ASTM D5993-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the mass unit per area of a sample of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL). The dry mass of the clay can be found by simply subtracting the manufacturer's reported nominal mass of the geosynthetic component(s) from the total mass of the dry GCL. The moisture content of the GCL can also be determined by subtracting the initial total mass of the GCL from the total mass of the dry GCL.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for specific precautionary statements.
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Designation: D 5993 – 99
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Mass Per Unit of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5993; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
the mass per unit area of a sample of a geosynthetic clay liner
3. Terminology
(GCL). The dry mass of the clay can be found by simply
3.1 Definitions:
subtracting the manufacturer’s reported nominal mass of the
3.1.1 geosynthetic, n—a planar product manufactured from
geosynthetic component(s) from the total mass of the dry GCL.
polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-
The moisture content of the GCL can also be determined by
technical engineering related material as an integral part of a
subtracting the initial total mass of the GCL from the total mass
man-made project, structure, or system. D 4439
of the dry GCL.
3.1.2 geosynthetic clay liner, n—a manufactured hydraulic
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
barrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
geosynthetic material(s). (Currently being balloted under D-35
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Committee on Terminology.)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3 moisture content, n—that part of the mass of a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for
geosynthetic clay liner that is absorbed water, compared to the
specific precautionary statements.
mass of dry clay.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.4 oven-dried, adj—the condition of a material that has
been heated under prescribed conditions of temperature and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
humidity until there is no further significant change in its mass.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 123
D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock
4. Summary of Test Method
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
4 4.1 The mass per unit area is determined by weighing
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
(oven-dried) specimens of known initial size after drying in an
D 4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)
3 oven over a sufficient time period to remove the moisture from
Content of Soil by the Microwave Oven Method
the GCL.
D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-
4.2 The mass per unit area of the clay component of the
fying Balances and Scales for Use in Testing Soil, Rock,
3 GCL can be estimated by subtracting the manufacturer’s
and Related Construction Materials
reported nominal mass per unit area of the synthetic compo-
D 5261 Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit Area of
4 nent(s) from the total GCL mass per unit area.
Geotextiles
E 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced
NOTE 1—The supplier of the geosynthetic clay liner must be able to
Ventilation Ovens verify that the actual mass/unit area of the synthetic component(s) is
within6 10 % of the reported nominal value. A more accurate estimation
of the actual dry clay mass per unit area could be obtained by using the
actual average value for the synthetic component(s) (as obtained from the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-35 on
manufacturer for the actual lots used to make the GCL) rather than the
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn-
thetic Clay Liners. nominal value.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1999. Published May 1999. Originally
4.3 The moisture content of the GCL can be estimated with
published as D5993–96. Last previous edition D5993–96.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
this test method.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.13.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5993–99
5. Significance and Use 8.3 The minimum size of the die or template for cutting
specimens is 0.01 m (for example, 10 by 10 cm).
5.1 This test method is used to determine if the GCL
material meets specifications for mass per unit area at 0 %
NOTE 3—The use of small specimens are not recommended due to the
moisture content, by oven-drying. It can be used as an index
potential for edge loss of clay, which may create problems with accuracy
test for quality control or quality assurance to determine and reproducibility.
specimen conformance.
8.4 Test specimens taken from the laboratory sample should
be free from imperfections or other areas not representative of
6. Apparatus
the material samples (such as dirt or labels).
6.1 Drying Oven—Thermostatically-controlled, preferably
8.5 Cutting of the laboratory specimens with a die or razor
of the forced-draft type, meeting the requirements of Specifi-
may contaminate the work area, die, or razor with particles of
cation E 145 and capable of maintaining a uniform temperature
clay or geosynthetic material. The work area should be cleaned
of 110°C 6 5°C throughout the drying chamber.
before cutting the specimen. Therefore, all excess or waste
6.2 Microwave Oven—A microwave oven, preferably with
material should be cleaned away from the die and cutting area
a vented chamber, is suitable. The required size and power
before removal of the specimen. The specimen, material on the
rating of the oven is dependent on its intended use. Ovens with
die, and cutting area should be placed into a tared container.
variable power controls and input power ratings of about 700
Wiping of the area should be performed with a nonclinging
W have been found to be adequate for this use. Variable power
cloth or brush.
controls are important and reduce the potential for over heating
8.6 The loss of clay during the specimen cutting process
the test specimen.
could have a significant impact to the accuracy of this test
NOTE 2—Microwave ovens equipped with built-in scales and computer method. The technician performing this test method should
controls have been developed for use in drying soils. Their use is
practice cutting test specimens from the laboratory sample until
compatible with this test method.
confidence is gained that a specimen can be cut without
significant loss of clay.
6.3 Balances—All balances must meet the requirements of
8.6.1 The technician may choose to wet the perimeter of the
Specification D 4753 and this section. A Class GP1 balance of
GCL in an effort to bind the clay particles together and thereby
0.01 g readability is required for samples having a mass of up
reduce the possibility of clay granule loss during the cutting
to 200 g (excluding mass of sample container) and a Class GP2
process. If the sample is wetted, the technician should try to
balance of 0.1 g readability is required for samples having a
limit the amount of clay that will attach itself to the die, cutting
mass over 200 g.
board, template, or cutting instrument, or combination thereof.
6.4 Sample Containers—Suitable containers made of mate-
However, if the technician attempting to determine the mois-
rial resistant to corrosion and change in mass upon repeated
ture content of the GCL, other cutting methods should be used
heating, cooling, exposure to materials of varying pH, and
which do not require the addition of water.
cleaning. Microwave sample containers should be microwave
safe. 8.6.2 If a die is used to cut the specimen, loss of clay can be
6.5 Desiccator—A desiccator cabinet or large desiccator jar reduced by leaving the die in place and removing all the
of suitable size containing indicator silica gel. It is preferable to remaining sample outside the edge of the die. This includes
use a desiccant that changes color to indicate it needs recon- brushing the cutting board clean. All material found within the
stitution. edge of the die could then be placed in the sample containers.
6.6 Container Handling Apparatus—Gloves, tongs, or suit-
8.6.3 Any waste clay left on the cutting board and die or
able holder for moving and handling hot containers after
razor for which the technician cannot determine if the clay
drying.
came from the individual specimen or the original sample
6.7 Die, of known dimensions.
should be collected and weighed. It should be assumed the
6.8 Miscellaneous, knives, spatulas, scoops, quartering
waste clay is edge loss from the individual specimen and the
cloth, sample splitters, and so forth, as required.
original sample. One half the weight of the waste clay should
be added to the test specimen container and the other one-half
7. Hazards/Precautions discarded.
8.7 The number of test specimens should be a minimum of
7.1 Handle hot containers with a container holder.
five, cut such that they are representa
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