ASTM D5891/D5891M-02(2016)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Fluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Standard Test Method for Fluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Clay mineral is the functional component of GCL that reduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial waste or ground water through the liner.
4.2 Clay mineral quality can vary significantly and effect the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL composite. This test method evaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates to performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an index method that enables the evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral film deposited on a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of clay mineral at 100-psi (-kPa) pressure as a measure of its usefulness for permeability or hydraulic conductivity reduction in geosynthetic clay liners (GCL).
1.2 This test method is adapted from American Petroleum Institute drilling fluid specifications for bentonite.
1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granular clay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product used for testing.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D5891/D5891M − 02 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Fluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5891/D5891M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Designation was changed to dual, units statement in 1.4 and units, where applicable, were corrected editorially
in January 2016.
1. Scope E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.1 This test method covers an index method that enables
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
the evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral film
E725 Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers and
deposited on a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of clay
Granular Pesticides
mineral at 100-psi (-kPa) pressure as a measure of its useful-
2.2 API Standards:
ness for permeability or hydraulic conductivity reduction in
API RP 131, Recommended Practice for Laboratory Testing
geosynthetic clay liners (GCL).
of Drilling Fluids
1.2 This test method is adapted from American Petroleum
Institute drilling fluid specifications for bentonite.
3. Terminology
1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granular
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
clay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 mesh
method, refer toAPI Standards andASTM definitions for GCL
U.S. Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200
products.
mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product used
for testing.
4. Significance and Use
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
4.1 Clay mineral is the functional component of GCL that
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
reduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial waste or
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
ground water through the liner.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
4.2 Claymineralqualitycanvarysignificantlyandeffectthe
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
hydraulic conductivity of the GCLcomposite.This test method
with the standard.
evaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
performance.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Apparatus
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 Laboratory Balance, 100 g capacity, 60.01-g accuracy
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and precision.
2. Referenced Documents
5.2 Weighing Paper, or small weighing dish.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.3 Graduated Cylinder, 500 6 5-mL graduated TD (to
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
deliver) with 10-mL subdivisions, Class A volumetrically
calibrated; 10 6 0.1-mL graduated cylinder, graduated TC (to
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on contain) with 0.1-mL subdivisions.
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn-
5.4 U.S. Standard Sieve, 100 mesh, 200 mesh, and auto-
thetic Clay Liners.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published January 2016. Originally mated sieve shaker.
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5891 – 02(2009).
5.5 Mortar and Pestle or Laboratory Hammer Mill, for
DOI: 10.1520/D5891_D5891M-02R16E01.
When bentonite is removed from a GCL product for testing, it may include grinding clay mineral to required particle sizing.
adhesives that can influence test results.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,
the ASTM website. Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D5891/D5891M − 02 (2016)
5.6 ASTM Calibration Immersion Thermometer,0to105 6 5.13 Filter Paper, 90-mm, very dense, hardened with
0.5°C (see Specification E1). smooth lint-free surface, must be used. These papers have
high wet strength permitting application of high pressure
5.7 Mixer—11 000 6 300 rpm under load with single
during filtration.They also have good resistance to alkalies and
sine-wave impeller approximately 25 mm [1.0 in.] in diameter
acids.
(mounted flash side up). The impeller shall be replaced when
it weighs a minimum of 5.1 g, from an original weight of about
6. Reagents
5.5 g. New blades will be weighed prior to installation in order
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Unless otherwise indicated, refer-
to ensure conformance to manufacturing criteria. Mixer speed
ences to water shall be understood to mean reagent water
under sample loading shall be determined and documented
conforming to Specification D1193, Type I, II, or III. Such
once every 90 days unless the manufacturer has documented
waterisbestpreparedbydistillationorthepassageoftapwater
objective evidence to extend calibration time.
through an ion-exchange resin.
NOTE1—SterlingMultimixerModel9Bwith9B29Ximpellerbladesor
6.2 Specification D1193 for reagent water, Type I, II, or III.
equivalent may be obtained from the suppliers given in Footnote 6.
7. Hazards
5.8 Mixing Container—Approximate dimensions are
180 mm [7 in.] deep, 97-mm [3 ⁄16-in.] inner diameter at top,
7.1 Safety Precautions—Establish appropriate safety and
and 70-mm [2 ⁄4-in.] inner diameter at bottom.
health practices for high-pressure equipment prior to use.
NOTE 2—Mixing containers or equivalent may be obtained from the
8. Sampling and Selection
suppliers given in Footnote 5.
8.1 Conduct the sampling in accordance with Test Method
5.9 Timers, 30 min, two interval, mechanical or electrical,
E725.
precision 60.1 min.
9. Procedure
5.10 Spatula, flat blade, to dislodge clay mineral clumps
adhering to the mixing container walls.
9.1 Grind the clay mineral sample to greater than 100 %
passing a 100 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve, and a minimum of
5.11 Covered or Sealed Container, of 400- to 600-mL
65 % passing a 200-mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with a mortar
capacity.
and pestle or laboratory hammer mill as required.
5.12 Ambient Temperature/Low-Pressure Filter Press, con-
9.2 Weigh 22.50 6 0.01 g of the whole composite of finely
forming to API RP 131, Section 3.2. This filter press consists
ground clay mineral with “as received” moisture, typically 5 to
mainly of a cylindrical cell having an inside diameter of
10 %, onto a weighing paper. If bentonite is removed from a
76.2 mm [3 in.] and a height of at least 64.0 mm [2.5 in.]. This
GCL product, the bentonite would be dried to less than 10 %
chamber is
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D5891 − 02 (Reapproved 2009) D5891/D5891M − 02 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Fluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5891;D5891/D5891M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Designation was changed to dual, units statement in 1.4 and units, where applicable, were corrected editorially
in January 2016.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers an index method that enables the evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral film deposited
on a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of clay mineral at 100-psi (-kPa) pressure as a measure of its usefulness for permeability
or hydraulic conductivity reduction in geosynthetic clay liners (GCL).
1.2 This test method is adapted from American Petroleum Institute drilling fluid specifications for bentonite.
1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granular clay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 mesh U.S.
Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product used for testing.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in
parentheses are for information only.stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E725 Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides
2.2 API Standards:
API RP 131, Recommended Practice for Laboratory Testing of Drilling Fluids
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions— For —For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to API Standards and ASTM definitions for GCL
products.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Clay mineral is the functional component of GCL that reduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial waste or ground water
through the liner.
4.2 Clay mineral quality can vary significantly and effect the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL composite. This test method
evaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates to performance.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosynthetic Clay
Liners.
Current edition approved June 15, 2009Jan. 1, 2016. Published January 2010January 2016. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20022009 as
D5891 – 02.02(2009). DOI: 10.1520/D5891-02R09.10.1520/D5891_D5891M-02R16E01.
When bentonite is removed from a GCL product for testing, it may include adhesives that can influence test results.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D5891/D5891M − 02 (2016)
5. Apparatus
5.1 Laboratory Balance, 100 g capacity, 60.01-g accuracy and precision.
5.2 Weighing Paper, or small weighing dish.
5.3 Graduated Cylinder, 500 6 5-mL graduated TD (to deliver) with 10-mL subdivisions, Class A volumetrically calibrated;
10 6 0.1-mL graduated cylinder, graduated TC (to contain) with 0.1-mL subdivisions.
5.4 U.S. Standard Sieve, 100 mesh, 200 mesh, and automated sieve shaker.
5.5 Mortar and Pestle or Laboratory Hammer Mill, for grinding clay mineral to required particle sizing.
5.6 ASTM Calibration Immersion Thermometer, 0 to 105 6 0.5°C (see Specification E1).
5.7 Mixer—11 000 6 300 rpm under load with single sine-wave impeller approximately 25 mm (1.0 in.)[1.0 in.] in diameter
(mounted flash side up). The impeller shall be replaced when it weighs a minimum of 5.1 g, from an original weight of about 5.5
g. New blades will be weighed prior to installation in order to ensure conformance to manufacturing criteria. Mixer speed under
sample loading shall be determined and documented once every 90 days unless the manufacturer has documented objective
evidence to extend calibration time.
NOTE 1—Sterling Multimixer Model 9B with 9B29X impeller blades or equivalent may be obtained from the suppliers given in Footnote 9.6.
5.8 Mixing Container—Approximate dimensions are 180 mm (7 in.) 180 mm [7 in.] deep, 97-mm (3[3 ⁄16-in.)-in.] inner
diameter at top, and 70-mm (2[2 ⁄4-in.)-in.] inner diameter at bottom.
NOTE 2—Mixing containers or equivalent may be obtained from the suppliers given in Footnote 8.5.
5.9 Timers, 30 min, two interval, mechanical or electrical, precision 60.1 min.
5.10 Spatula, flat blade, to dislodge clay mineral clumps adhering to the mixing container walls.
5.11 Covered or Sealed Container , Container, of 400400- to 600-mL capacity.
5.12 Ambient Temperature/Low-Pressure Filter Press, conforming to API RP 131, Section 3.2. This filter press consists mainly
of a cylindrical cell having an inside diameter of 76.2 mm (3 in.) 76.2 mm [3 in.] and a height of at least 64.0 mm (2.5 in.).[2.5
in.]. This chamber is made of materials resistant to strongly alkaline solutions, and is so fitted that a pressure medium can be
conveniently admitted into and bled from the top. Arrangement is also such that a sheet of 90-mm filter paper can be placed in
2 2
the bottom of the chamber just above a suitable support. The filtration area is 4580 6 60 mm (7.1[7.1 6 0.1 in ).]. Below the
support is a drain tube for discharging the filtrate into a graduated cylinder. Sealing is accomplished with gaskets, and the entire
assembly supported by a stand. A mini-press or half-area press does not directly correlate with the results obtained when using the
above described standard-sized press. Pressure can be applied with any nonhazardous fluid medium, either gas or liquid. Presses
are equipped with pressure regulators and can be obtained with portable pressure cylinders, midget pressure cartridges, or means
of utilizing hydraulic pressure.
NOTE 3—Ambient temperature/low-pressure filter press conforming to API RP 131, Section 3.2, or equivalent, may be obtained from the suppliers
given in Footnote 9.6.
5.13 Filter Paper, 90-mm, very dense, hardened with smooth lint-free
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.