with permanganate (Test Methods A and C) and provide information to aid in the design of remediation systems (Test Methods B and C).  
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1.1 These test methods cover the estimation of the permanganate natural oxidant demand (PNOD) through the determination of the quantity of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) that organic matter and other naturally occurring oxidizable species present in soil or aquifer solids will consume under specified conditions as a function of time. Oxidizable species may include organic constituents and oxidizable inorganic ions, such as ferrous iron and sulfides. The following test methods are included:
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1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuring in-place bulk density of soil and soil-aggregate using nuclear equipment with radioactive sources (hereafter referred to simply as “gauges.”) These gauges are distinct from those described in Test Method D6938 insofar as:  
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1.1.2 These gauges have photon yields sufficiently low as to require the inclusion of background radiation effects on the response during normal operation.
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Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids

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3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as the correct ones for terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of these terms have been placed in this standard.  
3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differ slightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions in this terminology standard are to be regarded as correct for ASTM usage.  
3.3 See Appendix X1 for References.  
3.4 Definitions marked with (ISRM) are included for the convenience of the user and were taken directly from the International Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3).  
3.5 A number of the definitions include symbols. The symbols appear in italics immediately after the name of the term.  
3.5.1 No significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are given for an individual term.  
3.5.2 The symbols presented are examples; therefore, other symbols are acceptable.  
3.5.3 See Appendix X2 for ISRM Symbols.  
3.6 A number of definitions indicate the units of measurements in brackets and which follow the symbol(s) if given. The applicable units are indicated by italic capital letters, as follows:
D—Dimensionless
F—Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton
L—Length, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter4
M—Mass, such as kilogram, gram
T—Time, such as second, minute  
3.6.1 Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”  
3.6.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for example:
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SCOPE
1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in the Terminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil, rock, and contained fluids found in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are contained in Terminology D7099.  
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1.2 There are three main elements the ECPs must have the ability to perform: 1. Absorb the impact force of raindrops, thereby reducing soil particle loosening and detachment through “splash” mechanisms; 2. Slow runoff and encourage infiltration, thereby reducing soil particle displacement and transport through “overland flow” mechanisms; and 3. Trap soil particles beneath the ECP. When comparing data from different ECPs under consideration, it is important to keep the test conditions the same for the ECPs being evaluated, for example, the rainfall intensity rate and the slope.  
1.3 The results of this test method can be used to evaluate performance and acceptability, and can be used to compare the effectiveness of different ECPs. This method provides a comparative evaluation of an ECP to baseline bare soil conditions under controlled and documented conditions. This test method can provide information about a product that is under consideration for a specific application where no performance information currently exists.  
1.4 This test method covers the use of three different soil types, ECP installation: sprayed, rolled, or dry applied, and a runoff collection procedure. This test is typically performed indoors, but may be performed outside as long as certain requirements are met. Partially enclosed facilities are acceptable providing the environmental conditions are met.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In the system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the units for mass is slugs. The slug unit is n...

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ASTM
ASTM D653-21b(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as the correct ones for terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of these terms have been placed in this standard.  
3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differ slightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions in this terminology standard are to be regarded as correct for ASTM usage.  
3.3 See Appendix X1 for References.  
3.4 Definitions marked with (ISRM) are included for the convenience of the user and were taken directly from the International Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3).  
3.5 A number of the definitions include symbols. The symbols appear in italics immediately after the name of the term.  
3.5.1 No significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are given for an individual term.  
3.5.2 The symbols presented are examples; therefore, other symbols are acceptable.  
3.5.3 See Appendix X2 for ISRM Symbols.  
3.6 A number of definitions indicate the units of measurements in brackets and which follow the symbol(s) if given. The applicable units are indicated by italic capital letters, as follows:
D—Dimensionless
F—Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton
L—Length, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter4
M—Mass, such as kilogram, gram
T—Time, such as second, minute  
3.6.1 Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”  
3.6.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for example:
FL−2—may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.
LT−1—may be expressed in feet per minu...
SCOPE
1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in the Terminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil, rock, and contained fluids found in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are contained in Terminology D7099.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D653-21a(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as the correct ones for terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of these terms have been placed in this standard.  
3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differ slightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions in this terminology standard are to be regarded as correct for ASTM usage.  
3.3 See Appendix X1 for References.  
3.4 Definitions marked with (ISRM) are included for the convenience of the user and were taken directly from the International Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3).  
3.5 A number of the definitions include symbols. The symbols appear in italics immediately after the name of the term.  
3.5.1 No significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are given for an individual term.  
3.5.2 The symbols presented are examples; therefore, other symbols are acceptable.  
3.5.3 See Appendix X2 for ISRM Symbols.  
3.6 A number of definitions indicate the units of measurements in brackets and which follow the symbol(s) if given. The applicable units are indicated by italic capital letters, as follows:
D—Dimensionless
F—Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton
L—Length, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter4
M—Mass, such as kilogram, gram
T—Time, such as second, minute  
3.6.1 Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”  
3.6.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for example:
FL−2—may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.
LT−1—may be expressed in feet per minu...
SCOPE
1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in the Terminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil, rock, and contained fluids found in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are contained in Terminology D7099.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D653-21(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as the correct ones for terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of these terms have been placed in this standard.  
3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differ slightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions in this terminology standard are to be regarded as correct for ASTM usage.  
3.3 See Appendix X1 for References.  
3.4 Definitions marked with (ISRM) are included for the convenience of the user and were taken directly from the International Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3).  
3.5 A number of the definitions include symbols. The symbols appear in italics immediately after the name of the term.  
3.5.1 No significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are given for an individual term.  
3.5.2 The symbols presented are examples; therefore, other symbols are acceptable.  
3.5.3 See Appendix X2 for ISRM Symbols.  
3.6 A number of definitions indicate the units of measurements in brackets and which follow the symbol(s) if given. The applicable units are indicated by italic capital letters, as follows:
D—Dimensionless
F—Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton
L—Length, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter4
M—Mass, such as kilogram, gram
T—Time, such as second, minute  
3.6.1 Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”  
3.6.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for example:
FL−2—may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.
LT−1—may be expressed in feet per minu...
SCOPE
1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in the Terminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil, rock, and contained fluids found in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are contained in Terminology D7099.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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