ASTM D4814-14
(Specification)Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
ABSTRACT
This specification describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The spark-ignition engine fuels covered here are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers, and not fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as fuel methanol (M85). This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii. Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as Fuel Methanol (M85). The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. However, depending on oxygenate type, as oxygenate content increases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehicle problems also increases. The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of unleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations, and Clean Air Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, deposit control additive certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are described in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel.2 However, in addition to the legal requirements found in this research report, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in this spe...
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Designation:D4814 −14
StandardSpecification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPArules,
regulations,andwaivers.RefertoAppendixX3fordiscussions
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of require-
of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous
ments of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with
contents, deposit control additive certification, and use of
spark-ignition engines.
oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of
for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.
automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating
1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-
conditions.Itprovidesforavariationofthevolatilityandwater
acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Refor-
tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal
mulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to
climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the
lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-
period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure
istics are described in the research report on reformulated
limits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Pro-
2
spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal
tectionAgency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area
requirements found in this research report, reformulated spark-
except Alaska and Hawaii. Variation of the antiknock index
ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements
with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in
found in this specification.
Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includes
all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, 1.5 Thisspecificationrepresentsadescriptionofautomotive
nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under
undercertainoperatingconditionsorincertainequipment.The continuous review, which can result in revisions based on
significance of each of the properties of this specification is changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a
shown in Appendix X1. combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,
should refer to the latest edition.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi-
cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification
D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.
alcohols and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels
that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as
1.6 Tests applicable to gasoline are not necessarily appli-
Fuel Methanol (M85). The concentrations and types of oxy-
cable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of
genates are not specifically limited in this specification.
fuel under consideration must first be identified in order to
However, depending on oxygenate type, as oxygenate content
select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a proce-
increasesabovesomethresholdlevel,thelikelihoodforvehicle
dure for determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent.
problemsalsoincreases.Thecompositionofbothunleadedand
Test Method D4815 also includes procedures for calculating
leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical
mass oxygen content and oxygenate concentration in volume
consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are
percent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating the
defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of
mass oxygen content of a fuel using measured oxygenate type,
unleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations, and CleanAir
oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured
Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
density or relative density of the fuel.
(EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this
1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in this
standard: For purposes of determining conformance with these
specifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit
Petroleum Product
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4814 − 13b D4814 − 14
Standard Specification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with
spark-ignition engines.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions.
It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes
at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the
United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii.
Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither
necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform
unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this
specification is shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols
and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as Fuel Methanol
(M85). The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. However, depending on
oxygenate type, as oxygenate content increases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehicle problems also increases. The
composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties,
including volatility, are defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of unleaded fuel is subject to the rules,
regulations, and Clean Air Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard to fuel properties,
including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to
Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, deposit control additive
certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and
additional requirements.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated
spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are
2
described in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements found
in this research report, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in this
specification.
1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under
continuous review, which can result in revisions based on changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a
combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer to the latest edition.
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.
1.6 Tests applicable to gasoline are not necessarily applicable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of fuel under
consideration must first be identified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a procedure for determining
oxygenate concentration in mass percent. Test Method D4815 also includes procedures for calculating mass oxygen content and
oxygenate concentration in volume percent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuel
using measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured density or relative density of the fuel.
1
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