ASTM D6669-01a(2007)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Selecting and Constructing Exposure Scenarios for Assessment of Exposures to Alkyd and Latex Interior Paints
Standard Practice for Selecting and Constructing Exposure Scenarios for Assessment of Exposures to Alkyd and Latex Interior Paints
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Increasing attention is being paid to human exposure to airborne chemicals from products or materials used indoors, for two reasons:
5.1.1 Individuals spend substantial fractions of their time indoors.
5.1.2 Such exposures can occur repeatedly throughout one’lifetime.
The primary objectives of this practice are as follows:
5.2.1 To list the elements that need to be considered in developing a scenario to describe how exposure occurs to chemicals emitted from alkyd or latex interior paints.
5.2.2 To discuss procedures and alternatives for choosing and describing these elements.
Elements of an exposure scenario, in turn, are used to practice a subsequent step of estimating exposures through monitoring studies or computer modeling exercises.
Once exposures have been estimated, the results can be used to assess the potential impacts of a specific paint formulation on the health of exposed individuals, or to compare the relative impacts of alternative formulations.
Estimation of exposures, or comparisons of estimated exposures across alternative paint formulations, can lead to development of environmentally preferable products by minimizing adverse health effects for exposed individuals.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides procedures for constructing scenarios for assessment of inhalation exposure to airborne emissions of chemicals released from alkyd or latex paints that are used indoors.
1.2 The indoor environments covered in this practice, in terms of considerations for developing exposure scenarios, are residences and office buildings.
1.3 Elements of the exposure scenarios include the product and chemical(s) to be assessed, the indoor environment where the product is applied, application of the product, chemical emissions during and after product application, and location/activity patterns of individuals who may be exposed to the airborne chemical emissions.
1.4 Steps to be performed after developing exposure scenarios, such as monitoring, modeling and exposure/risk assessment, also are described.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:D6669–01a (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Practice for
Selecting and Constructing Exposure Scenarios for
Assessment of Exposures to Alkyd and Latex Interior
Paints
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6669; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Editorially updated the References section in May 2007.
1. Scope D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Atmospheres
1.1 This practice provides procedures for constructing sce-
D5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-
narios for assessment of inhalation exposure to airborne
terminations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/
emissions of chemicals released from alkyd or latex paints that
Products
are used indoors.
D6178 Practice for Estimation of Short-term Inhalation
1.2 The indoor environments covered in this practice, in
Exposure to Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted from
terms of considerations for developing exposure scenarios, are
Bedding Sets
residences and office buildings.
D6485 GuideforRiskCharacterizationofAcuteandIrritant
1.3 Elements of the exposure scenarios include the product
Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Volatile Organic
and chemical(s) to be assessed, the indoor environment where
Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
the product is applied, application of the product, chemical
E741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single
emissions during and after product application, and location/
Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution
activity patterns of individuals who may be exposed to the
airborne chemical emissions.
3. Terminology
1.4 Steps to be performed after developing exposure sce-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
narios, such as monitoring, modeling and exposure/risk assess-
tice refer to Terminology D1356.
ment, also are described.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.1 emission profile, n—a time-series of emission rates of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
one or more compounds.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.2 exposure scenario, n—adescriptionofhowandwhere
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
an estimated exposure occurs, including (1) the location and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
emission profile of the product or material that causes expo-
2. Referenced Documents sure, (2) the indoor environment where the individual is
exposed to airborne emissions from the product or material,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and (3) the location and activity patterns of the exposed
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
individual.
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
3.2.3 potential inhaled dose, n—the product of air concen-
D1212 Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film Thick-
tration to which an individual is exposed times breathing rate
ness of Organic Coatings
times duration of exposure.
3.2.4 short-term exposure, n—an exposure of one week or
less in duration.
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 onAir Quality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.
4. Summary of Practice
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
4.1 This practice documents the items that need to be
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D6669 - 01a. DOI:
10.1520/D6669-01AR07E01.
described when developing an exposure scenario for assess-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ment of exposures to chemicals released indoors from alkyd or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
latex paints. Important considerations are discussed for each
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. item, along with examples or alternatives where appropriate.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
D6669–01a (2007)
4.2 An exposure scenario—a description of how and where
an estimated exposure occurs—includes the following ele-
ments for paints used indoors (that is, interior paints):
4.2.1 The product and chemical(s) to be assessed.
4.2.2 The indoor environment where the product is applied,
including properties such as volume and airflow rate.
4.2.3 The amount and rate of product use.
FIG. 1 Conceptualization of a Painted Building
4.2.4 Chemicalemissionsduringandafterpaintapplication.
4.2.5 Locations and breathing rates of an individual, or
6.1.2 The pattern and potential impact of chemical emis-
individuals, who may be exposed to the airborne chemical
sions over time can vary by chemical. Describe the following:
emissions.
6.1.2.1 Physical/chemical properties of the chemical(s) un-
4.3 Further considerations discussed in this practice include
derinvestigation,suchasmolecularweightandvaporpressure.
typical versus conservative assumptions, short-term versus
6.1.2.2 Role of the chemical(s) in the paint (for example,
long-termexposureperspectives,alkydversuslatexpaints,and
solvent).
residential versus office settings.
6.1.2.3 Weight fraction of the chemical(s) in the paint.
4.4 More than one exposure scenario can be constructed.
6.1.2.4 Toxicity information, such as that commonly re-
The practice also provides a list of elements to be included
ported in Material Safety Data Sheets.
when comparing multiple scenarios.
6.1.3 Chemical emissions can be affected by environmental
factors such as temperature and humidity. These factors are
5. Significance and Use
discussed in 6.2. The pattern of chemical emissions also can
5.1 Increasing attention is being paid to human exposure to
depend on factors such as the paint application method, the
airborne chemicals from products or materials used indoors,
amount of paint applied, and the rate of application. These
for two reasons:
factors are discussed in 6.3.
5.1.1 Individuals spend substantial fractions of their time
6.2 Describing the Indoor Environment Where the Product
indoors.
Is Applied:
5.1.2 Suchexposurescanoccurrepeatedlythroughoutone’s
6.2.1 Describe the size/volume and general configuration of
lifetime.
the environment (for example, a two-story residence consisting
5.2 The primary objectives of this practice are as follows:
3 3
ofeightroomswithavolumeof15000ft or425m ).Specific
5.2.1 To list the elements that need to be considered in
considerations for residential versus office buildings are dis-
developing a scenario to describe how exposure occurs to
cussed under 6.6. Distributions for volumes of U.S. residences
chemicals emitted from alkyd or latex interior paints.
are presented in the Exposure Factors Handbook (1).
5.2.2 To discuss procedures and alternatives for choosing
6.2.2 Describe the indoor-outdoor air change rate (for ex-
and describing these elements.
-1
ample, in h or air changes per hour, ACH) and associated
5.3 Elements of an exposure scenario, in turn, are used to
conditions such as opening of doors/windows and use of
practice a subsequent step of estimating exposures through
exhaust/circulation fans. Distributions for air change rates of
monitoring studies or computer modeling exercises.
U.S. residences are presented in the Exposure Factors Hand-
5.4 Once exposures have been estimated, the results can be
book (1). Persily (2) has measured air change rates in a limited
used to assess the potential impacts of a specific paint
set of office buildings.
formulation on the health of exposed individuals, or to com-
6.2.3 Discussion—When conducting an actual exposure
pare the relative impacts of alternative formulations.
assessment, as opposed to constructing an exposure scenario to
5.5 Estimation of exposures, or comparisons of estimated
guide the assessment, it may be preferable to replace assump-
exposures across alternative paint formulations, can lead to
tions regarding air change rates with actual measurements,
development of environmentally preferable products by mini-
using methods such as those described in Test Method E741.
mizing adverse health effects for exposed individuals.
6.2.4 Describe the fraction of the building (or building
volume) that is being painted. It usually is convenient to
6. Procedures for Developing Exposure Scenarios
conceptualize the building as consisting of two indoor air
6.1 Describing the Product and Chemical(s):
spaces—a painted space and an unpainted space, with commu-
6.1.1 Chemical emissions can vary according to the type of
nicating air flows between the two spaces—as illustrated in
paint and painted substrate. Describe the following:
Fig. 1.
6.1.1.1 Alkyd or latex paint.
6.2.5 Describe the airflow rates between the painted and
6.1.1.2 Flat, gloss, or semi-gloss paint.
unpainted spaces. The flows in the two directions are not
6.1.1.3 Physical properties such as paint density (for ex-
necessarilyequal,butitisoftenconvenienttoassumeso.More
ample, in pounds per gallon or grams per cm ).
than two indoor spaces can be specified, but the number of
6.1.1.4 Typical applications of the paint, in terms of (1) type
airflow rates will increase rapidly (for example, 2 rates for 2
of substrate to which it is applied (for example, gypsum
spaces, 6 rates for 3 spaces, 12 rates for 4 spaces).
wallboard vs. wood/trim vs. metal) and (2) type of room (for
example, bedroom vs. bathroom or kitchen).
6.1.1.5 Typical warnings or advice on the paint container
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
(for example, “Use in a well-ventilated area”). this practice.
´1
D6669–01a (2007)
6.2.6 Discussion—In specifying air flows it is important to 6.3.5.3 If film thickness is known (see Test Methods D1005
maintain a flow balance; that is, for any air space or zone, the and D1212), it can be converted to total coverage using the
sum of air flows entering the zone should equal the sum of following formula:
exiting air flows. One relatively simple means of accomplish-
Coverage per coat ~ft /gal! 5 1600/film thickness ~mil!, or (2)
ing this is to assume that the airflow rates to/from outdoors are
Coverage per coat ~m /gal! 5 148.5/film thickness ~mil!,
proportional to the air change rate (for example, if the zone
3 -1
volume is 100 m and the air change rate is 0.5 h , then the
where:
airflow rate to/from outdoors is 50 m /h) and that the airflow
1 mil = 1/1000 in.
rates between the two zones are the same in both directions.As
The amount applied can then be calculated as in 6.3.5.2.
with other elements describing an exposure scenario, assump-
6.3.5.4 If the volume of the painted space is known and if
tions here ultimately should be replaced by measurements
walls or ceilings are being painted, then the painted surface
where possible. However, airflow measurements (typically
area can be estimated from the following relationships given in
involving the use of multiple tracer gases) are not simple to
the Exposure Factors Handbook (1) for residences:
perform. A possible alternative is to use an indoor-air model
2 3 2 3
Wall area ~ft ! ' volume ~ft ! 3 0.29 ~or m ' m 3 0.95! (3)
that can model air flows, such as CONTAM (3) or COMIS (4).
The MCCEM model (5) has a built-in library of airflow rates 2 3 2 3
Ceiling area ~ft ! ' volume ~ft ! 3 0.13 ~or m ' m 3 0.43!
for a variety of residences.
The amount applied can then be calculated as in 6.3.5.2.
6.2.7 Describe the outdoor concentration for the chemi-
6.3.6 Indicate the product application rate (for example, gal
cals(s) of concern assumed to prevail during and following the
per h). This rate can depend on factors such as application
painting event. Often the outdoor concentration of the chemi-
method (roller, brush, spray) and the number of painters.
cal(s) being assessed is low relative to that indoors, such that
Indicate the application method and number of painters along
an assumption of zero concentration outdoors is not unreason-
with the rate.
able. Even if a non-zero-concentration is assumed, the estima-
6.3.7 Indicate the total duration of the painting event. The
tion process can be simplified by assuming that the outdoor
duration can be calculated by dividing the total amount of
concentration is constant over time.
primerorpaint,orbothused(ingallons)bytheapplicationrate
6.2.8 Describe the environmental conditions of the indoor
(in gal per h), assuming a constant application rate. The drying
space where paint is to be applied. Conditions such as
time(s) between successive coats needs to be added to the
temperatureandrelativehumidityareparticularlyimportant,as
painting time to obtain the total duration. In cases where the
these can affect the rate of chemical emissions.
duration is relatively long (for example, > 8 h), indicate the
6.2.9 Indoor-air concentrations of chemicals released from
number of painting hours per day and the resultant number of
paint can be affected by certain types of materials that absorb
painting days.
(and sometimes desorb) emitted chemicals. Describe wall,
6.4 Describing the Chemical Emissions from the Paint:
ceiling and floor materials as well as furnishings such as
6.4.1 General Nature of Emissions Profile. When primer or
upholstered furniture or draperies. The preferred method for
paint is applied quickly to a small specimen (as when conduct-
documenting the presence of such materials is to note their
ing a small-chamber test to characterize emissions), the chemi-
loading rates (that is, ratio of surface area to indoor volume, in
2 3 2 3
cal emissions tend to be higher at first and then to decline over
units of ft /ft or m /m ).
time. Studies of airborne chemical concentrations in chambers
6.3 Describing the Product Application:
(6, 7), following instantaneous application of paint to a
6.3.1 Describe the substrate that is being painted—gypsum
substrate such as gypsum wallboard, indicate that the declining
wallboard, wood, metal, etc.—and indicate whether it ever has
emission rate tends to follow a single-exponential model for
been painted before.
chemicals released from alkyd paint and a double-exponential
6.3.2 Indicate whether the substrate is being painted with
model for chemicals released from latex paint.
primer only, paint only, or primer plus paint.
6.4.2 Direct Estimation of Emissions Profile. An emission
6.3.3 Indicate the number of coats of primer/paint being
profile for the chemical(s) of concern released from pr
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.