ASTM D4402/D4402M-23

Standard Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to measure the apparent viscosity of asphalts at handling, mixing, or application temperatures.  
5.2 Some asphalts may exhibit non-Newtonian behavior under the conditions of this test method, or at temperatures within the range of this test method. Since non-Newtonian viscosity values are not absolute properties, but reflect the behavior of the fluid within the particular measurement system, it should be recognized that measurements made by this test method may not always predict field performance under the conditions of use.  
5.3 Comparisons between non-Newtonian viscosity values should be made only for measurements made with similar conditions of temperature, shear rate, and shear history.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines a procedure for measuring the apparent viscosity of asphalt from 40 to 260 °C [100 to 500 °F] using a rotational viscometer and a temperature-controlled thermal chamber for maintaining the test temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or cgs and inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 10.6 for specific precautionary information.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Feb-2023
• ICS: 91.100.50 - Binders. Sealing materials
• ICS: 93.080.20 - Road construction materials
• Technical Committee: D08 - Roofing and Waterproofing
• Drafting Committee: D08.03 - Surfacing and Bituminous Materials for Membrane Waterproofing and Built-up Roofing

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4402/D4402M − 23
Standard Test Method for
Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated
1
Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4402/D4402M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope E2975 Test Method for Calibration or Calibration Verifica-
tion of Concentric Cylinder Rotational Viscometers
1.1 This test method outlines a procedure for measuring the
apparent viscosity of asphalt from 40 to 260 °C [100 to 500 °F]
3. Terminology
using a rotational viscometer and a temperature-controlled
thermal chamber for maintaining the test temperature.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—the ratio of shear stress to shear
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or cgs and inch-
rate for a Newtonian or non-Newtonian liquid.
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
3.1.2 filled asphalt, n—an asphalt blend that contains finely
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
dispersed insoluble mineral matter.
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
3.1.3 Newtonian liquid, n—a liquid for which the rate of
from the two systems shall not be combined.
shear is proportional to the shearing stress.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The constant ratio of the shearing stress
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid. The viscosity
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of a Newtonian liquid is therefore not dependent on its shear
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
rate. If the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Many liquids exhibit both Newtonian and non-Newtonian
See 10.6 for specific precautionary information.
behavior, depending on the shear rate or temperature, or both.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.4 shear rate, n—the measure of the speed in reciprocal
–1
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
seconds (sec ) at which the intermediate layers of the liquid
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
move with respect to each other.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.5 shear stress, n—the force per unit area in pascals (Pa)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
for SI or dynes/cm for cgs required to produce the shearing
action.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1.6 viscosity, n—the ratio between the applied shear stress
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and the rate of shear is called the coefficient of viscosity.
E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
3.1.6.1 Discussion—This coefficient is a measure of the
mometers
E1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resis- resistance to flow of the liquid. The SI unit of viscosity is the
pascal second (Pa·s). The centimetre gram second (cgs) unit of
tance Thermometers
2
viscosity is the poise (dyne·s/cm ) and is equivalent to 0.1 Pa·s.
Frequently, centipoise (cP)—equal to one millipascal second
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing
(mPa·s)—is used as the viscosity unit.
and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.03 on
Surfacing and Bituminous Materials for Membrane Waterproofing and Built-up
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Roofing.
3.2.1 apparatus-measuring geometry, n—the part of the
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2023. Published February 2023. Originally
equipment that is immersed in the asphalt sample, the dimen-
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D4402/D4402M – 15
(2022). DOI: 10.1520/D4402_D4402M-23.
sions of which are used, in conjunction with the rotational
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
resisting torque, to calculate the apparent viscosity referred to
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
by the equipment manufacturer as a spindle, bob, inner
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. concent
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4402/D4402M − 15 (Reapproved 2022) D4402/D4402M − 23
Standard Test Method for
Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated
1
Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4402/D4402M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method outlines a procedure for measuring the apparent viscosity of asphalt from 3840 to 260 °C [100 to 500 °F]
using a rotational viscometer and a temperature-controlled thermal chamber for maintaining the test temperature.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or cgs and inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated
in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. See 10.6 for specific precautionary information.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Thermometers
E1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers
E2975 Test Method for Calibration or Calibration Verification of Concentric Cylinder Rotational Viscometers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—the ratio of shear stress to shear rate for a Newtonian or non-Newtonian liquid.
3.1.2 filled asphalt, n—an asphalt blend that contains finely dispersed insoluble mineral matter.
3.1.3 Newtonian liquid, n—a liquid for which the rate of shear is proportional to the shearing stress. The constant ratio of the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.03 on Surfacing
and Bituminous Materials for Membrane Waterproofing and Built-up Roofing.
Current edition approved May 1, 2022Feb. 15, 2023. Published May 2022February 2023. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20152022 as
D4402/D4402M – 15.D4402/D4402M – 15 (2022). DOI: 10.1520/D4402_D4402M-15R22.10.1520/D4402_D4402M-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D4402/D4402M − 23
shearing stress to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid. The viscosity of a Newtonian liquid is therefore not dependent
on its shear rate. If the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian. Many liquids exhibit both Newtonian and non-Newtonian
behavior, depending on the shear rate or temperature, or both.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
The constant ratio of the shearing stress to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid. The viscosity of a Newtonian liquid is
therefore not dependent on its shear rate. If the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian. Many liquids exhibit both
Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior, depending on the shear rate or temperature, or both.
–1
3.1.4 shear rate, n—the measure of the speed in reciprocal seconds (sec ) at which the intermediate layers of the liquid move with
–1
respect to each other. Its unit of measure is the reciprocal second (sec ).
2
3.1.5 shear stress, n—the force per unit area required to produce the shearing action. Itsin pascals (Pa) for SI or dynes/cm SI unit
2
of measurem
...