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ASTM B281-88(2013)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings

Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The proper preparation of copper and copper alloy surfaces for electroplating, conversion coating, or autocatalytic plating is often critical to the performance of the coatings.  
3.2 This practice outlines procedures required to produce satisfactory coatings on surfaces of copper and copper alloy surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the proper preparation of copper and its alloys for electroplating and conversion coating. This practice is also suitable for use before autocatalytic plating. Only alloys containing at least 50 mass % copper are considered within the scope of this practice.  
1.2 The wide variety of methods of mechanical finishing are not considered strictly as preparation for electroplating or conversion coating and consequently are described only briefly.  
1.3 Details of electroplating and subsequent treatments for applying conversion coatings are not within the scope of this practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 6.5.2.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2013
ICS
25.220.10 - Surface preparation
Technical Committee
B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Drafting Committee
B08.02 - Pre Treatment
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B281-88(2008) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Replaced By
ASTM B281-88(2019)e1 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM B832-93(2018) - Standard Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B905-00(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Assessing the Adhesion of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings by the Mechanized Tape Test
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B679-98(2021) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Palladium for Engineering Use
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B488-18 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Gold for Engineering Uses
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B177/B177M-11(2021) - Standard Guide for Engineering Chromium Electroplating
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B700-20 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Silver for Engineering Use
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B689-97(2023) - Standard Specification for Electroplated Engineering Nickel Coatings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B634-14a(2021) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Rhodium for Engineering Use
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B545-22 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Tin
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B605-22 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Tin-Nickel Alloy
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B456-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Copper Plus Nickel Plus<brk/> Chromium and Nickel Plus Chromium
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B579-22 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Tin-Lead Alloy (Solder Plate)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM B867-95(2018) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Palladium-Nickel for Engineering Use
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013

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ASTM B281-88(2013) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion CoatingsASTM B281-88(2013) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
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ASTM B281-88(2013) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: B281 − 88 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Practice for
Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for
1
Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.2 This practice outlines procedures required to produce
satisfactory coatings on surfaces of copper and copper alloy
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the
surfaces.
proper preparation of copper and its alloys for electroplating
and conversion coating. This practice is also suitable for use
4. Process Chemicals
before autocatalytic plating. Only alloys containing at least 50
mass %copperareconsideredwithinthescopeofthispractice.
4.1 All process chemicals are of technical grade or better.
Acid solutions are prepared from grade chemicals as listed in
1.2 Thewidevarietyofmethodsofmechanicalfinishingare
Appendix X1.
not considered strictly as preparation for electroplating or
conversion coating and consequently are described only
4.2 Purity of Water—High quality water is not normally
briefly.
required to make up and maintain the solutions utilized in this
1.3 Details of electroplating and subsequent treatments for practice. If reused or recycled water from waste treatment
processes or from other in-plant sources is to be used, it should
applying conversion coatings are not within the scope of this
practice. be relatively free of chromium salts, oil, wetting agents, or
insoluble materials. Excessively hard water can decrease the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
life and performance of many cleaning solutions and make
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
parts more difficult to rinse completely.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. General Considerations
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
hazard statement, see 6.5.2.
5.1 Removal of Oxides—Oxides can be removed from as
fabricated, annealed, or heat-treated alloys by abrasive meth-
2. Referenced Documents
ods such as tumbling, burnishing, and emery set-up wheel
2
polishing and by chemical methods, such as deoxidizing
2.1 ASTM Standards:
solutions, bright dips, and cyanide dips. The choice of method
D322 Test Method for Gasoline Diluent in Used Gasoline
is dependent on the resultant surface finish required, amount of
Engine Oils by Distillation
oxide to be removed, and the end-use properties of the article
finished.
3. Significance and Use
5.2 CastingsandForgings—Castingsandforgingsrequiring
3.1 The proper preparation of copper and copper alloy
abrasive methods to produce a desired surface finish do not
surfaces for electroplating, conversion coating, or autocatalytic
plating is often critical to the performance of the coatings. necessarily need pickling or bright dipping. If pickled, bright
dipped, or deoxidized, however, castings and other porous
parts should be thoroughly rinsed between operations to avoid
or minimize staining or stain spots. Castings or forgings
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic
processed in solutions containing wetting agents, which are in
and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.02 on
Pre Treatment. many proprietary products or which may be added by the
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originally
individual, usually require greater care in rinsing.
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as B281 – 88 (2008).
DOI: 10.1520/B0281-88R13.
5.3 Stampings and Drawn Products—Stampings and drawn
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
work follow the same rule as castings and forgings except, for
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
economy considerations, it may be advisable to pickle or
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. deoxidize before abrasive finishing if heavy oxides are present.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B281 − 88 (2013)
5.4 Cold-Headed and Progressive Die Products—Cold- before nickel, copper, tin, chromium, and similar plating
headed products and progressive die products often require solutions, an acid dip is
...

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3.1 Various metals are deposited on aluminum alloys to obtain a decorative or engineering finish. The electroplates applied are usually chromium, nickel, copper, brass, silver, tin, lead, cadmium, zinc, gold, and combinations of these. Silver, tin, or gold is applied to electrical equipment to decrease contact resistance or to improve surface conductivity; brass, copper, nickel, or tin for assembly by soft soldering; chromium to reduce friction and obtain increased resistance to wear; zinc for threaded parts where organic lubricants are not permissible; tin or lead is frequently employed to reduce friction on bearing surfaces. Nickel plus chromium or copper plus nickel plus chromium is used in decorative applications. Nickel plus brass plus lacquer or copper plus nickel plus brass plus lacquer is also used for decorative finishes, sometimes with the brass oxidized and relieved in various ways.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Metals are electroplated on magnesium for various purposes: solderability, RF grounding, hermetic sealing, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, appearance, and electrical conductivity, for example. Because magnesium is covered with a naturally occurring oxide film, usual procedures for the preparation of metals for autocatalytic or electrolytic plating cannot be used.
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Standard Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Electroplating

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Various metals are deposited on aluminum alloys to obtain a decorative or engineering finish. The electroplates applied are usually chromium, nickel, copper, brass, silver, tin, lead, cadmium, zinc, gold, and combinations of these. Silver, tin, or gold is applied to electrical equipment to decrease contact resistance or to improve surface conductivity; brass, copper, nickel, or tin for assembly by soft soldering; chromium to reduce friction and obtain increased resistance to wear; zinc for threaded parts where organic lubricants are not permissible; tin or lead is frequently employed to reduce friction on bearing surfaces. Nickel plus chromium or copper plus nickel plus chromium is used in decorative applications. Nickel plus brass plus lacquer or copper plus nickel plus brass plus lacquer is also used for decorative finishes, sometimes with the brass oxidized and relieved in various ways.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers cleaning and conditioning treatments used before metal deposition (Section 5), and immersion deposit/strike procedures (Section 6) that enhance the adhesion of metals that are subsequently applied to aluminum products by electrodeposition or by autocatalytic chemical reduction.  
1.2 The following immersion deposit/strike procedures are covered:  
1.2.1 Zinc immersion with optional copper strike (6.3).  
1.2.2 Zinc immersion with neutral nickel strike (6.4).  
1.2.3 Zinc immersion with acetate-buffered, nickel glycolate strike (6.5).  
1.2.4 Zinc immersion with acid or alkaline electroless nickel strike.  
1.2.5 Tin immersion with bronze strike (6.6).  
1.3 From the processing point of view, these procedures are expected to give deposits on aluminum alloys that are approximately equivalent with respect to adherence. Corrosion performance is affected by many factors, however, including the procedure used to prepare the aluminum alloy for electroplating.  
1.4 This guide is intended to aid electroplaters in preparing aluminum and its alloys for electroplating.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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