ASTM D4964-96
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile Testing Machine)
Standard Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile Testing Machine)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tension and elongation of wide or narrow elastic fabrics made from natural or man-made elastomers, either alone or in combination with other textile yarns, when tested with a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine.
Note 1-For determination of similar testing using the constant-rate-of-load (CRL) type tensile testing machine, refer to Test Method D 1775.
1.2 The use of this test method requires the selection of, or mutual agreement upon, tension(s) and elongation(s) at which the test results will be determined.
1.3 Laundering procedures require mutual agreement on the selection of temperature and number of washing cycles and drying cycles to be used.
1.4 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D4964–96
Standard Test Method for
Tension and Elongation of Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-
of-Extension Type Tensile Testing Machine)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4964; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Load Type Tensile Test-
ing Machine)
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tension and
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
elongation of wide or narrow elastic fabrics made from natural
or man-made elastomers, either alone or in combination with
3. Terminology
other textile yarns, when tested with a constant-rate-of-
3.1 Definitions:
extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine.
3.1.1 constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine
NOTE 1—For determination of similar testing using the constant-rate-
(CRE), n—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of
of-load (CRL) type tensile testing machine, refer to Test Method D 1775.
specimen length is uniform with time.
1.2 The use of this test method requires the selection of, or
3.1.2 constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL),
mutual agreement upon, loop tension(s) and elongation(s) at
n—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load
which the test results will be determined.
being applied to the specimen is uniform with time after the
1.3 Laundering procedures require mutual agreement on the
first 3 s.
selection of temperature and number of washing cycles and
3.1.3 elastic fabric, n—a textile fabric made from an elas-
drying cycles to be used.
tomer either alone or in combination with other textile mate-
1.4 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to
rials.
be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
3.1.4 elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system
to the length of the material prior to stretching.
must be used independently of the other, without combining
3.1.5 extension, n—the change in length of a material due to
values in any way.
stretching.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.6 extension-recovery cycle, n—in tension testing, the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
continuous extension of a specimen, with a momentary hold at
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
a specified extension, followed by a controlled rate of return to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
zero extension.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.7 force, n—a physical influence exerted by one body on
another which produces acceleration of bodies that are free to
2. Referenced Documents
move and deformation of bodies that are not free to move.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.8 loop tension, n—in elastic material testing, the total
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
tension at any specified extension that is exerted on a specimen
tiles
in a loop formation.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3.1.9 narrow elastic fabric, n—an elastic fabric that is less
D 1775 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Wide
than 150 mm or 6 in. wide.
3.1.10 tension, n—a uniaxial force tending to cause the
stretching of a material.
3.1.11 tension-recovery chart, n—in tension testing, a con-
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.24 on Elastomeric Yarns and
tinuously plotted graph of tension versus extension resulting
Fabrics.
from a tension-recovery cycle.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1996. Published August 1996. Originally
3.1.12 tension test, n—in textiles,atestdesignedtomeasure
published as D 4964 – 89. Last previous edition D 4964 – 96.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. the tautness in a textile strand or fabric.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4964
3.1.13 wide elastic fabric, n—anelasticfabricthatisatleast 5.4 Data from loop tension-recovery curves can be com-
150 mm or 6 in. wide. pared only if the tension testing machine, rate-of-extension,
3.1.14 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test maximum loading (or extension), and specimen specifications
method, refer to Terminology D 123. are comparable. Since different machine set-ups will cause
different results on the same fabric, machine set-ups must
4. Summary of Test Method
always be specified before making a test and be reported with
4.1 Loop Tension at Specified Elongation(s)—A condi-
the test results.
tioned loop specimen is mounted in a CRE-type tensile testing
5.5 The test for measuring loop tension at specified elonga-
machine. The specimen is then extended at a specified rate to
tion(s) is used to determine the tension of an elastic fabric
a specified loop tension, and returned at a specified rate to zero
when subjected to a specified elongation which is less than the
tension. The cycle is repeated two more times to give a total of
elongation required to rupture the fabric. The test prescribes
threecycles.Duringthetest,extension-recoverycurvesmaybe
points of measurement on the extending (outgoing) cycle only.
plotted by an automatic recorder for all or only the third cycle.
5.6 The test for measuring elongation at specified tension(s)
The tension at specified percent elongation(s) is calculated
is used to determine the elongation of an elastic fabric when
from the graph of the third cycle or obtained from the
subjected to a specified loop tension which is less than the
instrument. tensionrequiredtorupturethefabric.Thetestprescribespoints
4.2 Elongation at Specified Loop Tension—A conditioned
of measurement on the loading (outgoing) cycle only.
loop specimen is mounted in a CRE-type tensile testing
6. Apparatus
machine. The specimen is then loaded at a specified rate to a
specified loop tension, and unloaded at a specified rate to zero 6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, CRE-Type, conforming to
loop tension. The cycle is repeated two more times to give a
Specification D 76, equipped with an automatic recording
total of three cycles. During the test, tension-recovery curves device and cycling controls.
maybeplottedbyanautomaticrecorderforalloronlythethird
6.2 Band Clamps, to hold loop specimen during testing.The
cycle. The elongation at a specified loop tension is calculated
diameter of the anvils will be 13.06 0.25 mm (0.5 6 0.01 in.)
from the graph of the third cycle or obtained from the
or 6.56 0.25 mm (0.25 6 0.01 in.).The length of the anvil will
instrument.
not be less than 76 mm (3.0 in.).
6.3 Sewing Machine Single-Needle.
5. Significance and Use
7. Sampling
5.1 This test method for testing loop tension and elongation
of elastic fabrics is considered satisfactory for acceptance
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
testing of commercial shipments of elastic fabrics because the
take at random the number of rolls of fabric as directed in an
test method is used in the trade for acceptance testing.
applicable material specification or other agreement between
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
thepurchaserandthesupplier.Considerrollsoffabrictobethe
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
primary sampling units.
testing of commercial shipments, the parties should conduct
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is
between rolls of fabric, and the variability between specimens from a
recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the
swatch from a roll of fabric, to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful
two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting
quality level.
homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of
the type in question. The test specimens should then be
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for
tance testing, take a full width swatch,2m(2yd) long, from
testing.Theaverageresultsfromthetwolaboratoriesshouldbe
the end of each roll of fabric in the lot sample, after first
compared using student’s t-test for unpaired data and an
discarding a minimum of1m(1yd)of fabric from the very
acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before
outside of the roll.
the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be
7.3 Test Specimens—Take test specimens as follows:
found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must
7.3.1 Wide Elastic Fabrics—If the purchaser and the sup-
agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the
plier agree to test the fabric in only one direction, cut five
known bias.
specimens from each swatch in the laboratory sample with the
5.2 This test method specifies the use of the CRE-type
long dimension of the specimens parallel to the direction of
tensile testing machine. Users of this test method are cautioned
test. If the purchaser and the supplier agree to test the fabric in
that loop tension test data obtained using this method are not
both directions, from each full-width swatch in the laboratory
comparable to tension test data obtained using Test Method
D 1775 because of the differences in testing machines. Test
Method D 1775 uses a CRL-type tensile testing machine.
Machines available from the following suppliers, or the equivalent, have been
found satisfactory for this purpose: E. H. Benz Company, 283 Whitford Ave.,
5.3 The loop tension and extension relationship of an elastic
Providence, RI 02904, Instron Corporation, 100 Royall St., Canton, MA 02021,
fabric is an important criterion for judging the suitability of the
Monsanto Instruments, 2689 Wingate Ave., Akron, OH 44314, Thwing-Albert
fabric for various end uses, such as: foundation garments,
Instrument Company, 10960 Dutton Rd., Philadelphia, PA 19154, and Zwick of
brassieres, and swimsuits. America, P.O. Box 997, East Windsor, CT 06088.
D4964
sample, cut five specimens parallel to the long dimension and 9.2.3 Make and use a paper gage as directed below.
five specimens perpendicular to the long dimension. Speci- 9.2.3.1 Cut a strip of flexible paper that measures 275 6 2
mens should be spaced along a diagonal to allow for represen- mm by 106 2 mm, or 11.0 6 0.05 in. by 0.5 6 0.05 in.
tation in each specimen of different warp and filling areas, or 9.2.3.2 From one end of paper strip, measure a distance of
waleandcourseareas.Takenospecimensnearerthanonetenth 250 6 2 mm, or 10.0 6 0.05 in., and draw a line perpendicular
of the fabric width from the selvage. to the long axis.
7.3.2 Narrow Elastic Fabric—Cut five specimens from 9.2.3.3 Place a strip of double-faced tape across the strip,
each swatch in the laboratory sample. For narrow knitted or and on the short end, coincident with the line.
woven elastic fabrics that are more than 75 mm (3 in.) wide, 9.2.3.4 Curl the untaped end of the strip to form a loop,
the purchaser and the supplier may agree to (1) use specimens aligning the end with the 250 mm, or 10 in., line. Press down
of the widths specified in 8.1.1 for wide elastic fabrics of on the strip, fastening it to the double-faced tape.
comparable construction, or (2) if wide clamps are available, 9.2.3.5 Place the paper loop around the testing machine
use full-width specimens. clamps with the taped joint between the clamps. See Fig. 1.
9.2.3.6 Adjust the clamp spacing until the loop is just snug
8. Preparation of Test Specimens
on the clamp.
9.2.3.7 Remove the loop.
8.1 Cut specimens as directed below:
9.2.3.8 Iftheanvildiameteris13mm(0.5in.),settheinitial
8.1.1 Wide Elastic Fabric—Cut specimens 350 by 100 mm
anvil spacing so that the distance from the top of the upper
(14 by 4 in.). Trim, or ravel woven fabrics by taking yarns
anvil to the bottom of the lower anvil is 118 mm or 4.7 in.
alternately from the two sides, to a width as near 75 62mm
9.2.3.9 If the anvil diameter is 6.5 mm (0.25 in.) set the
(3 6 0.05 in.), as possible. If fabrics are ravelled to obtain the
initial anvil setting so that the distance from the top of the
specimen width, specimens should contain the same number of
upper anvil to the bottom of the lower anvil is 121 mm or 4.9
yarns in the testing direction.
in.
8.1.2 Narrow Elastic Fabric—Cut specimens with the
350-mm (14-in.) dimension parallel to the length of the fabric.
NOTE 4—The anvil spacing in 9.2.3.8 and 9.2.3.9 will provide a loop
8.2 Preparation of Loop Specimens—Draw two gage marks
circumference of 250 mm or 10 in.
on the specimen which are (1) 250 62mm(10 6 0.05 in.)
10. Conditioning
apart, (2) approximately the same distance from the specimen
ends, (3) parallel to one another, and (4) perpendicular to the
10.1 Before making any tests for loop tension or stretch,
long direction of the test specimen. Form a loop by folding the bring the samples to moisture equilibrium for testing in the
specimen; then aligning and sewing a seam along the two gage
standard atmosphere for testing textiles, which is 21 6 1°C (70
marks. Use a single-needle stitch, sewing two rows of stitching 6 2°F) and 65 6 2 % relative humidity. Allow the samples to
and making certain that the beginning and ending stitches do
relax, free of loop tension, for a minimum of 16 h. After
not come loose. exposure for this time, it may be assumed that moisture
equilibriumhasbeenreached.SeePracticeD 1776forstandard
9. Preparation and Verification of Apparatus
conditions for testing textile materials.
9.1 Equip and set-up the CRE-type tensile testing machine
11. Procedure
according to the manufacturer’s instructions and using the
following information:
11.1 Test all specimens in standard atmosphere for testing
9.1.1 Loop distance around clamps: 250 62mm(10 6 textiles, which is 21 6 1°C (70 6 2°F) and 65 6 2 % relative
0.05 in.).
humidity.
9.1.2 Loading crosshead speed: 500 6 15 mm/min (20 6
0.5 in./min).
9.1.3 Unloading crosshead speed: 500 6 15 mm/min (20 6
0.5 in./min).
9.1.4 Cycling controls: 100 N (20 lbf) force maximum, or
as agreed upon. Force must be less than that which will cause
the fabric to rupture. For low elongation fabrics (below
100 %), parties should agree to a slower crosshead speed for
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