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ASTM B956/B956M-10e1

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Welded Copper and Copper-Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins (Withdrawn 2019)

Standard Specification for Welded Copper and Copper-Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins (Withdrawn 2019)

SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes the requirements for heat exchanger tubes manufactured from forge-welded copper and copper alloy tubing in straight lengths on which the external or internal surface, or both, has been modified by cold forming process to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either inch-pounds units or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems could result in non-conformance with the specification.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 The tubes are typically used in surface condensers, evaporators, and heat exchangers.  
1.4 The product shall be produced of the following coppers or copper alloys, as specified in the ordering information.Note 1—Designations listed in Classification B224.  
1.5 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification establishes the requirements for heat exchanger tubes manufactured from forge-welded copper and copper alloy tubing in straight lengths on which the external or internal surface, or both, has been modified by cold forming process to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee B05 on Copper and Copper Alloys, this specification was withdrawn in January 2019 in accordance with Section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Mar-2010
Withdrawal Date
10-Jan-2019
ICS
27.060.30 - Boilers and heat exchangers
Technical Committee
B05 - Copper and Copper Alloys
Drafting Committee
B05.04 - Pipe and Tube
Current Stage
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ASTM B956/B956M-10e1 - Standard Specification for Welded Copper and Copper-Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins (Withdrawn 2019)ASTM B956/B956M-10e1 - Standard Specification for Welded Copper and Copper-Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins (Withdrawn 2019)
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ASTM B956/B956M-10e1 - Standard Specification for Welded Copper and Copper-Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins (Withdrawn 2019)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:B956/B956M −10
Standard Specification for
Welded Copper and Copper-Alloy Condenser and Heat
1
Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B956/B956M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Designation was corrected editorially in October 2013.
1. Scope*
A
Copper UNS Nos. C12000, and C12200 are classified in Classification B224.
1.1 This specification establishes the requirements for heat
NOTE 1—Designations listed in Classification B224.
exchanger tubes manufactured from forge-welded copper and
copper alloy tubing in straight lengths on which the external or 1.5 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the
internal surface, or both, has been modified by cold forming test methods described in this specification. This standard does
process to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
heat transfer. associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
1.2 Units—The values stated in either inch-pounds units or
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior
SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The
to use.
values stated in each system are not exact equivalents;
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
2. Referenced Documents
Combining values from the two systems could result in
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
non-conformance with the specification.
B153 Test Method for Expansion (Pin Test) of Copper and
1.2.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.
Copper-Alloy Pipe and Tubing
1.3 The tubes are typically used in surface condensers,
B154 Test Method for Mercurous Nitrate Test for Copper
evaporators, and heat exchangers.
Alloys
B224 Classification of Coppers
1.4 The product shall be produced of the following coppers
B543 Specification for Welded Copper and Copper-Alloy
or copper alloys, as specified in the ordering information.
Heat Exchanger Tube
Copper or Copper Alloy
Type of Metal
B601 ClassificationforTemperDesignationsforCopperand
UNS No.
A
C12000 DLP Phosphorized, low residual phosphorus
Copper Alloys—Wrought and Cast
A
C12200 DHP Phosphorized, high residual phosphorus
B846 Terminology for Copper and Copper Alloys
C19200 Phosphorized, 1 % iron
B858 Test Method forAmmoniaVaporTest for Determining
C19400 Copper-Iron Alloy
C23000 Red Brass
Susceptibility to Stress Corrosion Cracking in Copper
C44300 Admiralty, arsenical
Alloys
C44400 Admiralty, antimonial
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
C44500 Admiralty, phosphorized
C68700 Aluminum Brass
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
C70400 95-5 Copper-Nickel
Determine Conformance with Specifications
C70600 90-10 Copper-Nickel
C70620 90-10 Copper-Nickel (Modified for Welding) E53 Test Method for Determination of Copper in Unalloyed
C71000 80-20 Copper-Nickel
Copper by Gravimetry
C71500 70-30 Copper-Nickel
E54 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Special Brasses
C71520 70-30 Copper-Nickel (Modified for Welding)
3
C72200 Copper-Nickel and Bronzes (Withdrawn 2002)
E62 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Copper and
1 2
ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeB05onCopper For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and CopperAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B05.04 on Pipe contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and Tube. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originally the ASTM website.
ε2 3
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as B956 – 07 . DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/B0956_B0956M-10E01. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
B956/B956M−10
3
CopperAlloys(PhotometricMethods)(Withdrawn2010) 5.1.6 Configuration of enhanced surfaces shall be agree
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser (Figs. 1-3),
E118 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Copper- and
3
Chromium Alloys (Withdrawn 2010)
5.1.7 Quantity.
E243 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Examina-
5.2 The following options are available and shall b
...

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ASTM B956-19e1(Specification)
Standard Specification for Welded Copper and Copper-Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for forge-welded copper and copper alloy with integral fins for use in surface condenser, evaporator, and heat exchanger. The product shall be welded tube of one of the following Copper or Copper Alloy UNS Nos.: C12000, C12200, C19200, C23000, C44300, C44400, C44500, C68700, C70400, C70600, C70620, C71000, C71500, C71520, and C72200. The material heat identification or traceability shall be specified if required. The product shall be manufactured by cold forming to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer and shall typically be furnished with unenhanced ends, but may be furnished with enhanced ends or stripped ends. Temper conditions (annealed, WO61 or light cold-worked, WC55) for the tubes and the enhanced and unenhanced sections of the tubes are given. The material shall conform to the chemical composition requirements prescribed for copper, tin, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, lead, iron, zinc, manganese, arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, chromium, and other elements such as carbon, sulfur, silicon, and titanium as determined by chemical analysis. Requirements for grain size, dimensions, mass, and mechanical properties including tensile strength and yield strength as determined by tension test are detailed. The performance requirements including expansion, flattening, and reverse bend tests; mercurous nitrate test or ammonia vapor test; and nondestructive tests such as eddy-current, hydrostatic, and pneumatic tests are detailed as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes the requirements for heat exchanger tubes manufactured from forge-welded copper and copper alloy tubing in straight lengths on which the external or internal surface, or both, has been modified by cold forming process to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer.  
1.2 The tubes are typically used in surface condensers, evaporators, and heat exchangers.  
1.3 The product shall be produced of the following coppers or copper alloys, as specified in the ordering information.    
Copper or Copper Alloy
UNS No.  
Type of Metal  
C12000A  
DLP Phosphorized, low residual phosphorus  
C12200A  
DHP Phosphorized, high residual phosphorus  
C19200  
Phosphorized, 1 % iron  
C19400  
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Red Brass  
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Admiralty, antimonial  
C44500  
Admiralty, phosphorized  
C68700  
Aluminum Brass  
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95-5 Copper-Nickel  
C70600  
90-10 Copper-Nickel  
C70620  
90-10 Copper-Nickel (Modified for Welding)  
C71000  
80-20 Copper-Nickel  
C71500  
70-30 Copper-Nickel  
C71520  
70-30 Copper-Nickel (Modified for Welding)  
C72200  
Copper-Nickel  
Note 1: Designations listed in Classification B224.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM B956-10(Specification)
Standard Specification for Welded Copper and Copper-Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for forge-welded copper and copper alloy with integral fins for use in surface condenser, evaporator, and heat exchanger. The product shall be welded tube of one of the following Copper or Copper Alloy UNS Nos.: C12000, C12200, C19200, C23000, C44300, C44400, C44500, C68700, C70400, C70600, C70620, C71000, C71500, C71520, and C72200. The material heat identification or traceability shall be specified if required. The product shall be manufactured by cold forming to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer and shall typically be furnished with unenhanced ends, but may be furnished with enhanced ends or stripped ends. Temper conditions (annealed, WO61 or light cold-worked, WC55) for the tubes and the enhanced and unenhanced sections of the tubes are given. The material shall conform to the chemical composition requirements prescribed for copper, tin, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, lead, iron, zinc, manganese, arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, chromium, and other elements such as carbon, sulfur, silicon, and titanium as determined by chemical analysis. Requirements for grain size, dimensions, mass, and mechanical properties including tensile strength and yield strength as determined by tension test are detailed. The performance requirements including expansion, flattening, and reverse bend tests; mercurous nitrate test or ammonia vapor test; and nondestructive tests such as eddy-current, hydrostatic, and pneumatic tests are detailed as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes the requirements for heat exchanger tubes manufactured from forge-welded copper and copper alloy tubing in straight lengths on which the external or internal surface, or both, has been modified by cold forming process to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer.
1.2 Units—The values stated in either inch-pounds units or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems could result in non-conformance with the specification.
1.2.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.
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ASTM E2906/E2906M-18(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry Examination of Tube Bundles

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 APR technology is used for detection, location and identification of internal diameter (ID) flaws-indications and blockages in tube bundles.  
5.2 Reliable and accurate examination of tube bundles is of great importance in different industries. On-time detection of flaws reduces a risk of catastrophic failure and minimizes unplanned shutdowns of plant equipment. Fast examination capability is of great importance due to reduction of maintenance time.  
5.3 APR examinations are performed for quality control of newly manufactured tube bundles as well as for in-service inspection.  
5.4 Performing an APR examination requires access to an open end of each tube to be examined.  
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5.6 APR can be applied to tube bundles made of metal, graphite, plastic or other solid materials with straight and curved sections. The APR technology has been found effective on tubes with diameters between 12.7 mm [1/2 in.] to 101.6 mm [4 in.] and lengths up to 18 metres [60 feet].  
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5.8 APR technology can be used for flaw sizing when special signal and data analysis methods are developed and applied.  
5.9 In addition to detection of flaws and blockages, APR technology can be applied for assessing tube ID surface cleanliness, providing valuable information for equipment maintenance and improving its performance.  
5.10 Other nondestructive test methods may be used to verify and evaluate the significance of APR indications, their exact position, depth, dimension and orientation. These include remote visual inspection, eddy current and ultrasonic testing.  
5.11 Procedures for using other NDT methods are beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.12 Acceptable flaw size...
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1.1 This practice describes use of Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry (APR) technology for examination of the internal surface of typical tube bundles found in heat exchangers, boilers, tubular air heaters and reactors, during shutdown periods.  
1.2 The purpose of APR examination is to detect, locate and identify flaws such as through-wall holes, ID wall loss due to pitting and/or erosion as well as full or partial tube blockages. APR may not be effective in detecting cracks with tight boundaries.  
1.3 APR technology utilizes generation of sound waves through the air in the examined tube, then detecting reflections created by discontinuities and/or blockages. Analysis of the initial phase (positive or negative) and the shape of the reflected acoustic wave are used to identify the type of flaw causing the reflection.  
1.4 When proper methods of signal and data analysis are developed, APR technology can be applied for sizing of flaw/blockage indications.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Heat transfer fluids degrade when exposed to sufficiently high temperatures. The amount of degradation increases as the temperature increases or the length of exposure increases, or both. Due to reactions and rearrangement, degradation products can be formed. Degradation products include high and low boiling components, gaseous decomposition products, and products that cannot be evaporated. The type and content of degradation products produced will change the performance characteristics of a heat transfer fluid. In order to evaluate thermal stability, it is necessary to quantitatively determine the mass percentages of high and low boiling components, as well as gaseous decomposition products and those that cannot be vaporized, in the thermally stressed heat transfer fluid.  
5.2 This test method differentiates the relative stability of organic heat transfer fluids at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen and water under the conditions of the test.  
5.3 The user shall determine to his own satisfaction whether the results of this test method correlate to field performance. Heat transfer fluids in industrial plants are exposed to a variety of additional influencing variables. Interaction with the plant's materials, impurities, heat build-up during impaired flow conditions, the temperature distribution in the heat transfer fluid circuit, and other factors can also lead to changes in the heat transfer fluid. The test method provides an indication of the relative thermal stability of a heat transfer fluid, and can be considered as one factor in the decision-making process for selection of a fluid.  
5.4 The accuracy of the results depends very strongly on how closely the test conditions are followed.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal stability of unused organic heat transfer fluids. The procedure is applicable to fluids used for the transfer of heat at temperatures both above and below their boiling point (refers to normal boiling point throughout the text unless otherwise stated). It is applicable to fluids with maximum bulk operating temperature between 260 °C (500 °F) and 454 °C (850 °F). The procedure shall not be used to test a fluid above its critical temperature. In this test method, the volatile decomposition products are in continuous contact with the fluid during the test. This test method will not measure the thermal stability threshold (the temperature at which volatile oil fragments begin to form), but instead will indicate bulk fragmentation occurring for a specified temperature and testing period. Because potential decomposition and generation of high pressure gas may occur at temperatures above 260 °C (500 °F), do not use this test method for aqueous fluids or other fluids which generate high-pressure gas at these temperatures.  
1.2 DIN Norm 51528 and GB/T 23800 cover other test methods that are similar to this test method.  
1.3 The applicability of this test method to siloxane-based heat transfer fluids has not been determined.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 8.8, 8.9, and 8.10.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Prin...

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Standard Practice for In Situ Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Examination of Nonmagnetic Heat Exchanger Tubes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Eddy current testing is a nondestructive method that can be used to locate discontinuities in tubing made of materials that conduct electricity. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the inner or outer surfaces of the tube, or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall. When using an internal probe, the density of eddy currents in the tube wall decreases very rapidly as the distance from the internal surface increases; thus the amplitude of the response to outer surface discontinuities decreases correspondingly.  
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1.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed during eddy current examination (using an internal, probe-type, coil assembly) of nonmagnetic tubing that has been installed in a heat exchanger. The procedure recognizes both the unique problems of implementing an eddy current examination of installed tubing, and the indigenous forms of tube-wall deterioration which may occur during this type of service. The document primarily addresses scheduled maintenance inspection of heat exchangers, but can also be used by manufacturers of heat exchangers, either to examine the condition of the tubes after installation, or to establish baseline data for evaluating subsequent performance of the product after exposure to various environmental conditions. The ultimate purpose is the detection and evaluation of particular types of tube integrity degradation which could result in in-service tube failures.  
1.2 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; they must be specified by the using parties.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM B956-19e1(Specification)
Standard Specification for Welded Copper and Copper-Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for forge-welded copper and copper alloy with integral fins for use in surface condenser, evaporator, and heat exchanger. The product shall be welded tube of one of the following Copper or Copper Alloy UNS Nos.: C12000, C12200, C19200, C23000, C44300, C44400, C44500, C68700, C70400, C70600, C70620, C71000, C71500, C71520, and C72200. The material heat identification or traceability shall be specified if required. The product shall be manufactured by cold forming to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer and shall typically be furnished with unenhanced ends, but may be furnished with enhanced ends or stripped ends. Temper conditions (annealed, WO61 or light cold-worked, WC55) for the tubes and the enhanced and unenhanced sections of the tubes are given. The material shall conform to the chemical composition requirements prescribed for copper, tin, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, lead, iron, zinc, manganese, arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, chromium, and other elements such as carbon, sulfur, silicon, and titanium as determined by chemical analysis. Requirements for grain size, dimensions, mass, and mechanical properties including tensile strength and yield strength as determined by tension test are detailed. The performance requirements including expansion, flattening, and reverse bend tests; mercurous nitrate test or ammonia vapor test; and nondestructive tests such as eddy-current, hydrostatic, and pneumatic tests are detailed as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes the requirements for heat exchanger tubes manufactured from forge-welded copper and copper alloy tubing in straight lengths on which the external or internal surface, or both, has been modified by cold forming process to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer.  
1.2 The tubes are typically used in surface condensers, evaporators, and heat exchangers.  
1.3 The product shall be produced of the following coppers or copper alloys, as specified in the ordering information.    
Copper or Copper Alloy
UNS No.  
Type of Metal  
C12000A  
DLP Phosphorized, low residual phosphorus  
C12200A  
DHP Phosphorized, high residual phosphorus  
C19200  
Phosphorized, 1 % iron  
C19400  
Copper-Iron Alloy  
C23000  
Red Brass  
C44300  
Admiralty, arsenical  
C44400  
Admiralty, antimonial  
C44500  
Admiralty, phosphorized  
C68700  
Aluminum Brass  
C70400  
95-5 Copper-Nickel  
C70600  
90-10 Copper-Nickel  
C70620  
90-10 Copper-Nickel (Modified for Welding)  
C71000  
80-20 Copper-Nickel  
C71500  
70-30 Copper-Nickel  
C71520  
70-30 Copper-Nickel (Modified for Welding)  
C72200  
Copper-Nickel  
Note 1: Designations listed in Classification B224.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM B891/B891M-19(Specification)
Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes with Enhanced Surface for Improved Heat Transfer

ABSTRACT
This specification covers seamless and welded titanium and titanium alloy tubing on which the external or internal surface, or both, has been modified by a cold forming process to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer. The tubes are used in surface condensers, evaporators, heat exchangers and similar heat transfer apparatus in unfinned end diameters of a specific size. Tubes shall be furnished with unenhanced ends in the annealed condition and shall be suitable for rolling-in operations. Each tube shall be subject to a nondestructive eddy current test, and either a pneumatic or hydrostatic test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers seamless and welded titanium and titanium alloy tubing on which at least part of the external or internal surface has been enhanced by cold forming for improved heat transfer. The tubes are used in surface condensers, evaporators, heat exchangers, coils, and similar heat transfer apparatus in diameters up to and including 1 in. [25.4 mm]. The base tube wall thickness is typically at least 0.049 in. [1.245 mm] average, but lighter gauge may be negotiated with the manufacturer.  
1.2 Tubing purchased to this specification will typically be inserted through close-fitting holes in tubesheets, baffles, or support plates spaced along the tube length such as defined in the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturer’s Association (TEMA) Standard.2 The tube ends will also be expanded, and may then be welded. Tube may also be bent to form U-tubes or be coiled or otherwise formed, although tight radii may require unenhanced length for the bends.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the order. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.  
1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only: Section 8, 9, 10 and S1 of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D807-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Assessing the Tendency of Industrial Boiler Waters to Cause Embrittlement (USBM Embrittlement Detector Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Embrittlement is a form of intercrystalline cracking that is associated with the exposure of boiler steel to a combination of physical and chemical factors. For embrittlement of boiler metal to occur, the metal must be under stress, it must be at the site of a leak, and it must be exposed to the concentrated boiler water. In addition, the boiler water must be embrittling in nature. The precise chemical causes of the embrittling nature of some waters are not well understood. Experience has shown that certain waters exhibit an embrittling characteristic while others do not.  
5.2 Because embrittlement is a form of cracking, it is nearly impossible to detect in an operating boiler until a failure has occurred. In general, cracking failures tend to be sudden, and often with serious consequences. This practice offers a way to determine whether a particular water is embrittling or not. It also makes it possible to determine if specific treatment actions have rendered the water nonembrittling.  
5.3 The embrittlement detector was designed to reproduce closely the conditions existing in an actual boiler seam. It is considered probable that the individual conditions of leakage, concentration, and stress in the boiler seam can equal those in the detector. The essential difference between the detector and the boiler is that the former is so constructed and operated that these three major factors act simultaneously, continuously, and under the most favorable circumstances to produce cracking; whereas, in the boiler the three factors are brought together only under unique circumstances. Furthermore, in the detector any cracking is produced in a small test surface that can be inspected thoroughly, while the susceptible areas in a boiler are large and can be inspected only with difficulty. In these respects the embrittlement detector provides an accelerated test of the fourth condition necessary for embrittlement, the embrittling nature of the boiler water.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice,3 known as the embrittlement-detector method, covers the apparatus and procedure for determining the embrittling or nonembrittling characteristics of the water in an operating boiler. The interpretation of the results shall be restricted to the limits set forth in 8.6.  
Note 1: Cracks in a specimen after being subjected to this test indicate that the boiler water can cause embrittlement cracking, but not that the boiler in question necessarily has cracked or will crack.  
1.2 The effectiveness of treatment to prevent cracking, as well as an indication of whether an unsafe condition exists, are shown by this practice. Such treatments are evaluated in terms of method specimen resistance to failure.  
1.3 The practice may be applied to embrittlement resistance testing of steels other than boiler plate, provided that a duplicate, unexposed specimen does not crack when bent 90° on a 2-in. (51-mm) radius.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2906/E2906M-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry Examination of Tube Bundles

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 APR technology is used for detection, location and identification of internal diameter (ID) flaws-indications and blockages in tube bundles.  
5.2 Reliable and accurate examination of tube bundles is of great importance in different industries. On-time detection of flaws reduces a risk of catastrophic failure and minimizes unplanned shutdowns of plant equipment. Fast examination capability is of great importance due to reduction of maintenance time.  
5.3 APR examinations are performed for quality control of newly manufactured tube bundles as well as for in-service inspection.  
5.4 Performing an APR examination requires access to an open end of each tube to be examined.  
5.5 Flaws that can be readily detected and identified include but are not limited to through-wall holes, ID pitting, erosion, blockages, bulging due to creep and plastic deformation due to bending.  
5.6 APR can be applied to tube bundles made of metal, graphite, plastic or other solid materials with straight and curved sections. The APR technology has been found effective on tubes with diameters between 12.7 mm [1/2 in.] to 101.6 mm [4 in.] and lengths up to 18 metres [60 feet].  
5.7 Closed cracks on ID surface, without significant geometrical alternation on ID surface, may not be detected by APR.  
5.8 APR technology can be used for flaw sizing when special signal and data analysis methods are developed and applied.  
5.9 In addition to detection of flaws and blockages, APR technology can be applied for assessing tube ID surface cleanliness, providing valuable information for equipment maintenance and improving its performance.  
5.10 Other nondestructive test methods may be used to verify and evaluate the significance of APR indications, their exact position, depth, dimension and orientation. These include remote visual inspection, eddy current and ultrasonic testing.  
5.11 Procedures for using other NDT methods are beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.12 Acceptable flaw size...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes use of Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry (APR) technology for examination of the internal surface of typical tube bundles found in heat exchangers, boilers, tubular air heaters and reactors, during shutdown periods.  
1.2 The purpose of APR examination is to detect, locate and identify flaws such as through-wall holes, ID wall loss due to pitting and/or erosion as well as full or partial tube blockages. APR may not be effective in detecting cracks with tight boundaries.  
1.3 APR technology utilizes generation of sound waves through the air in the examined tube, then detecting reflections created by discontinuities and/or blockages. Analysis of the initial phase (positive or negative) and the shape of the reflected acoustic wave are used to identify the type of flaw causing the reflection.  
1.4 When proper methods of signal and data analysis are developed, APR technology can be applied for sizing of flaw/blockage indications.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6743-11(2015)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Stability of Organic Heat Transfer Fluids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Heat transfer fluids degrade when exposed to sufficiently high temperatures. The amount of degradation increases as the temperature increases or the length of exposure increases, or both. Due to reactions and rearrangement, degradation products can be formed. Degradation products include high and low boiling components, gaseous decomposition products, and products that cannot be evaporated. The type and content of degradation products produced will change the performance characteristics of a heat transfer fluid. In order to evaluate thermal stability, it is necessary to quantitatively determine the mass percentages of high and low boiling components, as well as gaseous decomposition products and those that cannot be vaporized, in the thermally stressed heat transfer fluid.  
5.2 This test method differentiates the relative stability of organic heat transfer fluids at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen and water under the conditions of the test.  
5.3 The user shall determine to his own satisfaction whether the results of this test method correlate to field performance. Heat transfer fluids in industrial plants are exposed to a variety of additional influencing variables. Interaction with the plant's materials, impurities, heat build-up during impaired flow conditions, the temperature distribution in the heat transfer fluid circuit, and other factors can also lead to changes in the heat transfer fluid. The test method provides an indication of the relative thermal stability of a heat transfer fluid, and can be considered as one factor in the decision-making process for selection of a fluid.  
5.4 The accuracy of the results depends very strongly on how closely the test conditions are followed.  
5.5 This test method does not possess the capability to quantify or otherwise assess the formation and nature of thermal decomposition products within the unstressed fluid boiling range. Decomposition products within the unstressed fluid boiling range may ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal stability of unused organic heat transfer fluids. The procedure is applicable to fluids used for the transfer of heat at temperatures both above and below their boiling point (refers to normal boiling point throughout the text unless otherwise stated). It is applicable to fluids with maximum bulk operating temperature between 260 °C (500 °F) and 454 °C (850 °F). The procedure shall not be used to test a fluid above its critical temperature. In this test method, the volatile decomposition products are in continuous contact with the fluid during the test. This test method will not measure the thermal stability threshold (the temperature at which volatile oil fragments begin to form), but instead will indicate bulk fragmentation occurring for a specified temperature and testing period. Because potential decomposition and generation of high pressure gas may occur at temperatures above 260 °C (500 °F), do not use this test method for aqueous fluids or other fluids which generate high-pressure gas at these temperatures.  
1.2 DIN Norm 51528 covers a test method that is similar to this test method.  
1.3 The applicability of this test method to siloxane-based heat transfer fluids has not been determined.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 8.8, 8.9, and 8.10.

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