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ASTM D6446-01

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion (Specific Energy) of Aviation Fuels

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion (Specific Energy) of Aviation Fuels

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion (specific energy) at constant pressure in SI units, megajoules per kilogram, from the fuel density, sulfur, and hydrogen content.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil that conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation turbine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions, as described in Note 1 and permitted by each specification.
Note 1--The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its hydrogen content, density, and sulfur is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The classes of fuels used to establish the correclation presented in this test method are represented by the following specifications:
Fuel SpecificationJP-5, Avcat/FSIIMIL-DTL-5624 DEF STAN 91-86 NATO Code F-44JP-8, Avtur/FSIIMIL-DTL-83133 DEF STAN 91-87 NATO Code F-34Jet A, Jet A-1, AvturSpecification D 1655 DEF STAN 91-91 NATO Code F-35 CAN/CGSB-3.23
1.3 The heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test Methods D1405, D3338, and D4529.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jan-2001
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.05 - Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6446-99 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion (Specific Energy) of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
10-Jan-2001

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ASTM D6446-01 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion (Specific Energy) of Aviation FuelsASTM D6446-01 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion (Specific Energy) of Aviation Fuels
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ASTM D6446-01 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion (Specific Energy) of Aviation Fuels
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 6446 – 01
Designation: 355/98
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion (Specific Energy) of
1
Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of 2.1 ASTM Standards:
combustion (specific energy) at constant pressure in SI units, D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
megajoules per kilogram, from the fuel density, sulfur, and eral Bomb Method)
hydrogen content. D 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining D 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density
processes from conventional crude oil that conform to the (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
requirements of specifications for aviation turbine fuels of D 1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement
limited boiling ranges and compositions, as described in Note Tables
1 and permitted by each specification. D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
(Lamp Method)
NOTE 1—The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon
D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
fuel from its hydrogen content, density, and sulfur is justifiable only when
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between
these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measure- Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
ments on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the
D 1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-
possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for
bustion of Aviation Fuels
individual fuels should be recognized. The classes of fuels used to
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
establish the correclation presented in this test method are represented by
(High-Temperature Method)
the following specifications:
D 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Fuel Specification
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
JP-5, Avcat/FSII MIL-DTL-5624
DEF STAN 91-86
X-Ray Spectrometry
NATO Code F-44
D 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
JP-8, Avtur/FSII MIL-DTL-83133
DEF STAN 91–87
lometry
NATO Code F-34
D 3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-
bustion of Aviation Fuels
Jet A, Jet A-1, Avtur Specification D 1655
DEF STAN 91-91
D 3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation
NATO Code F-35
Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Reso-
CAN/CGSB-3.23
nance Spectrometry
1.3 The heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
Methods D 1405, D 3338, and D 4529.
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D02.05.0B on Calorimetry of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2001. Published March 2001. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
published as D 6446–99. Last previous edition D 6446–99. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6446–01
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluoroscence Spectroscopy performance weight-limited aircraft, the net heat of combus-
D 4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com- tion per unit mass and the mass of fuel loaded determine the
bustion of Aviation Fuels totalsaferange.Theproperoperationoftheaircraftenginealso
D 4808 Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Dis- requires a certain minimum net energy of combustion per unit
tillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by volume of fuel delivered.
Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrom-
5. Procedure
etry
D 4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
5.1 Determine the hydrogen content of the sample to the
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precisi
...

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SCOPE
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1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
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5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
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Test Method  
Petroleum Products  
Boiling Range, °C (°F)
(approximate)  
A  
Light Distillates  
15–260 (60–500)  
B  
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Gas Oils  
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C  
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1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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    English language
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