ASTM D1321-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Petroleum waxes differ in hardness. Needle penetration is a measurement of hardness. Hardness may have a significant effect upon other physical properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.
Note 1: This test method is similar to the needle method for determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5. Cone methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively.
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1321 − 23
Standard Test Method for
1
Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test D87 Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax
method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not (Cooling Curve)
greater than 250. D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
Grease
NOTE 1—This test method is similar to the needle method for
D937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5.
D938 Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum
Cone methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in
Test Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively.
Waxes, Including Petrolatum
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
Fuels, and Lubricants
regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
3. Terminology
for additional information. The potential exists that selling
3.1 Definitions:
mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales
to Terminology D4175.
in their location.
3.1.2 penetration, n—of petroleum wax, the depth in tenths
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
of a millimetre to which a standard needle penetrates into the
standard.
wax under defined conditions.
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for
3.1.2.1 Discussion—As an example, a penetration reading
information only.
of 85 from the indicator scale corresponds to a penetration
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
depth of 8.5 mm.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 penetrometer, n—an instrument that measures the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
a given force falls into the material.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In this test method, a standard pen-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
etrometer needle (6.3) is used to determine the hardness of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
petroleum wax. The penetration force is determined by the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
total mass (100 g) of the needle, plunger, and 50 g weight.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The sample is heated to at least 17 °C (30 °F) above its
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
expected congealing point or melting point, poured into a
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.10 on Properties of Petroleum Waxes and Alternative Wax-like
2
Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D1321 – 16a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D1321-23. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at th
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1321 − 16a D1321 − 23
Standard Test Method for
1
Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the
extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.
NOTE 1—This test method is similar to the needle method for determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5. Cone methods
applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively.
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous materialsubstance that can cause
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, may has been demonstrated to be
hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken Use caution when handling mercury and mercury
containing mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware (SDS) for additional informa-
tion. The potential exists that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by
law.or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their
location.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.10 on Properties of Petroleum Waxes and Alternative Wax-like Materials.
Current edition approved July 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2023. Published July 2016December 2023. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as
D1321 – 16.D1321 – 16a. DOI: 10.1520/D1321-16A. 10.1520/D1321-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D1321 − 23
D87 Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax (Cooling Curve)
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
D937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
D938 Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum Waxes, Including Petrolatum
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.1.2 penetration, n—of petroleum wax, the depth in tenths of a millimetre to which a standard needle penetrates into the wax
under defined conditions.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
As an
...
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