ASTM D5891-02(2009)

Standard Test Method for Fluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Clay mineral is the functional component of GCL that reduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial waste or ground water through the liner.
Clay mineral quality can vary significantly and effect the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL composite. This test method evaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates to performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an index method that enables the evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral film deposited on a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of clay mineral at 100-psi (-kPa) pressure as a measure of its usefulness for permeability or hydraulic conductivity reduction in geosynthetic clay liners (GCL).
1.2 This test method is adapted from American Petroleum Institute drilling fluid specifications for bentonite.
1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granular clay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product used for testing.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Jun-2009
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.04 - Geosynthetic Clay Liners

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D5891-02 - Standard Test Method for Fluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2009
• Replaced By: ASTM D5891/D5891M-02(2016)e1 - Standard Test Method for Fluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5891 − 02(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Fluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5891; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 API Standards:
API RP 131, Recommended Practice for Laboratory Testing
1.1 This test method covers an index method that enables
of Drilling Fluids
the evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral film
deposited on a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of clay
3. Terminology
mineral at 100-psi (-kPa) pressure as a measure of its useful-
3.1 Definitions— For definitions of terms used in this test
ness for permeability or hydraulic conductivity reduction in
method, refer toAPI Standards andASTM definitions for GCL
geosynthetic clay liners (GCL).
products.
1.2 This test method is adapted from American Petroleum
Institute drilling fluid specifications for bentonite.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granular
4.1 Clay mineral is the functional component of GCL that
clay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 mesh
reduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial waste or
U.S. Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200
ground water through the liner.
mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product used
4.2 Claymineralqualitycanvarysignificantlyandeffectthe
for testing.
hydraulicconductivityoftheGCLcomposite.Thistestmethod
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
evaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates to
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
performance.
only.
5. Apparatus
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 Laboratory Balance, 100 g capacity, 60.01-g accuracy
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- and precision.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.2 Weighing Paper, or small weighing dish.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.3 Graduated Cylinder, 500 6 5-mL graduated TD (to
deliver) with 10-mL subdivisions, Class A volumetrically
2. Referenced Documents
calibrated; 10 6 0.1-mL graduated cylinder, graduated TC (to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
contain) with 0.1-mL subdivisions.
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
5.4 U.S. Standard Sieve, 100 mesh, 200 mesh, and auto-
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
mated sieve shaker.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
5.5 Mortar and Pestle or Laboratory Hammer Mill, for
E725 Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers and
grinding clay mineral to required particle sizing.
Granular Pesticides
5.6 ASTM Calibration Immersion Thermometer,0to105 6
0.5°C (see Specification E1).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on 5.7 Mixer—11 000 6 300 rpm under load with single
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn-
sine-wave impeller approximately 25 mm (1.0 in.) in diameter
thetic Clay Liners.
(mounted flash side up). The impeller shall be replaced when
Current edition approved June 15, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally
it weighs a minimum of 5.1 g, from an original weight of about
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5891 – 02. DOI:
10.1520/D5891-02R09.
When bentonite is removed from a GCL product for testing, it may include
adhesives that can influence test results. Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM For example, Sterling Multimixer Model 9B with 9B29X impeller blades
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on available from Fann Instrument Co., P.O. Box 4350, Houston, TX 77210, has been
the ASTM website. found suitable for this purpose.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5891 − 02 (2009)
5.5 g. New blades will be weighed prior to installation in order conforming to Specification D1193, Type I, II, or III. Such
to ensure conformance to manufacturing criteria. Mixer speed waterisbestpreparedbydistillationorthepassageoftapwater
under sample loading shall be determined and documented through an ion-exchange resin.
once every 90 days unless the manufacturer has documented
6.2 Specification D1193 for reagent water, Type I, II, or III.
objective evidence to extend calibration time.
7. Hazards
NOTE1—SterlingMultimixerModel9Bwith9B29Ximpellerbladesor
equivalent may be obtained from the suppliers given in Footnote 9.
7.1 Safety Precautions—Establish appropriate safety and
5.8 Mixing Container—Approximate dimensions are 180 health practices for high-pressure equipment prior to use.
mm (7 in.) deep, 97-mm (3 ⁄16-in.) inner diameter at top, and
8. Sampling and Selection
70-mm (2 ⁄4-in.) inner diameter at bottom.
8.1 Conduct the sampling in accordance with Test Method
NOTE 2—Mixing containers or equivalent may be obtained from the
suppliers given in Footnote 8. E725.
5.9 Timers, 30 min, two interval, mechanical or electrical,
9. Procedure
precision 60.1 min.
9.1 Grind the clay mineral sample to greater than 100 %
5.10 Spatula, flat blade, to dislodge clay mineral clumps
passing a 100 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve, and a minimum of
adhering to the mixing container walls.
65 % passing a 200-mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with a mortar
5.11 Covered or Sealed Container , of 400 to 600-mL
and pestle or laboratory hammer mill as required.
capacity.
9.2 Weigh 22.50 6 0.01 g of the whole composite of finely
5.12 Ambient Temperature/Low-Pressure Filter Press, con-
ground clay mineral with “as received” moisture, typically 5 to
forming to API RP 131, Section 3.2. This filter press consists
10 %, onto a weighing paper. If bentonite is removed from a
mainly of a cylindrical cell having an inside diameter of 76.2
GCL product, the bentonite would be dried to less than 10 %
mm (3 in.) and a height of at least 64.0 mm (2.5 in.). This
moisture prior to weighing.
chamber is made of materials resistant to strongly alkaline
9.3 Measure 350 6 5 mLof reagent water with the 500- mL
solutions, and is so fitted that a pressure medium can be
graduated cylinder and added to the mixing cup. Place the cup
convenientlyadmittedintoandbledfromthetop.Arrangement
on the mixe
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D5891–02 Designation:D5891–02 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Fluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5891; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers an index method that enables the evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral film deposited
on a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of clay mineral at 100-psi (-kPa) pressure as a measure of its usefulness for permeability
or hydraulic conductivity reduction in geosynthetic clay liners (GCL).
1.2 This test method is adapted from American Petroleum Institute drilling fluid specifications for bentonite.
1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granular clay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 mesh U.S.
Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product used for testing.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E11Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E725 Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides
2.2 API Standards:
API RP 131, Recommended Practice for Laboratory Testing of Drilling Fluids
API Specification13A,4, 14th ed. for Drilling Fluid Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions— For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to API Standards and ASTM definitions for GCL
products.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 ClaymineralisthefunctionalcomponentofGCLthatreducesthehydraulicconductivityofindustrialwasteorgroundwater
through the liner.
4.2 Clay mineral quality can vary significantly and effect the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL composite. This test method
evaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates to performance.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Laboratory Balance, 100 g capacity, 60.01-g accuracy and precision.
5.2 Weighing Paper, or small weighing dish.
5.3 Graduated Cylinder, 500 6 5-mL graduated TD (to deliver) with 10-mL subdivisions, Class A volumetrically calibrated;
10 6 0.1-mL graduated cylinder, graduated TC (to contain) with 0.1-mL subdivisions.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosynthetic Clay
Liners.
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published September 2002. Originally published as D5891–95. Last previous edition D5891–01. DOI: 10.1520/D5891-02.
Current edition approved June 15, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5891 – 02. DOI:
10.1520/D5891-02R09.
When bentonite is removed from a GCL product for testing, it may include adhesives that can influence test results.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5891–02 (2009)
5.4 U.S. Standard Sieve, 100 mesh, 200 mesh, and automated sieve shaker.
5.5 Mortar and Pestle or Laboratory Hammer Mill, for grinding clay mineral to required particle sizing.
5.6 ASTM Calibration Immersion Thermometer,0to105 6 0.5°C (see Specification E1).
5.7 Mixer—11 000 6 300 rpm under load with single sine-wave impeller approximately 25 mm (1.0 in.) in diameter (mounted
flashsideup). (mountedflashsideup).Theimpellershallbereplacedwhenitweighsaminimumof5.1g,fromanoriginalweight
of about 5.5 g. New blades will be weighed prior to installation in order to ensure conformance to manufacturing criteria. Mixer
speed under sample loading shall be determined and documented once every 90 days unless the manufacturer has documented
objective evidence to extend calibration time.
NOTE 1—Sterling Multimixer Model 9B with 9B29X impeller blades or equivalent may be obtained from the suppliers given in Footnote 9.
5.8 Mixing Container—Approximate dimensions are 180 mm (7 in.) deep, 97-mm (3 ⁄16-in.) inner diameter at top, and 70-mm
(2 ⁄4-in.) inner diameter at bottom.
NOTE 2—Mixing containers or equivalent may be obtained from the suppliers given in Footnote 8.
5.9 Timers, 30 min, two interval, mechanical or electrical, precision 60.1 min.
5.10 Spatula, flat blade, to dislodge clay mineral clumps adhering to the mixing container walls.
5.11 Covered or Sealed Container , of 400 to 600-mL capacity.
5.12 Ambient Temperature/Low-Pressure Filter Press, conforming toAPI RP 13B-1,131, Section 3.2. This filter press consists
mainly of a cylindrical cell having an inside diameter of 76.2 mm (3 in.) and a height of at least 64.0 mm (2.5 in.). This chamber
is made of materials resistant to strongly alkaline solutions, and is so fitted that a pressure medium can be conveniently admitted
into and bled from the top.Arrangement is also such that a sheet of 90-mm filter paper can be placed in the bottom of the chamber
2 2
just above a suitable support. The filtration area is 4580 6 60 mm (7.1 6 0.1 in.in ). Below the support is a drain tube for
discharging the filtrate into a graduated cylinder. Sealing is accomplished with gaskets, and the entire assembly supported by a
stand. A mini-press or half-area press does not directly correlate with the results obtained when using the above described
standard-sized press. Pressure can be applied with any nonhazardous fluid medium, either gas or liquid. Presses are equipped with
pressure regulators and can be obtained with portable pressure cylinders, midget pressure cartridges, or means of utilizing
hydraulic pressure.
NOTE 3—Ambient temperature/low-pressure filter press conforming to API RP 13B-1,131, Section 3.2, or equivalent, may be obtained from the
suppliers given in Footnote 9.
5.13 Filter Paper, 90-mm, very dense, hardened with smooth lint-free surface, must be used.
...