iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E96/E96M-22ae1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials

Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of these tests is to obtain, by means of simple apparatus, reliable values for water vapor transfer rate through materials, expressed in suitable units.  
5.2 A WVTR value obtained in one method under one set of test conditions is not necessarily indicative of the value that would be obtained using the other method or under a different set of conditions. See Appendix X3 for discussion of determining dependency of WVTR on different relative humidity (at a given temperature).  
5.3 Commonly used test conditions are listed in Appendix X1, but given the caution in 5.2, the selection of test conditions other than those listed, and which closely approach exposure conditions of material in actual use, is allowed. Where tests are conducted for classification or compliance purposes, environmental conditions are typically defined in product standard specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of materials, such as, but not limited to, paper, plastic films, other sheet materials, coatings, foams, fiberboards, gypsum and plaster products, wood products, and plastics. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Method, are provided for the measurement of WVTR. In these tests, the desired temperature and side-to-side humidity conditions, with resultant vapor drive through the specimen, are used. The test conditions employed are at the discretion of the user, but in all cases, are reported with the results.  
1.2 The values stated in either Inch-Pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Derived results are converted from one system to the other using appropriate conversion factors (see Table 1).  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Oct-2022
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.33 - Insulation Finishes and Moisture
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM C1809-20 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Specimens and Reporting of Results for Permeance Testing of Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Sealed Joints in Insulation Vapor Retarders
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020
Refers
ASTM C1809-19 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Specimens and Reporting of Results for Permeance Testing of Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Sealed Joints in Insulation Vapor Retarders
Effective Date
01-Sep-2019
Refers
ASTM C168-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
15-Apr-2018
Refers
ASTM C168-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Jun-2017
Refers
ASTM D2301-10(2017) - Standard Specification for Vinyl Chloride Plastic Pressure-Sensitive Electrical Insulating Tape
Effective Date
15-Feb-2017
Refers
ASTM C1809-16 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Specimens and Reporting of Results for Permeance Testing of Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Sealed Joints in Insulation Vapor Retarders
Effective Date
01-Mar-2016
Refers
ASTM C168-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
15-Oct-2015
Refers
ASTM C168-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Refers
ASTM C1809-15 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Specimens and Reporting of Results for Permeance Testing of Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Sealed Joints in Insulation Vapor Retarders
Effective Date
15-Apr-2015
Refers
ASTM E177-14 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-May-2014
Refers
ASTM E177-13 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-May-2013
Refers
ASTM E691-13 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
Effective Date
01-May-2013
Refers
ASTM C168-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Apr-2013
Refers
ASTM E691-11 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Refers
ASTM E177-10 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010

Buy Standard

ASTM E96/E96M-22ae1 - Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of MaterialsASTM E96/E96M-22ae1 - Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM E96/E96M-22ae1 - Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials
English language
16 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: E96/E96M − 22a
Standard Test Methods for
Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission
1
Rate of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E96/E96M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Corrected 5.3 editorially in March 2023.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of water
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of materials, such as, but not
C1809 Practice for Preparation of Specimens and Reporting
limited to, paper, plastic films, other sheet materials, coatings,
of Results for Permeance Testing of Pressure Sensitive
foams, fiberboards, gypsum and plaster products, wood
Adhesive Sealed Joints in Insulation Vapor Retarders
products, and plastics. Two basic methods, the Desiccant
D449/D449M Specification for Asphalt Used in Dampproof-
Method and the Water Method, are provided for the measure-
ing and Waterproofing
ment of WVTR. In these tests, the desired temperature and
D2301 Specification for Vinyl Chloride Plastic Pressure-
side-to-side humidity conditions, with resultant vapor drive
Sensitive Electrical Insulating Tape
through the specimen, are used. The test conditions employed
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
are at the discretion of the user, but in all cases, are reported
ASTM Test Methods
with the results.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2 The values stated in either Inch-Pound or SI units are to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each
3. Terminology
system shall be used independently of the other. Derived
3.1 Definitions of terms used in this standard will be found
results are converted from one system to the other using
in Terminology C168, from which the following is quoted:
appropriate conversion factors (see Table 1).
“water vapor permeability—the time rate of water vapor
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
transmission through unit area of flat material of unit thickness
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
induced by unit vapor pressure difference between two specific
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
surfaces, under specified temperature and humidity conditions.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Discussion—Permeability is a property of a material, but the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
permeability of a body that performs like a material may be
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
used. Permeability is the arithmetic product of permeance and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
thickness.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
water vapor permeance—the time rate of water vapor
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
transmission through unit area of flat material or construction
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
induced by unit vapor pressure difference between two specific
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
surfaces, under specified temperature and humidity conditions.
Discussion—Permeance is a performance evaluation and not
a property of a material.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on
Thermal Insulation and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.33 on
2
Insulation Finishes and Moisture. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as E96/E96M – 22. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0096_E0096M-22AE01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
E96/E96M − 22a
A,B
TABLE 1 Units and Conversion Factors
6. Apparatus
To Obtain (for the
Multiply by
6.1 Test Dish—The test dish shall be of any noncorro
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM E340-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Macroetching Metals and Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Applications of Macroetching:  
3.1.1 Macroetching is used to reveal the heterogeneity of metals and alloys. Metallographic specimens and chemical analyses will provide the necessary detailed information about specific localities, but they cannot give data about variation from one place to another unless an inordinate number of specimens are taken.  
3.1.2 Macroetching, on the other hand, will provide information on variations in (1) structure, such as grain size, flow lines, columnar structure, dendrites, and so forth; (2) variations in chemical composition as evidenced by segregation, carbide and ferrite banding, coring, inclusions, and depth of carburization or decarburization. The information provided about variations in chemical composition is strictly qualitative but the location of extremes in segregation will be shown. Chemical analyses or other means of determining the chemical composition would have to be performed to determine the extent of variation. Macroetching will also show the presence of discontinuities and voids, such as seams, laps, porosity, flakes, bursts, extrusion rupture, cracks, and so forth.  
3.1.3 Other applications of macroetching in the fabrication of metals are the study of weld structure, definition of weld penetration, dilution of filler metal by base metals, entrapment of flux, porosity, and cracks in weld and heat affected zones, and so forth. It is also used in the heat-treating shop to determine location of hard or soft spots, tong marks, quenching cracks, case depth in shallow-hardening steels, case depth in carburization, effectiveness of stop-off coatings in carburization, and so forth. In the machine shop, it can be used for the determination of grinding cracks in tools and dies.  
3.1.4 Macroetching is used extensively for quality control in the steel industry, to determine the tone of a heat in billets with respect to inclusions, segregation, and structure. Forge shops, in addition, use macroetching to reveal flow...
SCOPE
1.1 These procedures describe the methods of macroetching metals and alloys to reveal their macrostructure.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to the International System (SI) units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For specific warning statements, see 6.2, 7.1, 8.1.3, 8.2.1, 8.8.3, 8.10.1.1, and 8.13.2. It is further recommended to review the guidance in Guide E2014.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E45-18a(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods cover four macroscopic and five microscopic test methods (manual and image analysis) for describing the inclusion content of steel and procedures for expressing test results.  
4.2 Inclusions are characterized by size, shape, concentration, and distribution rather than chemical composition. Although compositions are not identified, Microscopic methods place inclusions into one of several composition-related categories (sulfides, oxides, and silicates—the last as a type of oxide). Paragraph 11.1.1 describes a metallographic technique to facilitate inclusion discrimination. Only those inclusions present at the test surface can be detected.  
4.3 The macroscopic test methods evaluate larger surface areas than microscopic test methods and because examination is visual or at low magnifications, these methods are best suited for detecting larger inclusions. Macroscopic methods are not suitable for detecting inclusions smaller than about 0.40 mm (1/64 in.) in length and the methods do not discriminate inclusions by type.  
4.4 The microscopic test methods are employed to characterize inclusions that form as a result of deoxidation or due to limited solubility in solid steel (indigenous inclusions). As stated in 1.1, these microscopic test methods rate inclusion severities and types based on morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. These inclusions are characterized by morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. The microscopic methods are not intended for assessing the content of exogenous inclusions (those from entrapped slag or refractories). In case of a dispute whether an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous, microanalytical techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) may be used to aid in determining the nature of the inclusion. However, experience and knowledge of the casting proce...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels.  
1.2 These test methods cover procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance with microscopic methods A and D.  
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.  
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory...

  • Standard
    20 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E407-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice lists recommended methods and solutions for the etching of specimens for metallographic examination. Solutions are listed that highlight the phases and constituents present in most major alloy systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers chemical solutions and procedures to be used in etching metals and alloys for microscopic examination. Safety precautions and miscellaneous information are also included.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific cautionary statements, see 6.1 and Table 2.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    22 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    22 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A1033-18(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Quantitative Measurement and Reporting of Hypoeutectoid Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Phase Transformations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to provide steel phase transformation data required for use in numerical models for the prediction of microstructures, properties, and distortion during steel manufacturing, forging, casting, heat treatment, and welding. Alternatively, the practice provides end users of steel and fabricated steel products the phase transformation data required for selecting steel grades for a given application by determining the microstructure resulting from a prescribed thermal cycle.  
5.1.1 There are available several computer models designed to predict the microstructures, mechanical properties, and distortion of steels as a function of thermal processing cycle. Their use is predicated on the availability of accurate and consistent thermal and transformation strain data. Strain, both thermal and transformation, developed during thermal cycling is the parameter used in predicting both microstructure and properties, and for estimating distortion. It should be noted that these models are undergoing continued development. This process is aimed, among other things, at establishing a direct link between discrete values of strain and specific microstructure constituents in steels. This practice describes a standardized method for measuring strain during a defined thermal cycle.  
5.1.2 This practice is suitable for providing data for computer models used in the control of steel manufacturing, forging, casting, heat-treating, and welding processes. It is also useful in providing data for the prediction of microstructures and properties to assist in steel alloy selection for end-use applications.  
5.1.3 This practice is suitable for providing the data needed for the construction of transformation diagrams that depict the microstructures developed during the thermal processing of steels as functions of time and temperature. Such diagrams provide a qualitative assessment of the effects of changes in thermal cycle on steel microstructure. Appendix X2 describes ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of hypoeutectoid steel phase transformation behavior by using high-speed dilatometry techniques for measuring linear dimensional change as a function of time and temperature, and reporting the results as linear strain in either a numerical or graphical format.  
1.2 The practice is applicable to high-speed dilatometry equipment capable of programmable thermal profiles and with digital data storage and output capability.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to the determination of steel phase transformation behavior under both isothermal and continuous cooling conditions.  
1.4 This practice includes requirements for obtaining metallographic information to be used as a supplement to the dilatometry measurements.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E942-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Investigating the Effects of Helium in Irradiated Metals

ABSTRACT
This guide presents the simulation procedure which would provide advice for conducting experiments to investigate the effects of helium on the properties of irradiated metals where the technique for introducing the helium differs in someway from the actual mechanism of introduction of helium in service. Simulation techniques considered for introducing helium shall include charged particle implantation, exposure to α-emitting radioisotopes, and tritium decay techniques. Procedures for the analysis of helium content and helium distribution within the specimen are also recommended. The two other methods for introducing helium into irradiated materials namely, the enhancement of helium production in nickel-bearing alloys by spectral tailoring in mixed-spectrum fission reactors, and the isotopic tailoring in both fast and mixed-spectrum fission reactors, are not covered in this guide. Dual ion beam techniques for simultaneously implanting helium and generating displacement damage are also not included here.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Helium is introduced into metals as a consequence of nuclear reactions, such as (n, α), or by the injection of helium into metals from the plasma in fusion reactors. The characterization of the effect of helium on the properties of metals using direct irradiation methods may be impractical because of the time required to perform the irradiation or the lack of a radiation facility, as in the case of the fusion reactor. Simulation techniques can accelerate the research by identifying and isolating major effects caused by the presence of helium. The word ‘simulation’ is used here in a broad sense to imply an approximation of the relevant irradiation environment. There are many complex interactions between the helium produced during irradiation and other irradiation effects, so care must be exercised to ensure that the effects being studied are a suitable approximation of the real effect. By way of illustration, details of helium introduction, especially the implantation temperature, may determine the subsequent distribution of the helium (that is, dispersed atomistically, in small clusters in bubbles, etc.).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides advice for conducting experiments to investigate the effects of helium on the properties of metals where the technique for introducing the helium differs in some way from the actual mechanism of introduction of helium in service. Techniques considered for introducing helium may include charged particle implantation, exposure to α-emitting radioisotopes, and tritium decay techniques. Procedures for the analysis of helium content and helium distribution within the specimen are also recommended.  
1.2 Three other methods for introducing helium into irradiated materials are not covered in this guide. They are: (1) the enhancement of helium production in nickel-bearing alloys by spectral tailoring in mixed-spectrum fission reactors, (2) a related technique that uses a thin layer of NiAl on the specimen surface to inject helium, and (3) isotopic tailoring in both fast and mixed-spectrum fission reactors. These techniques are described in Refs (1-6).2 Dual ion beam techniques (7) for simultaneously implanting helium and generating displacement damage are also not included here. This latter method is discussed in Practice E521.  
1.3 In addition to helium, hydrogen is also produced in many materials by nuclear transmutation. In some cases it appears to act synergistically with helium (8-10). The specific impact of hydrogen is not addressed in this guide.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulat...

  • Guide
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A923-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic Phase in Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels

ABSTRACT
These test methods cover the detection of detrimental intermetallic phase in duplex austenitic/ferritic stainless steel to the extent that toughness and corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes. Test method A-sodium hydroxide etch test, test method B-Charpy impact test, and test method C-ferric chloride corrosion test shall be made for classification of structures of duplex stainless steels.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of these test methods is to allow detection of the presence of intermetallic phases in certain duplex stainless steels as listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 to the extent that toughness or corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes. Similar test methods for other duplex stainless steels are described in Test Method A1084, but the procedures described in this standard differ significantly from Test Methods A, B, and C in A1084.  
1.2 Duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steels are susceptible to the formation of intermetallic compounds during exposures in the temperature range from approximately 600 to 1750 °F (320 to 955 °C). The speed of these precipitation reactions is a function of composition and thermal or thermomechanical history of each individual piece. The presence of these phases is detrimental to toughness and corrosion resistance.  
1.3 Correct heat treatment of duplex stainless steels can eliminate these detrimental phases. Rapid cooling of the product provides the maximum resistance to formation of detrimental phases by subsequent thermal exposures.  
1.4 Compliance with the chemical and mechanical requirements for the applicable product specification does not necessarily indicate the absence of detrimental phases in the product.  
1.5 These test methods include the following:  
1.5.1 Test Method A—Sodium Hydroxide Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 3 – 7).  
1.5.2 Test Method B—Charpy Impact Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 8 – 13).  
1.5.3 Test Method C—Ferric Chloride Corrosion Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 14 – 20).  
1.6 The presence of detrimental intermetallic phases is readily detected in all three tests, provided that a sample of appropriate location and orientation is selected. Because the occurrence of intermetallic phases is a function of temperature and cooling rate, it is essential that the tests be applied to the region of the material experiencing the conditions most likely to promote the formation of an intermetallic phase. In the case of common heat treatment, this region will be that which cooled most slowly. Except for rapidly cooled material, it may be necessary to sample from a location determined to be the most slowly cooled for the material piece to be characterized.  
1.7 The tests do not determine the precise nature of the detrimental phase but rather the presence or absence of an intermetallic phase to the extent that it is detrimental to the toughness and corrosion resistance of the material.  
1.8 Examples of the correlation of thermal exposures, the occurrence of intermetallic phases, and the degradation of toughness and corrosion resistance are given in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.  
1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internat...

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1181-02(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Duplex grain size may occur in some metals and alloys as a result of their thermomechanical processing history. For comparison of mechanical properties with metallurgical features, or for specification purposes, it may be important to be able to characterize grain size in such materials. Assigning an average grain size value to a duplex grain size specimen does not adequately characterize the appearance of that specimen, and may even misrepresent its appearance. For example, averaging two distinctly different grain sizes may result in reporting a size that does not actually exist anywhere in the specimen.  
5.2 These test methods may be applied to specimens or products containing randomly intermingled grains of two or more significantly different sizes (henceforth referred to as random duplex grain size). Examples of random duplex grain sizes include: isolated coarse grains in a matrix of much finer grains, extremely wide distributions of grain sizes, and bimodal distributions of grain size.  
5.3 These test methods may also be applied to specimens or products containing grains of two or more significantly different sizes, but distributed in topologically varying patterns (henceforth referred to as topological duplex grain sizes). Examples of topological duplex grain sizes include: systematic variation of grain size across the section of a product, necklace structures, banded structures, and germinative grain growth in selected areas of critical strain.  
5.4 These test methods may be applied to specimens or products regardless of their state of recrystallization.  
5.5 Because these test methods describe deviations from a single, log-normal distribution of grain sizes, and characterize patterns of variation in grain size, the total specimen cross-section must be evaluated.  
5.6 These test methods are limited to duplex grain sizes as identifiable within a single polished and etched metallurgical specimen. If duplex grain size is suspected in a product too ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide simple guidelines for deciding whether a duplex grain size exists. The test methods separate duplex grain sizes into one of two distinct classes, then into specific types within those classes, and provide systems for grain size characterization of each type.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    15 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1245-03(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents of metals using basic stereological procedures performed by automatic image analyzers.  
5.2 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals. Because of the sporadic, unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions, other methods involving complete inspection, for example, ultrasonics, must be used to locate their presence. The exact nature of the exogenous material can then be determined by sectioning into the suspect region followed by serial, step-wise grinding to expose the exogenous matter for identification and individual measurement. Direct size measurement rather than application of stereological methods is employed.  
5.3 Because the characteristics of the indigenous inclusion population vary within a given lot of material due to the influence of compositional fluctuations, solidification conditions and processing, the lot must be sampled statistically to assess its inclusion content. The largest lot sampled is the heat lot but smaller lots, for example, the product of an ingot, within the heat may be sampled as a separate lot. The sampling of a given lot must be adequate for the lot size and characteristics.  
5.4 The practice is suitable for assessment of the indigenous inclusions in any steel (or other metal) product regardless of its size or shape as long as enough different fields can be measured to obtain reasonable statistical confidence in the data. Because the specifics of the manufacture of the product do influence the morphological characteristics of the inclusions, the report should state the relevant manufacturing details, that is, data regarding the deformation history of the product.  
5.5 To compare the inclusion measurement results from different lots of the same or similar types of steels, or other metals, a standard sampling scheme should be adopted such as described in Test Method...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for obtaining stereological measurements that describe basic characteristics of the morphology of indigenous inclusions in steels and other metals using automatic image analysis. The practice can be applied to provide such data for any discrete second phase.  
Note 1: Stereological measurement methods are used in this practice to assess the average characteristics of inclusions or other second-phase particles on a longitudinal plane-of-polish. This information, by itself, does not produce a three-dimensional description of these constituents in space as deformation processes cause rotation and alignment of these constituents in a preferred manner. Development of such information requires measurements on three orthogonal planes and is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.2 This practice specifically addresses the problem of producing stereological data when the features of the constituents to be measured make attainment of statistically reliable data difficult.  
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E228-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are required for design purposes and are used, for example, to determine dimensional behavior of structures subject to temperature changes, or thermal stresses that can occur and cause failure of a solid artifact composed of different materials when it is subjected to a temperature excursion.  
5.2 This test method is a reliable method of determining the linear thermal expansion of solid materials.  
5.3 For accurate determinations of thermal expansion, it is absolutely necessary that the dilatometer be calibrated by using a reference material that has a known and reproducible thermal expansion. The appendix contains information relating to reference materials in current general use.  
5.4 The measurement of thermal expansion involves two parameters: change of length and change of temperature, both of them equally important. Neglecting proper and accurate temperature measurement will inevitably result in increased uncertainties in the final data.  
5.5 The test method can be used for research, development, specification acceptance, quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy the performance requirements set forth in this standard.
Note 1: Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica dilatometers operating over a temperature range of –180 °C to 900 °C. The concepts and principles have been amply documented in the literature to be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision and bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as that for silica systems up to 900 °C. However, their precision and bias have not yet been established over the relevant total range of temperature due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlaboratory comparisons.  
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal-length change measurements. This includes, as examples, metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals, graphites, plastics, cements, cured mortars, woods, and a variety of composites.  
1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for example, Test Method D696) and thermomechanical analysis (for example, Test Method E831) but is significantly lower than that of absolute methods such as interferometry (for example, Test Method E289). It is generally applicable to materials having absolute linear expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5 μm/(m·°C) for a 1000 °C range, and under special circumstances can be used for lower expansion materials when special precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of the specimen falls within the capabilities of the measuring system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found to meet the specification.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Or...

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E975-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for X-Ray Determination of Retained Austenite in Steel with Near Random Crystallographic Orientation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Significance—Retained austenite with a near random crystallographic orientation is found in the microstructure of heat-treated low-alloy, high-strength steels that have medium (0.40 weight %) or higher carbon contents. Although the presence of retained austenite may not be evident in the microstructure, and may not affect the bulk mechanical properties such as hardness of the steel, the transformation of retained austenite to martensite during service can affect the performance of the steel.  
2.2 Use—The measurement of retained austenite can be included in low-alloy steel development programs to determine its effect on mechanical properties. Retained austenite can be measured on a companion specimen or test section that is included in a heat-treated lot of steel as part of a quality control practice. The measurement of retained austenite in steels from service can be included in studies of material performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of retained austenite phase in steel using integrated intensities (area under peak above background) of X-ray diffraction peaks using chromium  Kα  or molybdenum Kα  X-radiation.  
1.2 The method applies to carbon and alloy steels with near random crystallographic orientations of both ferrite and austenite phases.  
1.3 This test method is valid for retained austenite contents from 1 % by volume and above.  
1.4 If possible, X-ray diffraction peak interference from other crystalline phases such as carbides should be eliminated from the ferrite and austenite peak intensities.  
1.5 Substantial alloy contents in steel cause some change in peak intensities which have not been considered in this method. Application of this method to steels with total alloy contents exceeding 15 weight % should be done with care. If necessary, the users can calculate the theoretical correction factors to account for changes in volume of the unit cells for austenite and ferrite resulting from variations in chemical composition.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off