ASTM C394/C394M-16
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shear Fatigue of Sandwich Core Materials
Standard Test Method for Shear Fatigue of Sandwich Core Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Often the most critical stress to which a sandwich panel core is subjected is shear. The effect of repeated shear stresses on the core material can be very important, particularly in terms of durability under various environmental conditions.
5.2 This test method provides a standard method of obtaining the sandwich core shear fatigue response. Uses include screening candidate core materials for a specific application, developing a design-specific core shear cyclic stress limit, and core material research and development.
Note 3: This test method may be used as a guide to conduct spectrum loading. This information can be useful in the understanding of fatigue behavior of core under spectrum loading conditions, but is not covered in this standard.
5.3 Factors that influence core fatigue response and shall therefore be reported include the following: core material, core geometry (density, cell size, orientation, etc.), specimen geometry and associated measurement accuracy, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, loading procedure, loading frequency, force (stress) ratio and speed of testing (for residual strength tests).
Note 4: If a sandwich panel is tested using the guidance of this standard, the following may also influence the fatigue response and should be reported: facing material, adhesive material, methods of material fabrication, adhesive thickness and adhesive void content. Further, core-to-facing strength may be different between precured/bonded and co-cured facings in sandwich panels with the same core and facing materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the effect of repeated shear forces on core material used in sandwich panels. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
1.2 This test method is limited to test specimens subjected to constant amplitude uniaxial loading, where the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude force (stress) cycles. Either shear stress or applied force may be used as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C394/C394M − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Shear Fatigue of Sandwich Core Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C394/C394M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5229/D5229M TestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
1.1 This test method determines the effect of repeated shear
Composite Materials
forces on core material used in sandwich panels. Permissible
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
core material forms include those with continuous bonding
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
Lot or Process
1.2 This test method is limited to test specimens subjected
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
to constant amplitude uniaxial loading, where the machine is
ASTM Test Methods
controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
constant amplitude force (stress) cycles. Either shear stress or
E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-
applied force may be used as a constant amplitude fatigue
namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
variable.
E739 PracticeforStatisticalAnalysisofLinearorLinearized
Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-
men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining Force Application
3
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
2.2 ISO Standards
with the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are
ISO 13003:2003(E) Fibre-reinforced plastics: Determination
shown in brackets.
of fatigue properties under cyclic loading conditions
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.1 Terminology D3878 defines terms relating to high-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
modulus fibers and their composites, as well as terms relating
to sandwich constructions. Terminology D883 defines terms
2. Referenced Documents
relating to plastics. Terminology E6 defines terms relating to
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and Practice E177
C271/C271M Test Method for Density of Sandwich Core
define terms relating to statistics. In the event of a conflict
Materials
between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have precedence
C273/C273M Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich
over the other terminologies.
Core Materials
NOTE 1—If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
dimensionsarestatedimmediatelyfollowingtheterm(orlettersymbol)in
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
fundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard sym-
bology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: [M]
for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [θ] for thermodynamic temperature,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on and[nd]fornon-dimensionalquantities.Useofthesesymbolsisrestricted
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on
to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbols
Sandwich Construction.
may have other definitions when used without the brackets.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originally
3.2 Definitions:
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C394 – 13. DOI:
10.1520/C0394_C0394M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
the ASTM website. la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, htt
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C394/C394M − 13 C394/C394M − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Shear Fatigue of Sandwich Core Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C394/C394M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the effect of repeated shear forces on core material used in sandwich panels. Permissible core
material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous
bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
1.2 This test method is limited to test specimens subjected to constant amplitude uniaxial loading, where the machine is
controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude force (stress) cycles. Either shear stress or applied
force may be used as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C271/C271M Test Method for Density of Sandwich Core Materials
C273/C273M Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich Core Materials
C274/C274M Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dynamic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
E739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data
E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force
Application
3
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (Withdrawn 2015)
3
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases (Withdrawn 2015)
E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases (Withdrawn
3
2015)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on Sandwich
Construction.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013April 1, 2016. Published October 2013April 2016. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 20002013 as
C394 – 00C394 – 13.(2008). DOI: 10.1520/C0394_C0394M–13.10.1520/C0394_C0394M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C394/C394M − 16
3
2.2 ISO Standards
ISO 13003:2003(E) Fibre-reinforced plastics: Determination of fatigue properties under cyclic loading conditions
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Terminology D3878 defines terms relating to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminologycomposites, as
C274/C274M defineswell as terms relating to structural sandwich constructions. Terminology D883 defines terms relating to
plastics. Terminology E6 defines terms relating to mechanical testi
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C394/C394M − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Shear Fatigue of Sandwich Core Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C394/C394M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Prop-
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
1.1 This test method determines the effect of repeated shear
Composite Materials
forces on core material used in sandwich panels. Permissible
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
core material forms include those with continuous bonding
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With
surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
Lot or Process
1.2 This test method is limited to test specimens subjected
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
to constant amplitude uniaxial loading, where the machine is
ASTM Test Methods
controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
constant amplitude force (stress) cycles. Either shear stress or
E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-
applied force may be used as a constant amplitude fatigue
namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
variable.
E739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data
E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
Force Application
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
2.2 ISO Standards
with the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are
ISO 13003:2003(E) Fibre-reinforced plastics: Determination
shown in brackets.
of fatigue properties under cyclic loading conditions
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.1 Terminology D3878 defines terms relating to high-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
modulus fibers and their composites, as well as terms relating
to sandwich constructions. Terminology D883 defines terms
2. Referenced Documents
relating to plastics. Terminology E6 defines terms relating to
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and Practice E177
C271/C271M Test Method for Density of Sandwich Core
define terms relating to statistics. In the event of a conflict
Materials
between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have precedence
C273/C273M Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich
over the other terminologies.
Core Materials
NOTE 1—If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
dimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
fundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard sym-
bology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: [M]
for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [θ] for thermodynamic temperature,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on and [nd] for non-dimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restricted
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbols
Sandwich Construction.
may have other definitions when used without the brackets.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originally
3.2 Definitions:
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C394 – 13. DOI:
10.1520/C0394_C0394M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
the ASTM website. la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
...
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