ASTM E9-19
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance—The data obtained from a compression test may include the yield strength, the upper yield strength, the Young's modulus, the stress-strain curve, and the compressive strength (see Terminology E6). In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, compressive strength is a value that depends on total strain and specimen geometry.
5.2 Use—Compressive properties are of interest in the analyses of structures subject to compressive forces or bending moments or both and in the analyses of metal working and fabrication processes that involve large compressive deformation such as forging and rolling. For brittle or nonductile metals that fracture in tension at stresses below the yield strength, compression tests offer the possibility of extending the strain range of the stress-strain data. While the compression test is not complicated by necking as is the tension test for certain metallic materials, buckling and barreling (see Appendix X1) can complicate results and should be minimized.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus, specimens, and procedure for axial-force compression testing of metallic materials at room temperature (Note 1). For additional requirements pertaining to cemented carbides, see Annex A1.
Note 1: For compression tests at elevated temperatures, see Practice E209.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E9 − 19
Standard Test Methods of
Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room
1
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus, specimens, and
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
procedure for axial-force compression testing of metallic
someter Systems
materialsatroomtemperature(Note1).Foradditionalrequire-
E111Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
ments pertaining to cemented carbides, see Annex A1.
and Chord Modulus
NOTE 1—For compression tests at elevated temperatures, see Practice
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
E209.
ASTM Test Methods
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
E209PracticeforCompressionTestsofMetallicMaterialsat
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heat-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
ing Rates and Strain Rates
and are not considered standard.
E251Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E2658Practices for Verification of Speed for Material Test-
priate safety, health, and environmental health practices and
ing Machines
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use.
3. Terminology
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 Definitions: The definitions of terms in Terminology E6
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
shall apply to these test methods. These terms include com-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
pressive strength, extensometer system, modulus of elasticity,
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
necking, proportional limit, stress-strain curve, stress-strain
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
diagram, tangent modulus, testing machine, upper yield
strength, yield strength, and Young’s modulus. The terms
2. Referenced Documents
precision, bias, coefficient of variation, repeatability,
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
reproducibility, and accuracy are used as defined in Practice
B557Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast
E177.
Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 alignment device—a fixture for compression testing in
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
a testing machine that is an integral part of the load train and
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
that aids in achieving and maintaining axial forces.
Uniaxial Testing.
Current edition approved April 15, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
3.2.2 anti-buckling fixture, n—a device that applies lateral
published in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E9-09(2018). DOI:
support to a thin-sheet specimen to prevent it from buckling,
10.1520/E0009-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or but does not interfere with axial deformation.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.2.3 solid cylindrical specimen, n—a specimen with solid
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. cylindrical cross section that does not require lateral support to
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E9−19
prevent buckling, but can require testing with an alignment (m/m). Lack of initial parallelism may be overcome by using
device or subpress to ensure that compressive forces are axial. adjustable bearing blocks (Note 3). The blocks shall be made
of, or faced with
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E9 − 09 (Reapproved 2018) E9 − 19
Standard Test Methods of
Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room
1
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus, specimens, and procedure for axial-loadaxial-force compression testing of metallic
materials at room temperature (Note 1). For additional requirements pertaining to cemented carbides, see Annex A1.
NOTE 1—For compression tests at elevated temperatures, see Practice E209.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B557 Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus
E171/E171M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Packaging
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E209 Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates
and Strain Rates
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E2658 Practices for Verification of Speed for Material Testing Machines
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: The definitions of terms relating to compression testing and room temperature in Terminology E6 and Practice
E171/E171M, respectively, shall apply to these test methods. These terms include compressive strength, extensometer system,
modulus of elasticity, necking, proportional limit, stress-strain curve, stress-strain diagram, tangent modulus, testing machine,
upper yield strength, yield strength, and Young’s modulus. The terms precision, bias, coefficient of variation, repeatability,
reproducibility, and accuracy are used as defined in Practice E177.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on Uniaxial
Testing.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2018April 15, 2019. Published January 2018June 2019. Originally published in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 20092018 as
E9E9-09(2018).-09. DOI: 10.1520/E0009-09R18.10.1520/E0009-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E9 − 19
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 buckling—In addition to compressive failure by crushing of the material, compressive failure may occur by (1) elastic
instability over the length of a column specimen due to nonaxiality of loading, (2) inelastic instability over the length of a column
specimen, (3) a local instability, either elastic or inelas
...
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