ASTM E284-09
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Appearance
Standard Terminology of Appearance
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged.
In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (5–7)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.
A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the definition was added to this terminology standard or last revised.
Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed for terms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, these listings should be considered as recommendations, not as mandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in another ASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard.
In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a great many terms were relocated to conform to the recommendation of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) that listings be in spoken word order. In general, there are no cross-references between the old and new listings, except where a special function is served. An example of such a special function is to list all terms relating to a given basic quantity, for example, all terms defining various sorts of angles.
Thi...
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).
1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1–4) ) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.
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Designation:E284–09
Standard Terminology of
1
Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E284; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Appearance, including the appearance of objects, materials, and light sources, is of importance in
many arts, industries, and scientific disciplines.Appearance terms are used in a wide range ofASTM
standards as well as other documents of concern in standardization, testing, and specification. The
purpose of this terminology standard is to define terms relating to the description of appearance.
Definitions are of two distinctly different kinds. A descriptive definition reports existing usage,
whereas a prescriptive definition is an invitation to use a term in a specific way. By agreement of
ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, the definitions in this terminology standard are
taken to be prescriptive in nature. Committee E12 thereby assumes a position of leadership in usage.
Terms and definitions in several terminology standards and vocabularies other than ASTM (see
References),aswellasotherASTMterminologystandards,havebeenconsideredforinclusioninthis
terminology standard.An effort has been made to achieve greater accuracy, brevity, clarity, precision,
and internal consistency, and to draw distinctions that are useful in the practical measurement and
specification of appearance.
Suggestions for additions or revisions to this terminology standard are welcome.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
description of appearance, including but not limited to color, C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both mate- Products
rials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources C 286 Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel and
(including visual display units). Ceramic-Metal Systems
4
1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and C460 Terminology for Asbestos-Cement
Appearance that this terminology standard include important D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials,
terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the and Applications
terms are currently used in anASTM standard. Terms that are D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Prod-
2
(see Refs (1–4) ) are generally not included, except when the ucts (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
dictionariesshowmultipledefinitionsanditseemsdesirableto D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards. D1003 Test Method for Haze and LuminousTransmittance
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies con- of Transparent Plastics
siderably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
fields has been noted. D1245 PracticeforExaminationofWater-FormedDeposits
by Chemical Microscopy
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color
3
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.01 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Terminology. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E284–08. the ASTM website.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
text. on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E284–09
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys- cal committees. Its use by committees other than Committee
tem E12 on Color andAppearance, and its citation in the standards
D1695 TerminologyofCelluloseandCelluloseDerivatives of such committees, is encouraged.
4
D1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water 3.2 Inthisterminologystandard,definitionsoftermsusedin
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec- otherASTMstandardsareindicatedbyplacingthedesignation
tometry of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition.
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy Defi
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E284–08 Designation: E 284 – 09
Standard Terminology of
1
Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E284; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Appearance, including the appearance of objects, materials, and light sources, is of importance in
many arts, industries, and scientific disciplines.Appearance terms are used in a wide range ofASTM
standards as well as other documents of concern in standardization, testing, and specification. The
purpose of this terminology standard is to define terms relating to the description of appearance.
Definitions are of two distinctly different kinds. A descriptive definition reports existing usage,
whereas a prescriptive definition is an invitation to use a term in a specific way. By agreement of
ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, the definitions in this terminology standard are
taken to be prescriptive in nature. Committee E12 thereby assumes a position of leadership in usage.
Terms and definitions in several terminology standards and vocabularies other than ASTM (see
References),aswellasotherASTMterminologystandards,havebeenconsideredforinclusioninthis
terminology standard.An effort has been made to achieve greater accuracy, brevity, clarity, precision,
and internal consistency, and to draw distinctions that are useful in the practical measurement and
specification of appearance.
Suggestions for additions or revisions to this terminology standard are welcome.
1. Scope*
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss,
opacity,scattering,texture,andvisibilityofbothmaterials(ordinary,fluorescent,retroreflective)andlightsources(includingvisual
display units).
1.2 It is the policy ofASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance that this terminology standard include important terms
and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in anASTM standard.Terms that are in common
2
use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1–4) ) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show
multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields
has been noted.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
C286 Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems
C460 Terminology for Asbestos-Cement
D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Deposits by Chemical Microscopy
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.01 on Terminology.
Current edition approved Aug.Jan. 1, 2008.2009. Published August 2008.February 2009. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 20072008 as
E284–078.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of text.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E284–09
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
D1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
D1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflectometry
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Co
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E284–08 Designation: E 284 – 09
Standard Terminology of
1
Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E284; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Appearance, including the appearance of objects, materials, and light sources, is of importance in
many arts, industries, and scientific disciplines.Appearance terms are used in a wide range ofASTM
standards as well as other documents of concern in standardization, testing, and specification. The
purpose of this terminology standard is to define terms relating to the description of appearance.
Definitions are of two distinctly different kinds. A descriptive definition reports existing usage,
whereas a prescriptive definition is an invitation to use a term in a specific way. By agreement of
ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, the definitions in this terminology standard are
taken to be prescriptive in nature. Committee E12 thereby assumes a position of leadership in usage.
Terms and definitions in several terminology standards and vocabularies other than ASTM (see
References),aswellasotherASTMterminologystandards,havebeenconsideredforinclusioninthis
terminology standard.An effort has been made to achieve greater accuracy, brevity, clarity, precision,
and internal consistency, and to draw distinctions that are useful in the practical measurement and
specification of appearance.
Suggestions for additions or revisions to this terminology standard are welcome.
1. Scope*
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss,
opacity,scattering,texture,andvisibilityofbothmaterials(ordinary,fluorescent,retroreflective)andlightsources(includingvisual
display units).
1.2 It is the policy ofASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance that this terminology standard include important terms
and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in anASTM standard.Terms that are in common
2
use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1–4) ) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show
multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields
has been noted.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
C286 Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems
C460 Terminology for Asbestos-Cement
D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Deposits by Chemical Microscopy
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.01 on Terminology.
Current edition approved Aug.Jan. 1, 2008.2009. Published August 2008.February 2009. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 20072008 as
E284–078.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of text.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E284–09
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
D1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
D1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflectometry
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Co
...
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