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ASTM D4728-06(2012)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers

Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.
Resonance buildups during random vibration tests are less intense than during sinusoidal resonance dwell or sweep tests. Therefore, unrealistic fatigue damage due to resonance buildup is minimized.
Random vibration tests should be based on representative field data. When possible, confidence levels may be improved by comparing laboratory test results with actual field shipment effects. Refer to Practice D4169 for recommended random vibration tests. (See Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 for related information.)
There is no direct equivalence between random vibration tests and sinusoidal vibration tests. Equivalent tests between sine and random, in a general sense, are difficult to establish due to nonlinearities, damping and product response characteristics.
Vibration exposure affects the shipping container, its interior packing, means of closure, and contents. This test allows analysis of the interaction between these components. Design modification to one or all of these components may be used to achieve optimum performance in the shipping environment.
Random vibration tests may be simultaneously performed with transient or periodic data to simulate known stresses of this type, that is, rail joints, pot holes, etc.
Random vibration may be conducted in any axis (vertical or horizontal) or in any package orientation. However, different test levels may be utilized for each axis depending on the field environment that is to be simulated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers.
Note 1—Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1–10).  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 6.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2012
ICS
55.020 - Packaging and distribution of goods in general
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4728-06 - Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6198-18 - Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012
Referred By
ASTM D3580-22 - Standard Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012
Referred By
ASTM D4169-22 - Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012
Referred By
ASTM D1185-98a(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Pallets and Related Structures Employed in Materials Handling and Shipping
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012

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ASTM D4728-06(2012) - Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping ContainersASTM D4728-06(2012) - Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
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ASTM D4728-06(2012) - Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4728 − 06 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
1
Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4728; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of 3.1 Definitions:
filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the 3.1.1 General—Definitions for the packaging and distribu-
performanceofacontainerwithitsinteriorpackingandmeans tion environments are found in Terminology D996.
of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
provides the contents when subjected to random vibration
3.2.1 bandwidth—the difference, in Hz, between the upper
inputs.
and lower limits of a frequency band. For the purposes of this
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development test method, the bandwidth may be considered equivalent to
and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers. the frequency resolution of a spectrum analysis.
3.2.2 closed-loop—a condition of control where the input
NOTE 1—Sources of supplementary information are listed in the
2
Reference section (1-10). may be modified over time by the effect of the output or
response of the system.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3 decibel (dB)—ten times the base 10 logarithm of a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ratio of two power like quantities that is, a PSD. Two PSD
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
levels that have a ratio of 2.0 differ by 3 dB. Two PSD levels
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety
that have a ratio of 0.5 differ by −3 dB.
hazard statements are given in Section 6.
3.2.4 equalization—adjustment or correction of the ampli-
tudecharacteristicsofanelectroniccontrolsignalthroughouta
2. Referenced Documents
desired frequency range to maintain a desired vibration output
3
2.1 ASTM Standards: spectrum and level.
D996Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
3.2.5 equalizer—instrumentation used to conduct equaliza-
ments
tion.
D4169Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
3.2.6 mean-square—the time average of the square of a
tainers and Systems
function.
D4332Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
3.2.7 open loop—aconditionofcontrolwheretheinputofa
Packaging Components for Testing
system is preestablished and is not affected by the output or
2.2 ISO Standards:
response of the system.
ISO 13355Packaging—Complete, filled transport packages
4
3.2.8 overall g rms—thesquarerootoftheintegralofpower
and unit loads—Vertical random vibration test
spectral density over the total frequency range.
3.2.9 periodic vibration—an oscillation whose waveform
repeats at equal increments of time.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping
3.2.10 power spectral density (PSD)—an expression of
Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
randomvibrationintermsofmean-squareaccelerationperunit
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally
2 2
of frequency. The units are g /Hz (g /cycles/s). Power spectral
published as D-10 Proposal P186. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as
D4728– 01 (2006). DOI: 10.1520/D4728-06R12. density is the limit of the mean square amplitude in a given
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
rectangular band divided by the bandwidth, as the bandwidth
this test method.
approaches zero.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.2.11 random vibration—an oscillation whose instanta-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
neousamplitudeisnotprescribedforanygiveninstantintime.
the ASTM website.
4
The instantaneous amplitudes of a random vibration are
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org. prescribedbyaprobabilitydistributionfunction,theintegralof
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4728 − 06 (2012)
which over a given amplitude range will
...

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4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.  
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1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.  
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1.1 This practice establishes a set of symbols to be used for marking of packages or containers to indicate special handling and storage requirements.  
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Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems

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4.1 These test methods provide a measure of a shipping container's ability to protect a product from failure due to horizontal impacts. These measures are based on controlled levels of shock input and may be used for arriving at the optimum design of a container or system to protect a product against a specified level of shipping environment hazard.  
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4.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the ability of packaging to resist the force of concentrated impacts from outside sources, such as those encountered in various modes of transportation and handling. These impacts may be inflicted by adjacent freight jostling against the package in a carrier vehicle, by accidental bumps against other freight when loaded or unloaded from vehicles, by packages bumping against one another during sorting on conveyors or chutes, or many other circumstances.  
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1.1 This test method covers procedures and equipment for testing complete filled transport packages for resistance against concentrated low-level impacts typical of those encountered in the distribution environment. The test is most appropriate for packages such as thin fluted/lighter grade corrugated boxes or stretch-wrapped packaging.  
1.2 The test result is a pass/fail determination, based on acceptance criteria previously established, and a record of the energy dissipated by the complete filled transport package during a low level concentrated impact.
Note 1: This test method discusses the conduct of the test from a prescribed height that either meets or does not meet specific acceptance criteria. It may be possible to conduct this type of testing using modified procedures that provide a numerical response. These might include an incremental test where the drop height (or mass) is increased until a specific failure occurs or an up-and-down or staircase procedure used to find the average height to failure.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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