ASTM D2669-06(2012)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Petroleum Waxes Compounded with Additives (Hot Melts)
Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Petroleum Waxes Compounded with Additives (Hot Melts)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test distinguishes between hot melts having different apparent viscosities. It is believed that apparent viscosity determined by this procedure is related to flow performance in application machinery operating under conditions of low shear rate. Apparent viscosity as determined by this method may not correlate well with end use applications where high shear rates are encountered.
Materials of the type described in this procedure may be quite non-Newtonian and as such the apparent viscosity will be a function of shear rate under the conditions of test. Although the viscometer described in this test generally operates under conditions of relatively low shear rate, differences in shear effect can exist depending upon the spindle and rotational speed conditions selected for the test program. Maximum correlation between laboratories, therefore, depends upon testing under conditions of equivalent shear.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent viscosity of petroleum waxes compounded with additives (hot melts). It applies to fluid hot melts having apparent viscosities up to about 20 Pa·s at temperatures up to 175°C (347°F).
Note 1—For petroleum waxes and their blends having low apparent viscosities, below about 15 mPa·s, Test Method D445, is especially applicable.
1.2 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the standard. One pascal second (Pa·s) = 1000 centipoises (cP). One millipascal second (mPa·s) = 1 centipoise (cgs units).
1.3 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s websitehttp://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: D2669 − 06(Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Petroleum Waxes Compounded with
Additives (Hot Melts)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2669; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Added mercury caveat editorially in April 2012.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the appar- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ent viscosity of petroleum waxes compounded with additives D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
(hot melts). It applies to fluid hot melts having apparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
viscosities up to about 20 Pa·s at temperatures up to 175°C ity)
(347°F). E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
NOTE 1—For petroleum waxes and their blends having low apparent
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-
viscosities, below about 15 mPa·s, Test Method D445, is especially
cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)
applicable.
1.2 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the
3. Terminology
standard. One pascal second (Pa·s) = 1000 centipoises (cP).
3.1 Definitions:
One millipascal second (mPa·s) = 1 centipoise (cgs units).
3.1.1 viscosity—the ratio of shear stress to shear rate.
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
Viscosity of a liquid is a measure of the internal friction of the
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
liquid in motion. The unit of dynamic viscosity is the pascal
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
second. For a Newtonian liquid, the viscosity is constant at all
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
shear rates. For a non-Newtonian liquid, viscosity will vary
materials.Cautionshould be taken when handling mercuryand
depending on shear rate.
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
3.1.2 viscosity, apparent—the viscosity determined by this
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
method, expressed in pascal seconds. Its value may vary with
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
the spindle and rotational speed selected because many hot
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
melts are non-Newtonian.
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
may be prohibited by law. 4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4.1 Approximately 800 g of sample are melted on a hot
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
plate or in an oven.An 800-mL glass beaker which is jacketed
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- with an electric heating mantle is filled with the melted sample
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
to a level of about 25 mm (1 in.) from its top. The viscometer,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. with attached spindle and guard, is properly positioned. Stir-
ring is begun and continued while the temperature of the
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.10.0A on Physical/Chemical Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published April 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D2669–06. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D2669-06(2012)E01. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D2669 − 06 (2012)
sample is brought to slightly above the highest desired test 7. Procedure
temperature. Heating is discontinued and stirring is maintained
7.1 Selection of Spindle—From the estimated viscosity of
until the sample cools to the chosen temperature. At this time,
the sample and Table A1.1, select a spindle size and speed
stirring is stopped and the apparent viscosity is determined.
combination that preferably will produce readings within the
Additional determinations are made over a range of tempera-
range recommended by the manufacturer.Attach the spindle to
tures as the sample cools. Results of temperature and apparent
the viscometer, with guard attached and mount the instrument
viscosity determinations are plotted on semilog paper, and
on its stand.
values at any particular temperature are determined from the
NOTE 2—Care must be taken while storing and handling the spindle. It
curve.
should be protected from dust, corrosive deposits, and mechanical abuse.
Avoid touching the calibrated section of the spindle with the hands.
5. Significance and Use
Thoroughly clean it and the guard after each use.
5.1 This test distinguishes between hot melts having differ-
7.2 Preparation of Sample—In a suitable container, melt
ent apparent viscosities. It is believed that apparent viscosity
approximately 800 g representative of the sample to be tested
determined by this procedure is related to flow performance in
on a hot plate or in an oven. Bring the temperature of the
application machinery operating under conditions of low shear
sample to 120 to 150°C (250 to 300°F) and stir to ensure
rate.Apparent viscosity as determined by this method may not
homogeneity, taking care not to whip air into the melted
correlate well with end use applications where high shear rates
sample. Fill the 800-ml test beaker with the melted sample to
are encountered.
alevelabout25mm(1in.)fromthetop.Placethefilledbeaker
5.2 Materials of the type described in this procedure may be
into the heating mantle which is supported by the laboratory
quite non-Newtonian and as such the apparent viscosity will be
jack in its lowered position. Connect the heating mantle to the
a function of shear rate under the conditions of test. Although
autotransformer which, in turn, is connected to the proper ac
the viscometer described in this test generally operates under
supply.Connecttheviscometertoitsproperacsupply.Position
conditions of relatively low shear rate, differences in shear
the viscometer with spindle and guard attached, the stirrer, and
effect can exist depending upon the spindle and rotational
thermometer as shown in Figs. A1.1 and A1.2. Mount the
speed conditions selected for the test program. Maximum
thermometer so that the center of its bulb is in the same
correlation between laboratories, therefore, depends upon test-
horizontal plane as the center of the test section of the spindle,
ing under conditions of equivalent shear.
and spaced approximately the same distance as the guard from
thespindle,about13mm( ⁄2in.).Positionthestirringpropeller
6. Apparatus
about midway between the bottom of the guard and the bottom
6.1 Viscometer—Brookfield Synchro-Lectric Viscometer,
of the beaker. Position the complete assembly so that the test
Models LVF or LVT with numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 stainless steel
portion of the spindle is spaced approximately 19 mm ( ⁄4 in.)
spindles and V-shaped stand with leveling screws.
from the side of the beaker when the beaker containing the
sampleisintheoperatingposition.Raisethebeakercontaining
6.2 Glass Beaker, 800-mL Griffin standard form.
the sample by means of the laboratory jack so that the spindle
6.3 Glass Heating Mantle, for 800-mL beaker.
is covered to about 6 mm ( ⁄4 in.) below its immersion mark.
6.4 Autotransformer, variable.
Adjust the stirrer speed to give maximum agitation of the test
sample without permitting vortex or air bubble inclusion.
6.5 Thermometers,ASTMPrecisionThermometer88Chav-
Apply heat to the sample by adjusting the autotransformer, and
ing a range from 10 to 200°C or Thermometer 88F having a
raise its temperature to about 5°C (10°F) ab
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