ASTM D2261-13(2024)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and the test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of fabric of the type in question. Test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
5.2 The force registered in a tear test is irregular, and as a consequence, empirical methods have had to be developed to obtain usable values related to tear strength. In spite of the empirical nature of the reported values, the values are considered to reflect comparative performance of similar fabrics tested and measured in the same way. No known procedure is available that can be used with all fabrics to determine the minimum tearing strength.
5.3 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data recording devices will show the tearing force in the form of a peak or peaks. The highest peaks appear to reflect the strength of the yarn components, fiber bonds, or fiber interlocks, individually or in combination, needed to stop a te...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing strength of textile fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedure using a recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) tensile testing machine.
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As a consequence, these test instruments may be used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions for use of the CRT-type tensile tester are included in Appendix X1.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knit fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics and non-wovens. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with or without wetting.
1.3 Tear strength, as measured in this test method, requires that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported value obtained is not directly related to the force required to initiate or start a tear.
1.4 Two calculations for tongue tearing strength are provided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest peak forces.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units may be approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of I...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2261 − 13 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip)
Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing
Machine)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2261; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
strength of textile fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedure
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
using a recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) ten-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
sile testing machine.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As a
consequence, these test instruments may be used when agreed
2. Referenced Documents
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions
2.1 ASTM Standards:
for use of the CRT-type tensile tester are included in Appendix
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
X1.
Textiles
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knit
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics and non-wovens. The
(Withdrawn 2024)
fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated,
D1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Tex-
or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing
tiles
specimens with or without wetting.
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
1.3 Tear strength, as measured in this test method, requires
drawn 2008)
that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported value
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
obtained is not directly related to the force required to initiate
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
or start a tear.
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
1.4 Two calculations for tongue tearing strength are pro-
Related Properties of Textiles
vided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
peak forces.
Methods
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3. Terminology
are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units may
be approximate.
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.60, Fabric Test
Methods, Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 For all terminology related to Force, Deformation and
Related Properties of Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Physical Test contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Methods B. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2024. Published January 2024. Originally the ASTM website.
ɛ1
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D2261–17 . DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D2261-13R24. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2261 − 13 (2024)
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: 5.4 Most textile fabrics can be tested by this test method.
cross-machine direction, CD, fabric, machine direction, MD, Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary
peak force, in tear testing of fabrics, tearing force, in fabric, for a given fabric due to its structure. Strong fabrics or fabrics
tearing strength, in fabric. made from glass fibers usually require special adaptation to
prevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged as
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
a result of being gripped in the clamps.
Terminology D123.
5.5 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the
preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing
4. Summary of Test Method
strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-
4.1 A rectangular specimen, cut in the center of a short edge
type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used.
to form a two-tongued (trouser shaped) specimen, in which one
Consequently, these test instruments may be used when agreed
tongue of the specimen is gripped in the upper jaw and the
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions
other tongue is gripped in the lower jaw of a tensile testing
for use of the CRT-type tester are included in Appendix X1.
machine. The separation of the jaws is continuously increased
to apply a force to propagate the tear. At the same time, the
6. Apparatus
force developed is recorded. The force to continue the tear is
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine , of the CRE-type conforming
calculated from autographic chart recorders or microprocessor
to the requirements of Specification D76/D76M with auto-
data collection systems.
graphic recorder, or automatic microprocessor data gathering
system.
5. Significance and Use
6.2 Clamps, having all gripping surfaces parallel, flat, and
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
capable of preventing slipping of the specimen during a test,
tance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates
and measuring at least 25 by 75 mm (1 by 3 in.) with the longer
of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and the test
dimension perpendicular to the direction of application of the
method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
force.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
6.2.1 The use of hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systems
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
with a minimum of 25 mm by 75 mm (1 in. by 3 in.) rubber
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
gripping surfaces or serrated having an appropriate clamping
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
force at the grip faces depending on the type of fabric under
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
test. The pressure should be sufficient to prevent slippage of the
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
specimen in the gripping surface during the test, while ensuring
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
the specimen is not damaged at the grip edge. Manual
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
clamping is permitted providing no slippage of the specimen is
from a lot of fabric of the type in question. Test specimens then
observed.
should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
6.2.2 For some materials, to prevent slippage when using
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
jaw faces other than serrated, such as rubber-faced jaws, the
laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis-
jaw faces may be covered with a No. 80 to 120 medium-grit
tical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
emery cloth. Secure the emery cloth to the jaw faces with
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
pressure-sensitive tape.
cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the
6.3 Cutting Die or Template, having essentially the shape
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1.
eration to the known bias.
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
5.2 The force registered in a tear test is irregular, and as a
consequence, empirical methods have had to be developed to
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
obtain usable values related to tear strength. In spite of the
randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directed
empirical nature of the reported values, the values are consid-
in an applicable material specification or other agreement
ered to reflect comparative performance of similar fabrics
between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or
tested and measured in the same way. No known procedure is
pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In the
available that can be used with all fabrics to determine the
absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls
minimum tearing strength.
specified in Table 1.
5.3 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
recording devices will show the tearing force in the form of a
between rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch
peak or peaks. The highest peaks appear to reflect the strength
from a roll or piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful
of the yarn components, fiber bonds, or fiber interlocks,
producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting
individually or in combination, needed to stop a tear in a fabric
quality level.
of the same construction. The valleys recorded between the
peaks have no specific significance. The minimum tearing
force, however, is indicated to be above the lowest valleys. Apparatus is commercially available.
D2261 − 13 (2024)
NOTE 1—All dimensions in mm.
FIG. 1 Template for Marking and Cutting Tongue Tear Specimens
TABLE 1 Number of Rolls or Pieces of Fabric in the Lot Sample
the laboratory sample, and no nearer the edge than one tenth its
Number of Rolls or Pieces width. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkles.
Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample
in Lot, Inclusive
Avoid getting oil, water, grease, and so forth, on the specimens
1 to 3 all
when handling.
4 to 24 4
25 to 50 5
over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls or pieces
8. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration
8.1 Set the distance between the clamps at the start of the
test at 75 mm 6 1 mm (3.0 in. 6 0.05 in.).
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a
8.2 Select the full-scale force range of the testing machine
swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
such that the maximum force occurs between 10 % and 90 %
m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll or piece in
of full-scale force.
the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will
8.3 Set the testing speed to 50 mm ⁄min 6 2 mm/min (2
exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap
in./min 6 0.1 in./min). When agreed upon between the
around the core of the roll of fabric.
purchaser and the supplier, the testing speed may be set to 300
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
mm/min 6 10 mm/min (12 in./min 6 0.5 in./min).
take five specimens from the machine direction and five
specimens from the cross-machine direction, for each test
8.4 Verify calibration of the tensile testing machine as
condition described in 9.1 and 9.2, as applicable to a material directed in the manufacturer’s instructions.
specification or contract order.
8.5 When using microprocessor automatic data gathering
7.3.1 Direction of Test—Consider the short direction as the
systems, set the appropriate parameters as specified in the
direction of test.
manufacturer’s instructions and Specification D76/D76M.
7.3.2 Cutting Test Specimens—Cut rectangular specimens
75 mm by 200 mm 6 1 mm (3 in. by 8 in. 6 0.05 mm). Use
9. Conditioning
the cutting die or template described in 6.3 and shown in Fig.
1. Take the specimens to be used for the measurement of
9.1 Condition 1, Standard Testing Conditioning:
machine direction with the longer dimension parallel to the
9.1.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to ap-
cross-machine direction. Take the specimens to be used for the
proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for
measurement of the cross-machine direction with the longer
preconditioning textiles as specified in Practice D1776/
dimension parallel to the machine direction. Make a prelimi-
D1776M, unless otherwise specified in a material specification
nary cut 75 mm 6 1 mm (3 in. 6 0.05 in.) long at the center
or contract order.
of the 75 mm (3 in.) width as shown in Fig. 1. When specimens
9.1.2 After preconditioning, bring the test specimens to
are to be tested wet, take the specimens from areas adjacent to
moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for
the dry test specimens. Label to maintain specimen identity.
testing textiles as specified in Practice D1776/D1776M or, if
7.3.2.1 In cutting the specimens, take care to align the yarns
applicable, in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is
running in the long direction parallel with the die such that
to be performed, unless otherwise specified in a material
when the slit is cut, the subsequent tear will take place between
specification or contract order. In addition to conditioning it is
these yarns and not across them. This precaution is most
important for fabrics with stretch characteristics to relax for a
important when testing bowed fabrics.
period of 24 h prior to sample preparation.
7.3.2.2 Take specimens representing a broad distribution
across the width and length, preferably along the diagonal of 9.2 Condition 2, Wet Specimen Testing Conditioning:
D2261 − 13 (2024)
9.2.1 When desizing treatments are specified prior to wet taking the wet specimen from the water bath and starting the
testing, use desizing treatments that wil
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