D02.10.0A - Physical/Chemical Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The solvent extractables in a wax may have significant effects on several of its properties such as strength, hardness, flexibility, scuff resistance, coefficient of friction, coefficient of expansion, melting point, and staining characteristics. Whether these effects are desirable or undesirable depends on the intended use of the wax.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractables in petroleum waxes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Petroleum waxes differ in hardness. Needle penetration is a measurement of hardness. Hardness may have a significant effect upon other physical properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.  
Note 1: This test method is similar to the needle method for determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5. Cone methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively.  
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Many of the functional properties of wax-treated corrugated paperboard and cartons are dependent on the amount of wax present.  
4.2 In the case of wax-saturated, or wax-impregnated, paperboard the principal concern is with the weight of wax used relative to the weight of paperboard present, that is, the weight percent content or pickup. In some applications the saturating wax may be deposited in the three elements of the corrugated board in such a way as to individually control the amount in each element, that is, the medium and the two facings.  
4.3 In the case of wax-coated corrugated paperboard the principal concern is the weight of wax on the board surface per unit area. The functional values of the wax coating as a barrier or a decorative coating are dependent, in part, on the amount of wax in the continuous surface layer, relative to the area covered. The weight of coating relative to the weight of substrate is not usually a concern with regard to product quality.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight of wax that is present in a specimen of wax-treated corrugated paperboard. The test method is applicable to specimens that have been waxed by either impregnation (saturation) operations or coating operations, or combinations of such operations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For precautionary statement, see 5.4 and 7.2.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Blocking of waxed paper, because of the relatively low temperatures at which it may occur, can be a major problem to the paper-coating industry. For example, when the waxed surfaces in a roll of waxed paper stick together, upon separation the surface films are marred and the glossy finish is destroyed. The wax picking point and the wax blocking point indicate an approximate temperature range at or above which waxed surfaces in contact with each other are likely to cause surface film injury.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the blocking point and picking point of petroleum wax.  
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The oil content of a wax may have significant effects on several of its properties, such as strength, hardness, flexibility, scuff resistance, coefficient of friction, coefficient of expansion, melting point, and oil straining. The importance of these effects may be dependent upon the ultimate use of the wax.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of oil in petroleum waxes having a congealing point of 30 °C (86 °F) or higher as determined in accordance with Test Method D938, and containing not more than 15 % of oil.2
Note 1: With some types of waxes, of oil contents greater than 5 %, there may be an incompatibility with MEK resulting in the formation of two liquid phases. If this occurs, the test method is not applicable to the material under test.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method distinguishes between hot melts having different apparent viscosities. It is believed that apparent viscosity determined by this procedure is related to flow performance in application machinery operating under conditions of low shear rate. Apparent viscosity as determined by this test method may not correlate well with end-use applications where high shear rates are encountered.  
5.2 Materials of the type described in this procedure may be quite non-Newtonian and as such, the apparent viscosity will be a function of shear rate under the conditions of test. Although the viscometer described in this test method generally operates under conditions of relatively low shear rate, differences in shear effect can exist depending upon the spindle and rotational speed conditions selected for the test program. Maximum correlation between laboratories, therefore, depends upon testing under conditions of equivalent shear.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent viscosity of hot melt adhesives and coating materials compounded with additives and having apparent viscosities up to 200 000 millipascal second (mPa·s) (Note 3) at temperatures up to 175 °C (347 °F).  
Note 1: Although precision has not been studied, this procedure may be adaptable to viscosities higher than the present 200 000 mPa·s limit and temperatures above 175 °C (347 °F). Equipment described in this test method permits testing of materials having viscosities as high as 16 × 106 mPa·s and provides temperatures up to 260 °C (500 °F).
Note 2: For petroleum waxes and their blends having apparent viscosities below 15 mPa·s, Test Method D445 is especially applicable.
Note 3: One pascal second (Pa·s) = 1000 centipoise (cP); one millipascal-second = one centipoise.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 DSC in a convenient and rapid method for determining the temperature limits within which a wax undergoes during transitions. The highest temperature transition is a solid-liquid transition associated with complete melting; it can guide the choice of wax storage and application temperatures. The solid-solid temperature transition is related to the properties of the solid, that is, hardness and blocking temperature.
Note 2: For a relatively narrow cut petroleum wax, the lowest transition will be a solid-solid transition. A narrow cut wax is one obtained by deoiling a single petroleum distillate with a maximum range of 120 °F between its 5 % and 95 % vol in accordance with Test Method D1160 boiling points (converted to 760 torr). The DSC method cannot differentiate between solid-liquid and solid-solid transitions. Such information must be predetermined by other techniques. In the case of blends, the lower temperature transition may be envelopes of both solid-liquid and solid-solid transitions.  
5.2 Since petroleum wax is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different molecular weights, its transitions occur over a temperature range. This range is one factor that influences the width, expressed in °C, of the DSC peaks. The highest temperature transition is a first-order transition. If, for a series of waxes, there is supporting evidence that the highest temperature transition of each wax is the major first-order transition, its relative width should correlate with the relative width of the wax's molecular weight distribution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the transition temperatures of petroleum waxes, including microcrystalline waxes, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These transitions may occur as a solid-solid transition or as a solid-liquid transition.  
1.2 The normal operating temperature range extends from 15 °C to 150 °C (Note 1).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The solvent extractables in a wax may have significant effects on several of its properties such as strength, hardness, flexibility, scuff resistance, coefficient of friction, coefficient of expansion, melting point, and staining characteristics. Whether these effects are desirable or undesirable depends on the intended use of the wax.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractables in petroleum waxes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Petroleum waxes differ in hardness. Needle penetration is a measurement of hardness. Hardness may have a significant effect upon other physical properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.  
Note 1: This test method is similar to the needle method for determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5. Cone methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively.  
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Melting point is a wax property that is of interest to most wax consumers. It can be an indication of the performance properties of the wax. Drop melting point, Test Method D127, is often used to measure the melting characteristics of petrolatums and other high viscosity petroleum waxes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drop melting point of petroleum wax. It is used primarily for petrolatums and other microcrystalline wax.  
Note 1: Additional methods used for petroleum waxes are Test Method D87 and Test Method D938. Results obtained may differ, depending on the method used. For pharmaceutical petrolatum, Test Method D127 usually is used.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Melting point (cooling curve) is a test that is widely used by wax suppliers and consumers. it is particularly applied to petroleum waxes that are rather highly paraffinic or crystalline in nature. A plateau occurs with specimens containing appreciable amounts of hydrocarbons that crystallize at the same temperature, giving up heat of fusion, thus temporarily retarding the cooling rate. In general, petroleum waxes with large amounts of non-normal hydrocarbons or with amorphous solid forms will not exhibit a plateau.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the melting point (cooling curve) of petroleum wax. It is unsuitable for waxes of the petrolatum group, microcrystalline waxes, or blends of such waxes with paraffin wax or scale wax.  
Note 1: For additional methods used for testing petroleum waxes, see Test Method D127 and Test Method D938. Results may differ, depending on the method used. For pharmaceutical petrolatum, Test Method D127 usually is used.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method distinguishes between hot melts having different apparent viscosities. It is believed that apparent viscosity determined by this procedure is related to flow performance in application machinery operating under conditions of low shear rate. Apparent viscosity as determined by this test method may not correlate well with end-use applications where high shear rates are encountered.  
5.2 Materials of the type described in this procedure may be quite non-Newtonian and as such, the apparent viscosity will be a function of shear rate under the conditions of test. Although the viscometer described in this test method generally operates under conditions of relatively low shear rate, differences in shear effect can exist depending upon the spindle and rotational speed conditions selected for the test program. Maximum correlation between laboratories, therefore, depends upon testing under conditions of equivalent shear.  
5.3 Approximate shear rates using various spindles are shown in Table A1.1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent viscosity of hot melt adhesives and coating materials compounded with additives and having apparent viscosities up to 200 000 millipascal second (mPa·s) (Note 3) at temperatures up to 175°C (347°F).  
Note 1: Although precision has not been studied, this procedure may be adaptable to viscosities higher than the present 200 000-mPa·s limit and temperatures above 175°C (347°F). Equipment described in this test method permits testing of materials having viscosities as high as 16 × 106 mPa·s and provides temperatures up to 260°C (500°F).
Note 2: For petroleum waxes and their blends having apparent viscosities below 15 mPa·s, Test Method D445 is especially applicable.
Note 3: One pascal second (Pa·s) = 1000 centipoise (CP); one millipascal second = one centipoise.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The related methods of determining the melt point of petroleum wax are relatively time-consuming. This method endeavors to reduce the duration of testing significantly and at the same time maintain a reasonable precision. This method can be useful for quality control of petroleum waxes as well as research and product development work on these waxes.  
5.2 For methods used for testing melt points of petroleum waxes, see Tests Method D87, D127, including Petrolatum and Test Method D938.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for rapidly determining the solidification point of petroleum wax. Note 1—This test method is also applicable to similar materials such as synthetic waxes but the precision may vary.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Congealing point is a wax property that is of interest to many petroleum wax consumers. The procedure described here measures the temperature at which a sample being cooled develops a “set” or resistance to flow. At that temperature, the wax may be at or close to the solid state, or it may be semisolid and quite unctuous, depending on the composition of the wax or petrolatum being tested. In the case of petrolatums, congealing property is associated with the formation of a gel structure as the sample cools.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the congealing point of petroleum waxes, including petrolatum.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1—This test method is an alternative to Test Method D127. Results obtained are usually lower than the results obtained by Test Method D127 – IP 133, the amount of the deviation varying with the nature of the petroleum wax.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is a means for ascertaining whether pharmaceutical paraffin wax conforms to the standards for quality prescribed by the U.S. National Formulary.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of carbonizable substances in paraffin wax. The test method is applicable to paraffin wax for pharmaceutical use, as defined by the U.S. National Formulary, with a melting point as determined in accordance with Test Method D87, between 117 and 149°F (47 and 65°C).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Annex A1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In some uses of petroleum wax, such as food packaging, odor intensity of the wax is an important property. For example, some description of limits on wax odor often appears in specifications for petroleum wax. The method given here provides a basis for agreement between laboratories on the odor intensity of wax using a numerical scale rather than descriptive terms. While the method is primarily intended for rating odor intensity, results can be influenced by odor type.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for rating the odor intensity of waxes derived from petroleum.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wax coatings are applied to corrugated board to provide a better barrier against moisture or other agents or to provide improved appearance or abrasion resistance. These performance features are influenced by the amount of wax present on the surface.  
5.2 During most coating operations, the major portion of the wax applied will congeal on the surface, while a minor proportion will migrate into and become embedded in the fibers of the facing. This method measures only the portion on the surface.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the weight of wax that is present as a coating on the surface of corrugated board. This method is applicable to board to which wax has been applied by curtain coating, roll coating, or other methods; the substrate board may or may not contain impregnating (saturating) wax within its structure. Note 1—If it is known that the specimen has coating wax only, with no internal saturating wax, the total coating wax applied may be determined by Test Method D3344.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many of the functional properties of waxed paper and paperboard are related to the amount of wax present as a surface film. Test methods which determine wax load by solvent extraction do not differentiate between the wax present as a surface wax layer and that which has penetrated into the substrate. This test method, which mechanically removes the wax, measures the amount on each surface of the substrate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the weight of wax on the surface of waxed paper.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The coefficient of friction is related to the slip properties of many commercial articles that have been coated with petroleum wax (for example, butter cartons and wax-impregnated or hot melt coated corrugated board).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of kinetic friction for a petroleum wax coating or wax-based hot melt coating when sliding over itself.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Petrolatum is a purified mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum and is often described as an unctuous mass. Cone penetration is a means of measuring the firmness or consistency of petrolatum. Such measurements are useful for selecting or specifying, or both, a petrolatum of a particular consistency or firmness. Cone penetration values may or may not correlate with end-use functional properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring with a penetrometer the penetration of petrolatum as an empirical measure of consistency.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test distinguishes between hot melts having different apparent viscosities. It is believed that apparent viscosity determined by this procedure is related to flow performance in application machinery operating under conditions of low shear rate. Apparent viscosity as determined by this method may not correlate well with end use applications where high shear rates are encountered.
Materials of the type described in this procedure may be quite non-Newtonian and as such the apparent viscosity will be a function of shear rate under the conditions of test. Although the viscometer described in this test generally operates under conditions of relatively low shear rate, differences in shear effect can exist depending upon the spindle and rotational speed conditions selected for the test program. Maximum correlation between laboratories, therefore, depends upon testing under conditions of equivalent shear.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent viscosity of petroleum waxes compounded with additives (hot melts). It applies to fluid hot melts having apparent viscosities up to about 20 Pa·s at temperatures up to 175°C (347°F).
Note 1—For petroleum waxes and their blends having low apparent viscosities, below about 15 mPa·s, Test Method D445, is especially applicable.
1.2 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the standard. One pascal second (Pa·s) = 1000 centipoises (cP). One millipascal second (mPa·s) = 1 centipoise (cgs units).  
1.3 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s websitehttp://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The solvent extractables in a wax may have significant effects on several of its properties such as strength, hardness, flexibility, scuff resistance, coefficient of friction, coefficient of expansion, melting point, and staining characteristics. Whether these effects are desirable or undesirable depends on the intended use of the wax.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractables in petroleum waxes.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The oil content of a wax may have significant effects on several of its properties, such as strength, hardness, flexibility, scuff resistance, coefficient of friction, coefficient of expansion, melting point, and oil straining. The importance of these effects may be dependent upon the ultimate use of the wax.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of oil in petroleum waxes having a congealing point of 30°C (86°F) or higher as determined in accordance with Test Method D938, and containing not more than 15 % of oil.  
Note 1—With some types of waxes, of oil contents greater than 5 %, there may be an incompatibility with MEK resulting in the formation of two liquid phases. If this occurs, the test method is not applicable to the material under test.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
DSC in a convenient and rapid method for determining the temperature limits within which a wax undergoes during transitions. The highest temperature transition is a solid-liquid transition associated with complete melting; it can guide the choice of wax storage and application temperatures. The solid-solid temperature transition is related to the properties of the solid, that is, hardness and blocking temperature.
Note 2—For a relatively narrow cut petroleum wax, the lowest transition will be a solid-solid transition. A narrow cut wax is one obtained by deoiling a single petroleum distillate with a maximum range of 120°F between its 5 % and 95 % vol in accordance with Test Method D1160 boiling points (converted to 760 torr). The DSC method cannot differentiate between solid-liquid and solid-solid transitions. Such information must be predetermined by other techniques. In the case of blends, the lower temperature transition may be envelopes of both solid-liquid and solid-solid transitions.
Since petroleum wax is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different molecular weights, its transitions occur over a temperature range. This range is one factor that influences the width, expressed in °C, of the DSC peaks. The highest temperature transition is a first-order transition. If, for a series of waxes, there is supporting evidence that the highest temperature transition of each wax is the major first-order transition, its relative width should correlate with the relative width of the wax's molecular weight distribution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the transition temperatures of petroleum waxes, including microcrystalline waxes, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These transitions may occur as a solid-solid transition or as a solid-liquid transition.
1.2 The normal operating temperature range extends from 15°C to 150°C (Note 1).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Blocking of waxed paper, because of the relatively low temperatures at which it may occur, can be a major problem to the paper-coating industry. For example, when the waxed surfaces in a roll of waxed paper stick together, upon separation the surface films are marred and the glossy finish is destroyed. The wax picking point and the wax blocking point indicate an approximate temperature range at or above which waxed surfaces in contact with each other are likely to cause surface film injury.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the blocking point and picking point of petroleum wax.
1.2 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s websitehttp://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many of the functional properties of wax-treated corrugated paperboard and cartons are dependent on the amount of wax present.  
In the case of wax-saturated, or wax-impregnated, paperboard the principal concern is with the weight of wax used relative to the weight of paperboard present, that is, the weight percent content or pickup. In some applications the saturating wax may be deposited in the three elements of the corrugated board in such a way as to individually control the amount in each element, that is, the medium and the two facings.
In the case of wax-coated corrugated paperboard the principal concern is the weight of wax on the board surface per unit area. The functional values of the wax coating as a barrier or a decorative coating are dependent, in part, on the amount of wax in the continuous surface layer, relative to the area covered. The weight of coating relative to the weight of substrate is not usually a concern with regard to product quality.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight of wax that is present in a specimen of wax-treated corrugated paperboard. The test method is applicable to specimens that have been waxed by either impregnation (saturation) operations or coating operations, or combinations of such operations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For precautionary statement, see 5.4 and 7.2.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Petroleum waxes differ in hardness. Needle penetration is a measurement of hardness. Hardness may have a significant effect upon other physical properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.
Note 1—This test method is similar to the needle method for determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5. Cone methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively.  
1.2 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s websitehttp://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Melting point (cooling curve) is a test that is widely used by wax suppliers and consumers. it is particularly applied to petroleum waxes that are rather highly paraffinic or crystalline in nature. A plateau occurs with specimens containing appreciable amounts of hydrocarbons that crystallize at the same temperature, giving up heat of fusion, thus temporarily retarding the cooling rate. In general, petroleum waxes with large amounts of non-normal hydrocarbons or with amorphous solid forms will not exhibit a plateau.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the melting point (cooling curve) of petroleum wax. It is unsuitable for waxes of the petrolatum group, microcrystalline waxes, or blends of such waxes with paraffin wax or scale wax.
Note 1—For additional methods used for testing petroleum waxes, see Test Method D127 and Test Method D938. Results may differ, depending on the method used. For pharmaceutical petrolatum, Test Method D127 usually is used.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method distinguishes between hot melts having different apparent viscosities. It is believed that apparent viscosity determined by this procedure is related to flow performance in application machinery operating under conditions of low shear rate. Apparent viscosity as determined by this test method may not correlate well with end-use applications where high shear rates are encountered.
Materials of the type described in this procedure may be quite non-Newtonian and as such, the apparent viscosity will be a function of shear rate under the conditions of test. Although the viscometer described in this test method generally operates under conditions of relatively low shear rate, differences in shear effect can exist depending upon the spindle and rotational speed conditions selected for the test program. Maximum correlation between laboratories, therefore, depends upon testing under conditions of equivalent shear.
Approximate shear rates using various spindles are shown in Table .
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent viscosity of hot melt adhesives and coating materials compounded with additives and having apparent viscosities up to 200 000 millipascal second (mPa·s) (Note 3) at temperatures up to 175°C (347°F).
Note 1—Although precision has not been studied, this procedure may be adaptable to viscosities higher than the present 200 000-mPa·s limit and temperatures above 175°C (347°F). Equipment described in this test method permits testing of materials having viscosities as high as 16 × 106 mPa·s and provides temperatures up to 260°C (500°F).  
Note 2—For petroleum waxes and their blends having apparent viscosities below 15 mPa·s, Test Method D445 is especially applicable.  
Note 3—One pascal second (Pa·s) = 1000 centipoise (CP); one millipascal second = one centipoise.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Melting point is a wax property that is of interest to most wax consumers. It can be an indication of the performance properties of the wax. Drop melting point, Test Method D 127, is often used to measure the melting characteristics of petrolatums and other high viscosity petroleum waxes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drop melting point of petroleum wax. It is used primarily for petrolatums and other microcrystalline wax.
Note 1—Additional methods used for petroleum waxes are Test Method D 87 and Test Method D 938. Results obtained may differ, depending on the method used. For pharmaceutical petrolatum, Test Method D 127 usually is used.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is a means for ascertaining whether pharmaceutical paraffin wax conforms to the standards for quality prescribed by the U.S. National Formulary.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of carbonizable substances in paraffin wax. The test method is applicable to paraffin wax for pharmaceutical use, as defined by the U.S. National Formulary, with a melting point as determined in accordance with Test Method D 87, between 117 and 149°F (47 and 65°C).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Annex A1.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring with a penetrometer the penetration of petrolatum as an empirical measure of consistency.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The coefficient of friction is related to the slip properties of many commercial articles that have been coated with petroleum wax (for example, butter cartons and wax-impregnated or hot melt coated corrugated board).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of kinetic friction for a petroleum wax coating or wax-based hot melt coating when sliding over itself.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the melting point (cooling curve) of petroleum wax. It is unsuitable for waxes of the petrolatum group, microcrystalline waxes, or blends of such waxes with paraffin wax or scale wax. Note 1For additional methods used for testing petroleum waxes, see Test Method D 127 and Test Method D 938. Results may differ, depending on the method used. For pharmaceutical petrolatum, Test Method D 127 usually is used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In some uses of petroleum wax, such as food packaging, odor intensity of the wax is an important property. For example, some description of limits on wax odor often appears in specifications for petroleum wax. The method given here provides a basis for agreement between laboratories on the odor intensity of wax using a numerical scale rather than descriptive terms. While the method is primarily intended for rating odor intensity, results can be influenced by odor type.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for rating the odor intensity of waxes derived from petroleum.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many of the functional properties of waxed paper and paperboard are related to the amount of wax present as a surface film. Test methods which determine wax load by solvent extraction do not differentiate between the wax present as a surface wax layer and that which has penetrated into the substrate. This test method, which mechanically removes the wax, measures the amount on each surface of the substrate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the weight of wax on the surface of waxed paper.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Wax coatings are applied to corrugated board to provide a better barrier against moisture or other agents or to provide improved appearance or abrasion resistance. These performance features are influenced by the amount of wax present on the surface.
During most coating operations, the major portion of the wax applied will congeal on the surface, while a minor proportion will migrate into and become embedded in the fibers of the facing. This method measures only the portion on the surface.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the weight of wax that is present as a coating on the surface of corrugated board. This method is applicable to board to which wax has been applied by curtain coating, roll coating, or other methods; the substrate board may or may not contain impregnating (saturating) wax within its structure. Note 1 - If it is known that the specimen has coating wax only, with no internal saturating wax, the total coating wax applied may be determined by Test Method D 3344.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Melting point (cooling curve) is a test that is widely used by wax suppliers and consumers. it is particularly applied to petroleum waxes that are rather highly paraffinic or crystalline in nature. A plateau occurs with specimens containing appreciable amounts of hydrocarbons that crystallize at the same temperature, giving up heat of fusion, thus temporarily retarding the cooling rate. In general, petroleum waxes with large amounts of non-normal hydrocarbons or with amorphous solid forms will not show the plateau.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the melting point (cooling curve) of petroleum wax. It is unsuitable for waxes of the petrolatum group, microcrystalline waxes, or blends of such waxes with paraffin wax or scale wax. Note 1For additional methods used for testing petroleum waxes, see Test Method D 127 and Test Method D 938. Results may differ, depending on the method used. For pharmaceutical petrolatum, Test Method D 127 usually is used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The solvent extractables in a wax may have significant effects on several of its properties such as strength, hardness, flexibility, scuff resistance, coefficient of friction, coefficient of expansion, melting point, and staining characteristics. Whether these effects are desirable or undesirable depends on the intended use of the wax.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractables in petroleum waxes.
1.2 The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This test method covers the determination of the acceptability of porous filter sticks used for filtration in Test Method D 3235. This method establishes the maximum pore diameter and also provides a means of detecting and measuring changes which occur from continued use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The oil content of a wax may have significant effects on several of its properties, such as strength, hardness, flexibility, scuff resistance, coefficient of friction, coefficient of expansion, melting point, and oil straining. The importance of these effects may be dependent upon the ultimate use of the wax.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of oil in petroleum waxes having a congealing point of 30°C (86°F) or higher as determined in accordance with Test Method D 938, and containing not more than 15 % of oil.Note 1
With some types of waxes, of oil contents greater than 5%, there may be an incompatibility with MEK resulting in the formation of two liquid phases. If this occurs, the test method is not applicable to the material under test.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test distinguishes between hot melts having different apparent viscosities. It is believed that apparent viscosity determined by this procedure is related to flow performance in application machinery operating under conditions of low shear rate. Apparent viscosity as determined by this method may not correlate well with end use applications where high shear rates are encountered.
Materials of the type described in this procedure may be quite non-Newtonian and as such the apparent viscosity will be a function of shear rate under the conditions of test. Although the viscometer described in this test generally operates under conditions of relatively low shear rate, differences in shear effect can exist depending upon the spindle and rotational speed conditions selected for the test program. Maximum correlation between laboratories, therefore, depends upon testing under conditions of equivalent shear.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent viscosity of petroleum waxes compounded with additives (hot melts). It applies to fluid hot melts having apparent viscosities up to about 20 Pas at temperatures up to 175°C (347°F).Note 1
For petroleum waxes and their blends having low apparent viscosities, below about 15 mPas, Test Method D 445, is especially applicable.
1.2 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the standard. One pascal second (Pas) = 1000 centipoises (cP). One millipascal second (mPas) = 1 centipoise (cgs units).
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of oil in petroleum waxes having a congealing point of 30°C (86°F) or higher as determined in accordance with Test Method D 938, and containing not more than 15 % of oil.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1—With some types of waxes, of oil contents greater than 5%, there may be an incompatibility with MEK resulting in the formation of two liquid phases. If this occurs, the method is not applicable to the material under test.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Congealing point is a wax property that is of interest to many petroleum wax consumers. The procedure described here measures the temperature at which a sample being cooled develops a “set” or resistance to flow. At that temperature, the wax may be at or close to the solid state, or it may be semisolid and quite unctuous, depending on the composition of the wax or petrolatum being tested. In the case of petrolatums, congealing property is associated with the formation of a gel structure as the sample cools.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the congealing point of petroleum waxes, including petrolatum.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—This test method is an alternative to Test Method D 127. Results obtained are usually lower than the results obtained by Test Method D 127 - IP 133, the amount of the deviation varying with the nature of the petroleum wax.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractables in petroleum waxes.
1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The related methods of determining the melt point of petroleum wax are relatively time-consuming. This method endeavors to reduce the duration of testing significantly and at the same time maintain a reasonable precision. This method can be useful for quality control of petroleum waxes as well as research and product development work on these waxes.
For methods used for testing melt points of petroleum waxes, see Tests Method D 87, D 127, including Petrolatum and Test Method D 938.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for rapidly determining the solidification point of petroleum wax.
Note 1—This test method is also applicable to similar materials such as synthetic waxes but the precision may vary.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many of the functional properties of wax-treated corrugated paperboard and cartons are dependent on the amount of wax present.  
In the case of wax-saturated, or wax-impregnated, paperboard the principal concern is with the weight of wax used relative to the weight of paperboard present, that is, the weight percent content or pickup. In some applications the saturating wax may be deposited in the three elements of the corrugated board in such a way as to individually control the amount in each element, that is, the medium and the two facings.
In the case of wax-coated corrugated paperboard the principal concern is the weight of wax on the board surface per unit area. The functional values of the wax coating as a barrier or a decorative coating are dependent, in part, on the amount of wax in the continuous surface layer, relative to the area covered. The weight of coating relative to the weight of substrate is not usually a concern with regard to product quality.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight of wax that is present in a specimen of wax-treated corrugated paperboard. The test method is applicable to specimens that have been waxed by either impregnation (saturation) operations or coating operations, or combinations of such operations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For precautionary statement, see 5.4 and 7.2.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Melting point is a wax property that is of interest to most wax consumers. It can be an indication of the performance properties of the wax. Drop melting point, Test Method D 127, is often used to measure the melting characteristics of petrolatums and other high viscosity petroleum waxes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drop melting point of petroleum wax. It is used primarily for petrolatums and other microcrystalline wax.
Note 1—Additional methods used for petroleum waxes are Test Method D 87 and Test Method D 938. Results obtained may differ, depending on the method used. For pharmaceutical petrolatum, Test Method D 127 usually is used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parehtheses are for information only.
1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
DSC in a convenient and rapid method for determining the temperature limits within which a wax undergoes during transitions. The highest temperature transition is a solid-liquid transition associated with complete melting; it can guide the choice of wax storage and application temperatures. The solid-solid temperature transition is related to the properties of the solid, that is, hardness and blocking temperature.
Note 2—For a relatively narrow cut petroleum wax, the lowest transition will be a solid-solid transition. A narrow cut wax is one obtained by deoiling a single petroleum distillate with a maximum range of 120°F between its 5 % and 95 % vol in accordance with Test Method D 1160 boiling points (converted to 760 torr). The DSC method cannot differentiate between solid-liquid and solid-solid transitions. Such information must be predetermined by other techniques. In the case of blends, the lower temperature transition may be envelopes of both solid-liquid and solid-solid transitions.
Since petroleum wax is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different molecular weights, its transitions occur over a temperature range. This range is one factor that influences the width, expressed in °C, of the DSC peaks. The highest temperature transition is a first-order transition. If, for a series of waxes, there is supporting evidence that the highest temperature transition of each wax is the major first-order transition, its relative width should correlate with the relative width of the wax’molecular weight distribution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the transition temperatures of petroleum waxes, including microcrystalline waxes, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These transitions may occur as a solid-solid transition or as a solid-liquid transition.
1.2 The normal operating temperature range extends from 15C to 150C (Note 1).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Wax coatings are applied to corrugated board to provide a barrier against moisture or other penetrants or to provide improved appearance or abrasion resistance. These functional properties are influenced by the amount of wax present on the surface.
During curtain coating operations, major portions of the wax will congeal on the surface, while a minor portion will penetrate and become embedded in the fibers of the facing. This method measures the total weight of wax applied to the board. The amount actually remaining on the surface of the corrugated board can be determined by Test Method D 3521.
The uniformity of application of wax film across the width of the curtain coater may also be determined using this technique by passing test combinations (blanks) under the curtain at various locations, that is, left side, center, right side.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight of hot melt coating applied to corrugated board by curtain coating. It is intended to be used for routine process control in the plant.
Note 1— Related methods for determining the weight of wax coating include the following: Test Method D 3521; Test Method D 3522, and Test Method D 3344.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent viscosity of petroleum waxes compounded with additives (hot melts). It applies to fluid hot melts having apparent viscosities up to about 20 Pa[dot]s at temperatures up to 175°C (347°F).
1.2 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the standard. One pascal second (Pa[dot]s) = 1000 centipoises (cP). One millipascal second (mPa[dot]s) = 1 centipoise (cgs units).  Note 1-For petroleum waxes and their blends having low apparent viscosities, below about 15 mPa[dot]s, Test Method D445, is especially applicable.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.