ASTM C448-88(2016)

Standard Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Porcelain Enamels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When a porcelain enamel is first subjected to abrasion of the type involved in these tests, the rate of wear or attrition is relatively low. As the enamel is subjected to continued abrasion, the rate of wear increases until it reaches a steady value. Thereafter, the rate of wear remains almost constant until the enamel is penetrated and the underlying ground coat or metal exposed. The abrasion that occurs during the period of increasing rate-of-weight loss is defined as surface abrasion and results in reduced gloss and cleanability with high-gloss enamels and a modification of color, appearance, or surface texture, or combination thereof with low-gloss enamels. The abrasion that occurs during the period of steady rate-of-weight loss is defined as subsurface abrasion and results in the destruction of the continuity of the coating. These two types of abrasion are not necessarily proportional, and since it is desirable to be able to determine the resistance of porcelain enamel to both types of abrasion, it is necessary to deal with each one separately.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the resistance of porcelain enamels to surface abrasion and subsurface abrasion.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2016
• ICS: 25.220.50 - Enamels
• Technical Committee: B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
• Drafting Committee: B08.12 - Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C448 − 88 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Abrasion Resistance of Porcelain Enamels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thistestisameansofquantifyingtheabrasionresistanceofporcelainenamelsthroughsteady-state
subsurfaceabrasivewearwithstainlesssteelballbearings.Achangeinglossorweightlossisreported
that can, through further evaluation, be correlated to the service life of the enameled ware.
1. Scope consists of determining the weight loss by a specified abrasive
treatment and multiplying this weight loss by an adjustment
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverdeterminationoftheresistance
factor associated with each abrasive tester, lot of abrasive, and
of porcelain enamels to surface abrasion and subsurface
lot of calibrated plate glass standards used. The adjusted
abrasion.
weight loss is taken as an index of resistance to surface
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
abrasion.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.3 The third test is intended for the determination of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
resistance of porcelain enamels to subsurface abrasion. It
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
consists of determining the slope of the linear portion of the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
abrasion time-weight loss curve and multiplying by an adjust-
ment factor associated with each abrasion tester, lot of
2. Referenced Documents
abrasive, and lot of calibrated plate glass standards used. The
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
adjusted slope is taken as an index of resistance to subsurface
C346Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic
abrasion.
Materials
4. Significance and Use
3. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 Whenaporcelainenamelisfirstsubjectedtoabrasionof
3.1 The first of the tests described herein is intended for the
the type involved in these tests, the rate of wear or attrition is
determinationoftheresistancetosurfaceabrasionofporcelain
relatively low. As the enamel is subjected to continued
enamels for which the unabraded 45° specular gloss is more
abrasion, the rate of wear increases until it reaches a steady
than 30 gloss units. It consists essentially of measuring the
value. Thereafter, the rate of wear remains almost constant
specular gloss of the specimens before and after a specified
until the enamel is penetrated and the underlying ground coat
abrasive treatment of the surface, and taking the percentage of
ormetalexposed.Theabrasionthatoccursduringtheperiodof
theoriginalspecularglossthatisretainedaftertreatmentasthe
increasing rate-of-weight loss is defined as surface abrasion
surface abrasion index.
and results in reduced gloss and cleanability with high-gloss
enamels and a modification of color, appearance, or surface
3.2 The second test is intended for the determination of the
resistance to surface abrasion of porcelain enamels for which texture, or combination thereof with low-gloss enamels. The
abrasion that occurs during the period of steady rate-of-weight
the unabraded 45° specular gloss is 30 gloss units or less. It
loss is defined as subsurface abrasion and results in the
destruction of the continuity of the coating.These two types of
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on
abrasion are not necessarily proportional, and since it is
Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
desirable to be able to determine the resistance of porcelain
B08.12 on Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems.
enamel to both types of abrasion, it is necessary to deal with
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally
each one separately.
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C448–88 (2011).
DOI: 10.1520/C0448-88R16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 5. Apparatus
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1 Balance, having a capacity of approximately 200 g and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. accurate to 0.0001 g.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C448 − 88 (2016)
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5.2 Alloy Balls —Rust-resisting alloy balls of the type used when tested for surface abrasion in accordance with the
5
forbearings, ⁄32in.(
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: C448 − 88 (Reapproved 2011) C448 − 88 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Abrasion Resistance of Porcelain Enamels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Test Method was corrected editorially in 2011
INTRODUCTION
This test is a means of quantifying the abrasion resistance of porcelain enamels through steady-state
subsurface abrasive wear with stainless steel ball bearings. A change in gloss or weight loss is reported
that can, through further evaluation, be correlated to the service life of the enameled ware.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the resistance of porcelain enamels to surface abrasion and subsurface abrasion.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic Materials
3. Summary of Test Methods
3.1 The first of the tests described herein is intended for the determination of the resistance to surface abrasion of porcelain
enamels for which the unabraded 45° specular gloss is more than 30 gloss units. It consists essentially of measuring the specular
gloss of the specimens before and after a specified abrasive treatment of the surface, and taking the percentage of the original
specular gloss that is retained after treatment as the surface abrasion index.
3.2 The second test is intended for the determination of the resistance to surface abrasion of porcelain enamels for which the
unabraded 45° specular gloss is 30 gloss units or less. It consists of determining the weight loss by a specified abrasive treatment
and multiplying this weight loss by an adjustment factor associated with each abrasive tester, lot of abrasive, and lot of calibrated
plate glass standards used. The adjusted weight loss is taken as an index of resistance to surface abrasion.
3.3 The third test is intended for the determination of the resistance of porcelain enamels to subsurface abrasion. It consists of
determining the slope of the linear portion of the abrasion time-weight loss curve and multiplying by an adjustment factor
associated with each abrasion tester, lot of abrasive, and lot of calibrated plate glass standards used. The adjusted slope is taken
as an index of resistance to subsurface abrasion.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 When a porcelain enamel is first subjected to abrasion of the type involved in these tests, the rate of wear or attrition is
relatively low. As the enamel is subjected to continued abrasion, the rate of wear increases until it reaches a steady value.
Thereafter, the rate of wear remains almost constant until the enamel is penetrated and the underlying ground coat or metal
exposed. The abrasion that occurs during the period of increasing rate-of-weight loss is defined as surface abrasion and results in
reduced gloss and cleanability with high-gloss enamels and a modification of color, appearance, or surface texture, or combination
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.12
on Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems.
Current edition approved April 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2016. Published April 2011November 2016. Originally approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
C448 – 88 (2006).(2011). DOI: 10.1520/C0448-88R11E01.10.1520/C0448-88R16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C448 − 88 (2016)
thereof with low-gloss enamels. The abrasion that occurs during the period of steady rate-of-weight loss is defined as subsurface
abrasion and results in the destruc
...