B08.12 - Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The widespread use of glassed-steel equipment in highly corrosive chemical processes has made it necessary to detect weak spots in the coating and repair them before catastrophic failure occurs in service. This test is intended to detect discontinuities and thin areas in a glass coating on metal to ensure that the coating is defect free and has sufficient thickness to withstand the prescribed service conditions. A test voltage may be selected at any desired value up to 20k V, thus making the test applicable to a wide range of thickness requirements. When, because of bubbles or defects, the thickness of glass at any spot is less than enough to withstand the applied voltage, a puncture results with an accompanying indication of a defect. Remedial action is then required to repair the defect before the equipment can be used for corrosive service. (When such defects are found before the equipment leaves the manufacturer's plant another application of glass can usually be applied and fired to become an integral part of the coating.)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the reliability of glass coating on metal and is intended for use by manufacturers of equipment that is designed to withstand highly corrosive conditions where a failure of the coating in service would cause extreme damage to the exposed metal. Its use outside the manufacturer's plant is discouraged because improper or indiscriminate testing can cause punctures that are difficult to repair without returning the equipment to the manufacturer's plant. This test method detects not only existing discontinuities in the glass coating, but also areas where the glass may be thin enough to be likely to result in premature failure in service.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed to detect existing discontinuities in the glass coating of glassed steel equipment while maintaining a voltage low enough as to be unlikely to cause breakdown of the coating. The test is adaptable for manufacturing inspection in the processing of equipment and for field use to find existing defects which can be “plugged” or repaired before serious damage is done to the equipment. As a means of positive detection, it is applicable to process studies, quality control, or specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the detection of discontinuities in the glass coating of glassed steel equipment where such discontinuities would result in early failure due to the attack of the chemical contents of the vessel on the metal substrate. It is applicable to (1) provide a manufacturing and inspection test of glassed-steel equipment designed for relatively mild, low-temperature corrosive service, and (2) the field testing of similar equipment used in more severely corrosive environment.
Note 1: A manufacturing test method for the latter type of equipment is described in Test Method C537.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the resistance of porcelain-enameled utensils to thermal shock. A hot plate, timing device, container, and sponge shall be used. The surface temperature of the hot plate, determined by any suitable surface temperature measuring device, may be varied by changing the wattage input to the hot plate. If the hot plate surface temperature be calibrated to wattage input, the desired temperature may then be set by adjusting wattage input. The wattage input or similar calibration shall be made for each surface temperature. In preparation for the test, the hot plate shall be leveled and the surface temperature shall be adjusted to a certain level. Quenching water shall be placed in a large container and its temperature shall be adjusted to a certain level. The amount of water required to fill a test utensil to a certain depth shall be measured. A dry utensil shall be centered directly on the preheated hot plate. After a certain time, the utensil shall be removed from the hot plate and the utensil immediately shall be filled to some depth with quenching water. After a few seconds, the quenching water shall be poured out and the inside of the utensil shall be wiped with a wrung-out damp sponge. After some time, the utensil on the hot plate shall be replaced. Immediately after centering the utensil on the hot plate, the input to the hot plate shall be adjusted so that the hot plate surface temperature will reach a certain level. The utensil shall be allowed to heat dry for a few minutes with the hot plate adjusted so the new surface temperature will be reached. After a certain heating period, the utensil shall be removed. This procedure shall be repeated according to the schedule given. The test shall be continued until the utensil fails or has withstood quenching after a certain heating temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of porcelain-enameled utensils to thermal shock. This test method is adaptable to any porcelain-enamel utensil that can be filled with water to a depth of 1 in. (25 mm).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for testing the porcelain enamel finish on oven parts of self-cleaning ranges.  
4.2 The numerical values and visual evaluation derived by this test method are used to measure differences in heat resistant characteristics between enamel formulas intended to meet oven manufacturer specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of static heat effects on porcelain enamel coatings.  
1.2 This test method is adaptable to various temperatures and times, since the requirements in the porcelain enameling industry differ between manufacturers.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 These definitions pertain to the terminology used in the porcelain enamel and ceramic-coated metal industries.  
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are peculiar to these industries.  
1.3 Hyphenated words, double words, or phrases are listed alphabetically under the first word; additional important words are cross-referenced.  
1.4 When a word or phrase, listed as a synonym, is not separately defined, the defined word or phrase is the accepted or preferred form.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This classification covers water used in the milling of porcelain enamel frit. Three classes of water are covered: For porcelain enamel frits, Class A water should cause no difficulties in the production of a high quality finish. Class B water may be used by slight compensations in processing. Mill addition water falling into Class C should be treated before use in order to preclude faulty enamel production. For analysis, the following elements and properties shall be determined: sampling, bicarbonate, calcium & magnesium, chloride, hardness, iron, manganese, pH, sulfate, and total solids.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers water used in the milling of porcelain enamel frit.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The measurement of adherence in porcelain enamel systems, such as ground coat, ground coat/cover coat, and direct-on cover-coat enamels, is an important procedure for monitoring process variables in metal preparation, enamel application thickness, steel selection, and enamel selection, as well as assuring the ultimate quality of the finished product.
SCOPE
1.1 The scope of this test method is:  
1.1.1 To determine quantitatively the amount of enamel remaining after the porcelain enamel coating specimen has been deformed;  
1.1.2 To standardize the deformation parameters for testing adherence of porcelain enamel to sheet metal; and,  
1.1.3 To provide a quantitative adherence rating scale for comparison to reference standards.  
1.2 This adherence test method is applicable to porcelain enamel coatings on substrates from 18 to 24 gauge (0.0478 to 0.025 in. or from 1.214 to 0.654 mm).  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is recommended for quality control, acceptance testing; or it may help to develop or qualify a thermal spray operator's equipment and procedure or to aid in developing thermal spray coatings with improved adhesion and integrity.  
3.2 This test method is useful for comparing adhesion or cohesion strengths of coatings of similar types of thermal spray materials. The test should not be considered to provide an intrinsic value for direct use in making calculations, such as to determine if a coating will withstand specific environmental stresses. Because of residual stresses in thermal spray coatings, actual strength depends upon the shape of the particular coated part. Also, in use, a coating may be stressed in a more complex manner than is practical for a standard test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the degree of adhesion (bonding strength) of a coating to a substrate or the cohesion strength of the coating in a tension normal to the surface. The test consists of coating one face of a substrate fixture, bonding this coating to the face of a loading fixture, and subjecting this assembly of coating and fixtures to a tensile load normal to the plane of the coating. It is adapted particularly for testing coatings applied by thermal spray, which is defined to include the combustion flame, plasma arc, two-wire arc, high-velocity oxygen fuel, and detonation processes for spraying feedstock, which may be in the form of, wire, rod, or powder.
Note 1: Thermal spray coating materials include ceramics, such as metal oxides or carbides, and metals. In some cases, a coating is formed of different spray materials, such as an oxide layer sprayed onto a sprayed metal-bonding layer. The substrate generally is a metal, but may be a ceramic, such as an oxide or graphite.  
1.2 Usually this test method is performed at ambient temperature. Higher temperature testing is restricted by the need for a suitable adhesive bonding agent. For certain fundamental investigations, it is suggested that very low (cryogenic) temperature be used.  
1.3 This test method is limited to testing thermal spray coatings that can be applied in thickness greater than 0.015 in. (0.38 mm). The limitation is imposed because an adhesive bonding agent is used in the test. Those bonding agents established so far for this method tend to penetrate thermal spray coatings and may invalidate results unless the coatings are thick enough to prevent penetration through the coating. Further development may establish that thin layers of certain types of especially dense coatings may be tested satisfactorily. Alternatively, new adhesive bonding agents that would allow reduction of the minimum thickness limitation may become available.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Test Method A provides the producers of porcelain enameled utensils with a quality control method of testing for resistance to boiling acid for parts randomly selected from the production line.  
2.2 Test Method B provides the supplier of porcelain enamel raw materials with a laboratory method for testing the resistance of different coatings (intended for use on utensils) to boiling acid.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the resistance of porcelain enamel coatings used on utensils to attack by boiling acid.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test indicate whether or not a sheet steel will cause reboiling under one given set of enameling conditions and enable the enamel processor to establish a possible source of imperfections in the finished coating.  
5.2 This test method is normally used to test samples from lots, coils, or lifts of sheet steel which for some reason, production problems, defects evident on enameled parts, or production experience are suspected of causing defects in enameled ware which have the appearance of reboiling. It is often used to establish whether a problem exists with the bare steel or other factors such as the porcelain enamel, processing contamination, and so forth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of whether a sheet steel for porcelain enameling will reboil under a given set of worse case conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 It is difficult to overemphasize the importance of the spall test. Porcelain enameled aluminum that fails this test will probably spall in service if subjected to moisture or weathering.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover accelerated determination of the resistance of porcelain enamel coatings on aluminum alloys to spalling from exposure to moisture or weathering. Test Method A,2 using a 5 % solution of ammonium chloride, requires 96-h immersion while Test Method B,3 using a 1 % solution of antimony trichloride, is completed after 20 h of immersion. The spalling tendency is evaluated by the same criteria in both methods. While either method is suitable for magnesium silicon alloys, such as 6061, Test Method B is preferred for simple alloys or commercially pure aluminum, such as 1100.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Ammonium Chloride  
4 – 9  
Test Method B—Antimony Trichloride  
10 – 15  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the manufacture of porcelain enameled ware, sheet steel is subjected to forming operations and subsequently to firing of the enamel at temperatures, typically, of 1400 to 1550 °F (760 to 844 °C). Some steels used for porcelain enameling are subject to grain growth in critically strained areas resulting in loss of strength.  
5.2 This may lead to easy deformation of the steel and damage to the porcelain enamel coating.  
5.3 This test method may be correlated with transit or use tests to evaluate the suitability of steel for porcelain enameled ware.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the yield strength of steel specimens after simulated forming and enamel firing operations.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method was developed to guide the user in selecting a finish coating or material that is resistant to soiling in a particular application.  
4.2 The numerical values derived by this test method enables the user to rank finish coatings and materials in regard to soil retention or ease of soil removal.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the numerical evaluation of the ease or difficulty of cleaning soiled surface finishes. This test method is applicable to all surface finishes not affected by water.  
1.2 Values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When a porcelain enamel is first subjected to abrasion of the type involved in these tests, the rate of wear or attrition is relatively low. As the enamel is subjected to continued abrasion, the rate of wear increases until it reaches a steady value. Thereafter, the rate of wear remains almost constant until the enamel is penetrated and the underlying ground coat or metal exposed. The abrasion that occurs during the period of increasing rate-of-weight loss is defined as surface abrasion and results in reduced gloss and cleanability with high-gloss enamels and a modification of color, appearance, or surface texture, or combination thereof with low-gloss enamels. The abrasion that occurs during the period of steady rate-of-weight loss is defined as subsurface abrasion and results in the destruction of the continuity of the coating. These two types of abrasion are not necessarily proportional, and since it is desirable to be able to determine the resistance of porcelain enamel to both types of abrasion, it is necessary to deal with each one separately.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the resistance of porcelain enamels to surface abrasion and subsurface abrasion.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 The following procedures and practices are intended to provide guidelines for processing and quality control that will provide acceptable results for the intended end use, keeping in mind the varying quality of the castings available.  
1.2 The recommendations are based on what have been acceptable industry standards and experiences for over 40 years of proven product usage.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method defines the thermal expansion of porcelain enamel and glaze frits by the interferometric method. This determination is critical in avoiding crazing (cracking) of these glass coatings due to mismatching of the thermal expansion between the coating and substrate materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the interferometric determination of linear thermal expansion of premelted frits (porcelain enamel and glaze) and fired ceramic whiteware materials at temperatures lower than 1000 °C (1830 °F).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The determination of lead and cadmium release from porcelain enamel surfaces was formerly of interest only to manufacturers of porcelain enamel cookware and similar food service products. Food contact surfaces of these container-type products have been evaluated using a test procedure similar to Test Method C738. Recently, however, there has been a need to measure lead and cadmium release from flat or curved porcelain enamel surfaces that are not capable of being evaluated by a test similar to Test Method C738.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from porcelain enamel surfaces.  
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are given for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The fineness of the frit has a direct bearing on many of its properties, such as fusibility, tearing, gloss, opacity, suspension in the slip, and ease of spraying.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the fineness of frit in wet- or dry-milled porcelain enamels and other ceramic coatings for metals by means of the No. 200 (75-μm) or No. 325 (45-μm) sieve.  
1.2 The two methods appear as follows:
Sections  
Method A—Referee Method
Method B—Routine Method  
4 to 9
10 to 14  
1.3 Method A is intended for use where a referee method of higher accuracy is required, while Method B is intended to meet the needs of normal enamel plant production control operations where a rapid, simplified method of sieve testing is required. The accuracy of the simplified method has proved to be entirely adequate for this use. The simplified test, however, is not recommended where high accuracy is required.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 All porcelain enamel coatings or glass coatings are by necessity under some degree of compression at room temperature. The desired degree of compression or stress depends upon the type of ware and the end use of the item. Some method of determining relative compressive stress of enamels is necessary to establish the suitability of an enamel for a proposed application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the compressive stresses (Note 1) developed by fired porcelain enamels using the loaded-beam method.  
Note 1: Although some may interpret the calculations that are used in this test method as indicating compressive load, it is commonly referred to as compressive stress within the porcelain enamel industry.  
1.2 This test method is limited to the use of the loaded-beam method. However, this method includes charts (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) that provide for conversion of loaded-beam test results to warp and ring stress values.  
FIG. 2 Conversion Chart for Loaded-Beam Stress to Ring Stress  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
These practices are intended for production and preparation of gray iron castings for porcelain enamelling. Design of the casting should be such as to minimize variations in temperature during firing and cooling. The governing factors in pattern layout and shop control are elimination of discontinuities, chill, and inclusions at or near the surfaces to be coated. Visual inspection methods for enamelling surfaces should place emphasis on the detection and remedy of porosity, sand inclusions, and gas holes. Porosity consisting of essentially subsurface pinholes, shallow covered blows, body scars, or shrinkage near the surface may or may not be acceptable for correction, depending upon severity.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices are intended to indicate certain casting characteristics and pre-enameling practices which will facilitate finishing by the wet- or dry-process methods of porcelain enameling. All of the listed recommendations are based on experiences with gray iron casting and enameling.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A diffusion coating is one produced by causing an element or elements to react with or diffuse into, or both, the surface of a metallic substrate, thus chemically altering the substrate adjacent to the surface. To appreciate the significance of coating thickness measurements one must understand the contributions to a particular coating of solid-solution zones in the substrate and reaction products such as intermetallic compounds.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuring the thickness of diffusion coatings.  
1.2 Test Method A is the determination of the dimensional-change thickness, defined as the difference in the thickness of the part before and after coating. (The terms micrometer thickness and part growth are considered synonymous with dimensional change thickness.)  
1.3 Test Method B is the determination of total coating thickness, defined as the distance between the observably unaffected substrate and the exterior surface of the coating. This includes the total of all included phases, zones and layers. (The term case depth is considered to be synonymous with total coating thickness.) The total coating thickness is determined by cross-sectioning the coating, preparing a metallurgical mount and microscopically measuring the coating thickness.  
1.4 The total coating thickness as determined microscopically from a cross-section will usually be greater than, or equal to, the dimensional change thickness determined by part growth. When the coating is produced primarily by reaction with the substrate, the substrate-coating interface recedes as the substrate is consumed in the reaction. In such cases the difference between the total coating thickness and the dimensional change thickness is the thickness of the substrate consumed.  
1.5 Diffusion coatings are usually formed at elevated temperatures for service at elevated temperatures. This means that diffusion coatings are dynamic systems which are continually undergoing changes while in an elevated-temperature environment. It is necessary to know that certain phases are growing at the expense of others and to know the previous history of a coating to understand the significance of coating thickness data.  
1.6 Values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method is intended specifically for testing the resistance to alkaline attack of porcelain enamels to be used as a final finish on washing machines, dishwashers, combination washer-dryers, and similar appliances where the surface is normally exposed to an alkaline environment at elevated temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the measurement of the resistance of a porcelain enamel to a hot solution of tetrasodium pyrophosphate. Although the specific alkali mentioned herein is tetrasodium pyrophosphate, the equipment and techniques are equally applicable to other alkali solutions.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is intended specifically for testing the porcelain enamel finish on stoves, table tops, sinks, and other sanitary ware, laundry appliances, architectural units, etc., where the surface may come in contact with food acids at room temperature.  
3.2 Citric acid has been chosen as the test medium because it is one of the most common of the food acids and will generally provide a measurable result in its action on porcelain enamel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating porcelain enamels in their resistance to citric acid exposure at room temperature. No attempt is made to categorize porcelain enamels as to their acid-resistance or non acid-resistance properties, since the requirements in the several branches of the industry differ.  
1.2 The test method is applicable for ware of various shapes providing they contain a substantially flat area approximately 50 mm in diameter.  
1.3 The test method is not applicable to finishes on chemical and hospital ware, which may come in contact with strong mineral acids, nor to cooking utensils, which may come in prolonged contact with hot acid solutions.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method provides for easy detection of discontinuities and areas of light coverage that are not readily seen by visual inspection on corrosion protective porcelain enamel coatings. These two issues limit the protection to the metal substrate. Apparatus includes a nondestructive coating thickness gage, either an ac or a dc high-voltage discharge test instrument with a continuously variable output voltage, and a mesh wire gauze test probe. This test uses porcelain enameled glass coating specimens of any size which should be removed from an edge or the back of a specimen and then properly conditioned as specified. If the probe is wider than the specimen, the specimen edges should be masked using electrical insulating tape.
SCOPE
1.1 Porcelain enamel coatings are applied to metals to provide protection from corrosion as well as to enhance their appearance. This test method permits the easy detection of discontinuities and areas of light coverage, not readily seen by visual inspection, which limit the protection to the substrate. Somewhat similar tests applicable to the thicker glass coatings used for chemical reaction vessels are found in Test Methods C536 and C537.  
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
These test methods cover evaluation of the relative fusion flow characteristics of samples of a given porcelain enamel by comparison with an established standard for that frit. Two test methods are included, differing only in certain details of the samples and in the apparatus and procedure for preparation of test specimens. Both test methods give equally reproducible results and provide a satisfactory basis for comparison of fusion flow of the sample with that of the established standard. Test Method A employs granular particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed under high pressure in a hydraulic press. Test Method B employs crushed, sized particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed in a steel mold by hand. Both Test Methods use a hard steel mortar that is resistant to abrasion by the porcelain enamel frit, a hydraulic press, and a fusion flow rack. The test methods use sieves of different specifications. The steel mold assembly of both test methods consists of a die and plunger, however, Test Method B has an additional back-up disk.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover evaluation of the relative fusion flow characteristics of samples of a given porcelain enamel frit by comparison with an established standard for that frit.  
1.2 Two test methods are included, differing only in certain details of the samples and in the apparatus and procedure for preparation of test specimens. Both test methods give equally reproducible results and provide a satisfactory basis for comparison of fusion flow of the sample with that of the established standard.  
1.2.1 Test Method A employs granular particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed under high pressure in a hydraulic press.  
1.2.2 Test Method B employs crushed, sized particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed in a steel mold by hand.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the resistance of porcelain-enameled utensils to thermal shock. A hot plate, timing device, container, and sponge shall be used. The surface temperature of the hot plate, determined by any suitable surface temperature measuring device, may be varied by changing the wattage input to the hot plate. If the hot plate surface temperature be calibrated to wattage input, the desired temperature may then be set by adjusting wattage input. The wattage input or similar calibration shall be made for each surface temperature. In preparation for the test, the hot plate shall be leveled and the surface temperature shall be adjusted to a certain level. Quenching water shall be placed in a large container and its temperature shall be adjusted to a certain level. The amount of water required to fill a test utensil to a certain depth shall be measured. A dry utensil shall be centered directly on the preheated hot plate. After a certain time, the utensil shall be removed from the hot plate and the utensil immediately shall be filled to some depth with quenching water. After a few seconds, the quenching water shall be poured out and the inside of the utensil shall be wiped with a wrung-out damp sponge. After some time, the utensil on the hot plate shall be replaced. Immediately after centering the utensil on the hot plate, the input to the hot plate shall be adjusted so that the hot plate surface temperature will reach a certain level. The utensil shall be allowed to heat dry for a few minutes with the hot plate adjusted so the new surface temperature will be reached. After a certain heating period, the utensil shall be removed. This procedure shall be repeated according to the schedule given. The test shall be continued until the utensil fails or has withstood quenching after a certain heating temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of porcelain-enameled utensils to thermal shock. This test method is adaptable to any porcelain-enamel utensil that can be filled with water to a depth of 1 in. (25 mm).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The widespread use of glassed-steel equipment in highly corrosive chemical processes has made it necessary to detect weak spots in the coating and repair them before catastrophic failure occurs in service. This test is intended to detect discontinuities and thin areas in a glass coating on metal to ensure that the coating is defect free and has sufficient thickness to withstand the prescribed service conditions. A test voltage may be selected at any desired value up to 20k V, thus making the test applicable to a wide range of thickness requirements. When, because of bubbles or defects, the thickness of glass at any spot is less than enough to withstand the applied voltage, a puncture results with an accompanying indication of a defect. Remedial action is then required to repair the defect before the equipment can be used for corrosive service. (When such defects are found before the equipment leaves the manufacturer's plant another application of glass can usually be applied and fired to become an integral part of the coating.)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the reliability of glass coating on metal and is intended for use by manufacturers of equipment that is designed to withstand highly corrosive conditions where a failure of the coating in service would cause extreme damage to the exposed metal. Its use outside the manufacturer's plant is discouraged because improper or indiscriminate testing can cause punctures that are difficult to repair without returning the equipment to the manufacturer's plant. This test method detects not only existing discontinuities in the glass coating, but also areas where the glass may be thin enough to be likely to result in premature failure in service.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed to detect existing discontinuities in the glass coating of glassed steel equipment while maintaining a voltage low enough as to be unlikely to cause breakdown of the coating. The test is adaptable for manufacturing inspection in the processing of equipment and for field use to find existing defects which can be “plugged” or repaired before serious damage is done to the equipment. As a means of positive detection, it is applicable to process studies, quality control, or specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the detection of discontinuities in the glass coating of glassed steel equipment where such discontinuities would result in early failure due to the attack of the chemical contents of the vessel on the metal substrate. It is applicable to (1) provide a manufacturing and inspection test of glassed-steel equipment designed for relatively mild, low-temperature corrosive service, and (2) the field testing of similar equipment used in more severely corrosive environment.  
Note 1: A manufacturing test method for the latter type of equipment is described in Test Method C537.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Test Method A provides the producers of porcelain enameled utensils with a quality control method of testing for resistance to boiling acid for parts randomly selected from the production line.  
2.2 Test Method B provides the supplier of porcelain enamel raw materials with a laboratory method for testing the resistance of different coatings (intended for use on utensils) to boiling acid.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the resistance of porcelain enamel coatings used on utensils to attack by boiling acid.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 These definitions pertain to the terminology used in the porcelain enamel and ceramic-coated metal industries.  
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are peculiar to these industries.  
1.3 Hyphenated words, double words, or phrases are listed alphabetically under the first word; additional important words are cross-referenced.  
1.4 When a word or phrase, listed as a synonym, is not separately defined, the defined word or phrase is the accepted or preferred form.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The measurement of adherence in porcelain enamel systems, such as ground coat, ground coat/cover coat, and direct-on cover-coat enamels, is an important procedure for monitoring process variables in metal preparation, enamel application thickness, steel selection, and enamel selection, as well as assuring the ultimate quality of the finished product.
SCOPE
1.1 The scope of this test method is:  
1.1.1 To determine quantitatively the amount of enamel remaining after the porcelain enamel coating specimen has been deformed;  
1.1.2 To standardize the deformation parameters for testing adherence of porcelain enamel to sheet metal; and,  
1.1.3 To provide a quantitative adherence rating scale for comparison to reference standards.  
1.2 This adherence test method is applicable to porcelain enamel coatings on substrates from 18 to 24 gauge (0.0478 to 0.025 in. or from 1.214 to 0.654 mm).  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for testing the porcelain enamel finish on oven parts of self-cleaning ranges.  
4.2 The numerical values and visual evaluation derived by this test method are used to measure differences in heat resistant characteristics between enamel formulas intended to meet oven manufacturer specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of static heat effects on porcelain enamel coatings.  
1.2 This test method is adaptable to various temperatures and times, since the requirements in the porcelain enameling industry differ between manufacturers.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is recommended for quality control, acceptance testing; or it may help to develop or qualify a thermal spray operator's equipment and procedure or to aid in developing thermal spray coatings with improved adhesion and integrity.  
3.2 This test method is useful for comparing adhesion or cohesion strengths of coatings of similar types of thermal spray materials. The test should not be considered to provide an intrinsic value for direct use in making calculations, such as to determine if a coating will withstand specific environmental stresses. Because of residual stresses in thermal spray coatings, actual strength depends upon the shape of the particular coated part. Also, in use, a coating may be stressed in a more complex manner than is practical for a standard test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the degree of adhesion (bonding strength) of a coating to a substrate or the cohesion strength of the coating in a tension normal to the surface. The test consists of coating one face of a substrate fixture, bonding this coating to the face of a loading fixture, and subjecting this assembly of coating and fixtures to a tensile load normal to the plane of the coating. It is adapted particularly for testing coatings applied by thermal spray, which is defined to include the combustion flame, plasma arc, two-wire arc, high-velocity oxygen fuel, and detonation processes for spraying feedstock, which may be in the form of, wire, rod, or powder.
Note 1: Thermal spray coating materials include ceramics, such as metal oxides or carbides, and metals. In some cases, a coating is formed of different spray materials, such as an oxide layer sprayed onto a sprayed metal-bonding layer. The substrate generally is a metal, but may be a ceramic, such as an oxide or graphite.  
1.2 Usually this test method is performed at ambient temperature. Higher temperature testing is restricted by the need for a suitable adhesive bonding agent. For certain fundamental investigations, it is suggested that very low (cryogenic) temperature be used.  
1.3 This test method is limited to testing thermal spray coatings that can be applied in thickness greater than 0.015 in. (0.38 mm). The limitation is imposed because an adhesive bonding agent is used in the test. Those bonding agents established so far for this method tend to penetrate thermal spray coatings and may invalidate results unless the coatings are thick enough to prevent penetration through the coating. Further development may establish that thin layers of certain types of especially dense coatings may be tested satisfactorily. Alternatively, new adhesive bonding agents that would allow reduction of the minimum thickness limitation may become available.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This classification covers water used in the milling of porcelain enamel frit. Three classes of water are covered: For porcelain enamel frits, Class A water should cause no difficulties in the production of a high quality finish. Class B water may be used by slight compensations in processing. Mill addition water falling into Class C should be treated before use in order to preclude faulty enamel production. For analysis, the following elements and properties shall be determined: sampling, bicarbonate, calcium & magnesium, chloride, hardness, iron, manganese, pH, sulfate, and total solids.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers water used in the milling of porcelain enamel frit.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When a porcelain enamel is first subjected to abrasion of the type involved in these tests, the rate of wear or attrition is relatively low. As the enamel is subjected to continued abrasion, the rate of wear increases until it reaches a steady value. Thereafter, the rate of wear remains almost constant until the enamel is penetrated and the underlying ground coat or metal exposed. The abrasion that occurs during the period of increasing rate-of-weight loss is defined as surface abrasion and results in reduced gloss and cleanability with high-gloss enamels and a modification of color, appearance, or surface texture, or combination thereof with low-gloss enamels. The abrasion that occurs during the period of steady rate-of-weight loss is defined as subsurface abrasion and results in the destruction of the continuity of the coating. These two types of abrasion are not necessarily proportional, and since it is desirable to be able to determine the resistance of porcelain enamel to both types of abrasion, it is necessary to deal with each one separately.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the resistance of porcelain enamels to surface abrasion and subsurface abrasion.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 It is difficult to overemphasize the importance of the spall test. Porcelain enameled aluminum that fails this test will probably spall in service if subjected to moisture or weathering.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover accelerated determination of the resistance of porcelain enamel coatings on aluminum alloys to spalling from exposure to moisture or weathering. Test Method A,2 using a 5 % solution of ammonium chloride, requires 96-h immersion while Test Method B,3 using a 1 % solution of antimony trichloride, is completed after 20 h of immersion. The spalling tendency is evaluated by the same criteria in both methods. While either method is suitable for magnesium silicon alloys, such as 6061, Test Method B is preferred for simple alloys or commercially pure aluminum, such as 1100.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Ammonium Chloride  
4 – 9  
Test Method B—Antimony Trichloride  
10 – 15

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the manufacture of porcelain enameled ware, sheet steel is subjected to forming operations and subsequently to firing of the enamel at temperatures, typically, of 1400 to 1550°F (760 to 844°C). Some steels used for porcelain enameling are subject to grain growth in critically strained areas resulting in loss of strength.  
5.2 This may lead to easy deformation of the steel and damage to the porcelain enamel coating.  
5.3 This test method may be correlated with transit or use tests to evaluate the suitability of steel for porcelain enameled ware.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the yield strength of steel specimens after simulated forming and enamel firing operations.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method defines the thermal expansion of porcelain enamel and glaze frits by the interferometric method. This determination is critical in avoiding crazing (cracking) of these glass coatings due to mismatching of the thermal expansion between the coating and substrate materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the interferometric determination of linear thermal expansion of premelted frits (porcelain enamel and glaze) and fired ceramic whiteware materials at temperatures lower than 1000°C (1830°F).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test indicate whether or not a sheet steel will cause reboiling under one given set of enameling conditions and enable the enamel processor to establish a possible source of imperfections in the finished coating.  
5.2 This test method is normally used to test samples from lots, coils, or lifts of sheet steel which for some reason, production problems, defects evident on enameled parts, or production experience are suspected of causing defects in enameled ware which have the appearance of reboiling. It is often used to establish whether a problem exists with the bare steel or other factors such as the porcelain enamel, processing contamination, and so forth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of whether a sheet steel for porcelain enameling will reboil under a given set of worse case conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method was developed to guide the user in selecting a finish coating or material that is resistant to soiling in a particular application.  
4.2 The numerical values derived by this test method enables the user to rank finish coatings and materials in regard to soil retention or ease of soil removal.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the numerical evaluation of the ease or difficulty of cleaning soiled surface finishes. This test method is applicable to all surface finishes not affected by water.  
1.2 Values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 The following procedures and practices are intended to provide guidelines for processing and quality control that will provide acceptable results for the intended end use, keeping in mind the varying quality of the castings available.  
1.2 The recommendations are based on what have been acceptable industry standards and experiences for over 40 years of proven product usage.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 All porcelain enamel coatings or glass coatings are by necessity under some degree of compression at room temperature. The desired degree of compression or stress depends upon the type of ware and the end use of the item. Some method of determining relative compressive stress of enamels is necessary to establish the suitability of an enamel for a proposed application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the compressive stresses (Note 1) developed by fired porcelain enamels using the loaded-beam method.  
Note 1: Although some may interpret the calculations that are used in this test method as indicating compressive load, it is commonly referred to as compressive stress within the porcelain enamel industry.  
1.2 This test method is limited to the use of the loaded-beam method. However, this method includes charts (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) that provide for conversion of loaded-beam test results to warp and ring stress values.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The determination of lead and cadmium release from porcelain enamel surfaces was formerly of interest only to manufacturers of porcelain enamel cookware and similar food service products. Food contact surfaces of these container-type products have been evaluated using a test procedure similar to Test Method C738. Recently, however, there has been a need to measure lead and cadmium release from flat or curved porcelain enamel surfaces that are not capable of being evaluated by a test similar to Test Method C738.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from porcelain enamel surfaces.  
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are given for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
These test methods cover evaluation of the relative fusion flow characteristics of samples of a given porcelain enamel by comparison with an established standard for that frit. Two test methods are included, differing only in certain details of the samples and in the apparatus and procedure for preparation of test specimens. Both test methods give equally reproducible results and provide a satisfactory basis for comparison of fusion flow of the sample with that of the established standard. Test Method A employs granular particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed under high pressure in a hydraulic press. Test Method B employs crushed, sized particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed in a steel mold by hand. Both Test Methods use a hard steel mortar that is resistant to abrasion by the porcelain enamel frit, a hydraulic press, and a fusion flow rack. The test methods use sieves of different specifications. The steel mold assembly of both test methods consists of a die and plunger, however, Test Method B has an additional back-up disk.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover evaluation of the relative fusion flow characteristics of samples of a given porcelain enamel frit by comparison with an established standard for that frit.  
1.2 Two test methods are included, differing only in certain details of the samples and in the apparatus and procedure for preparation of test specimens. Both test methods give equally reproducible results and provide a satisfactory basis for comparison of fusion flow of the sample with that of the established standard.  
1.2.1 Test Method A employs granular particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed under high pressure in a hydraulic press.  
1.2.2 Test Method B employs crushed, sized particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed in a steel mold by hand.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
These practices are intended for production and preparation of gray iron castings for porcelain enamelling. Design of the casting should be such as to minimize variations in temperature during firing and cooling. The governing factors in pattern layout and shop control are elimination of discontinuities, chill, and inclusions at or near the surfaces to be coated. Visual inspection methods for enamelling surfaces should place emphasis on the detection and remedy of porosity, sand inclusions, and gas holes. Porosity consisting of essentially subsurface pinholes, shallow covered blows, body scars, or shrinkage near the surface may or may not be acceptable for correction, depending upon severity.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices are intended to indicate certain casting characteristics and pre-enameling practices which will facilitate finishing by the wet- or dry-process methods of porcelain enameling. All of the listed recommendations are based on experiences with gray iron casting and enameling.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is intended specifically for testing the porcelain enamel finish on stoves, refrigerators, table tops, sinks and other sanitary ware, laundry appliances, architectural units, etc., where the surface may come in contact with food acids at room temperature.  
3.2 Citric acid has been chosen as the test medium because it is one of the most common of the food acids and will generally provide a measurable result in its action on porcelain enamel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating porcelain enamels in their resistance to citric acid exposure at room temperature. No attempt is made to categorize porcelain enamels as to their acid-resistance or non acid-resistance properties, since the requirements in the several branches of the industry differ.  
1.2 The test method is applicable for ware of various shapes providing they contain a substantially flat area approximately 50 mm in diameter.  
1.3 The test method is not applicable to finishes on chemical and hospital ware, which may come in contact with strong mineral acids, nor to cooking utensils, which may come in prolonged contact with hot acid solutions.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The fineness of the frit has a direct bearing on many of its properties, such as fusibility, tearing, gloss, opacity, suspension in the slip, and ease of spraying.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the fineness of frit in wet- or dry-milled porcelain enamels and other ceramic coatings for metals by means of the No. 200 (75-μm) or No. 325 (45-μm) sieve.  
1.2 The two methods appear as follows:
Sections  
Method A—Referee Method
Method B—Routine Method  
4 to 9
10 to 14  
1.3 Method A is intended for use where a referee method of higher accuracy is required, while Method B is intended to meet the needs of normal enamel plant production control operations where a rapid, simplified method of sieve testing is required. The accuracy of the simplified method has proved to be entirely adequate for this use. The simplified test, however, is not recommended where high accuracy is required.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A diffusion coating is one produced by causing an element or elements to react with or diffuse into, or both, the surface of a metallic substrate, thus chemically altering the substrate adjacent to the surface. To appreciate the significance of coating thickness measurements one must understand the contributions to a particular coating of solid-solution zones in the substrate and reaction products such as intermetallic compounds.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuring the thickness of diffusion coatings.  
1.2 Test Method A is the determination of the dimensional-change thickness, defined as the difference in the thickness of the part before and after coating. (The terms micrometer thickness and part growth are considered synonymous with dimensional change thickness.)  
1.3 Test Method B is the determination of total coating thickness, defined as the distance between the observably unaffected substrate and the exterior surface of the coating. This includes the total of all included phases, zones and layers. (The term case depth is considered to be synonymous with total coating thickness.) The total coating thickness is determined by cross-sectioning the coating, preparing a metallurgical mount and microscopically measuring the coating thickness.  
1.4 The total coating thickness as determined microscopically from a cross-section will usually be greater than, or equal to, the dimensional change thickness determined by part growth. When the coating is produced primarily by reaction with the substrate, the substrate-coating interface recedes as the substrate is consumed in the reaction. In such cases the difference between the total coating thickness and the dimensional change thickness is the thickness of the substrate consumed.  
1.5 Diffusion coatings are usually formed at elevated temperatures for service at elevated temperatures. This means that diffusion coatings are dynamic systems which are continually undergoing changes while in an elevated-temperature environment. It is necessary to know that certain phases are growing at the expense of others and to know the previous history of a coating to understand the significance of coating thickness data.  
1.6 Values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method is intended specifically for testing the resistance to alkaline attack of porcelain enamels to be used as a final finish on washing machines, dishwashers, combination washer-dryers, and similar appliances where the surface is normally exposed to an alkaline environment at elevated temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the measurement of the resistance of a porcelain enamel to a hot solution of tetrasodium pyrophosphate. Although the specific alkali mentioned herein is tetrasodium pyrophosphate the equipment and techniques are equally applicable to other alkali solutions.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
These test methods cover evaluation of the relative fusion flow characteristics of samples of a given porcelain enamel by comparison with an established standard for that frit. Two test methods are included, differing only in certain details of the samples and in the apparatus and procedure for preparation of test specimens. Both test methods give equally reproducible results and provide a satisfactory basis for comparison of fusion flow of the sample with that of the established standard. Test Method A employs granular particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed under high pressure in a hydraulic press. Test Method B employs crushed, sized particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed in a steel mold by hand. Both Test Methods use a hard steel mortar that is resistant to abrasion by the porcelain enamel frit, a hydraulic press, and a fusion flow rack. The test methods use sieves of different specifications. The steel mold assembly of both test methods consists of a die and plunger, however, Test Method B has an additional back-up disk.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover evaluation of the relative fusion flow characteristics of samples of a given porcelain enamel frit by comparison with an established standard for that frit.  
1.2 Two test methods are included, differing only in certain details of the samples and in the apparatus and procedure for preparation of test specimens. Both test methods give equally reproducible results and provide a satisfactory basis for comparison of fusion flow of the sample with that of the established standard.  
1.2.1 Test Method A employs granular particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed under high pressure in a hydraulic press.  
1.2.2 Test Method B employs crushed, sized particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed in a steel mold by hand.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.