ASTM E1164-12(2023)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most general and reliable methods for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or, through transformation of them, other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by the use of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained by combining object spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.
5.2 This practice provides procedures for selecting the operating parameters of spectrometers used for providing data of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colors of objects.
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectrometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.
1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both spectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, and spectrocolorimeters, which are similar in principle but can produce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this applicability are noted.
1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers and spectrocolorimeters that employ only a single monochromator. This practice is general as to the materials to be characterized for color.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: E1164 − 12 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Practice for
Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in July 2023.
INTRODUCTION
The fundamental procedure for evaluating the color of a reflecting or transmitting object is to obtain
spectrometric data for specified illuminating and viewing conditions, and from these data to compute
tristimulus values based on a CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard observer and
a CIE standard illuminant. The considerations involved and the procedures used to obtain precise
spectrometric data are contained in this practice. The values and procedures for computing CIE
tristimulus values from spectrometric data are contained in Practice E308. Considerations regarding
the selection of appropriate illuminating and viewing geometries are contained in Guide E179.
1. Scope 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurement
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
needed to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colors
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of objects.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified
when spectrometric measurements are required in specific
2. Referenced Documents
methods, practices, or specifications.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
spectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, and
of Transparent Plastics
spectrocolorimeters, which are similar in principle but can
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
produce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
applicability are noted.
of Materials
E259 Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White
1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers and
Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical
spectrocolorimeters that employ only a single monochromator.
and Bi-Directional Geometries
This practice is general as to the materials to be characterized
E275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of
for color.
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E284 Terminology of Appearance
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using
standard.
the CIE System
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E387 Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant Power Ratio
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of Dispersive Spectrophotometers by the Opaque Filter
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Method
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on Spectro-
photometry and Colorimetry. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E1164 – 12 (2017) . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1164-12R23E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
E1164 − 12 (2023)
E925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet- 3.2.2 influx, n—the cone of light rays incident upon the
Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth specimen from the illuminator in a color measuring instrument
does not Exceed 2 nm (see Practice E1767).
E958 Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of
3.2.3 regular transmittance factor, T , n—the ratio of the
r
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
flux transmitted by a specimen and evaluated by a receiver to
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-
the flux passing through the same optical system and evaluated
mens Using the One-Monochromator Method
by the receiver when the specimen is removed from the system.
E1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-
3.2.3.1 Discussion—In some cases, this quantity is practi-
tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of
cally identical to the transmittance, but it may differ consider-
Materials
ably. It exceeds unity if the system is such that the specimen
E2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Data
causes more light to reach the receiver than would in its
for Evaluation of Fluorescent Color
absence.
E2194 Test Method for Multiangle Color Measurement of
Metal Flake Pigmented Materials
4. Summary of Practice
2.2 NIST Publications:
4.1 Procedures are given for selecting the types and oper-
LC-1017 Standards for Checking the Calibration of Spec-
ating parameters of spectrometers used to provide data for the
trophotometers
calculation of CIE tristimulus values and other color coordi-
TN-594-12 Optical Radiation Measurements: The Translu-
nates to document the colors of objects. The important steps in
cent Blurring Effect—Method of Evaluation and Estima-
the calibration of such instruments, and the material standards
tion
required for these steps, are described. Guidelines are given for
SP-260-66 Didymium Glass Filters for Calibrating the
the selection of specimens to minimize the specimen’s contri-
Wavelength Scale of Spectrophotometers—SRM 2009,
bution to the measurement imprecision. Parameters are identi-
2010, 2013, and 2014
fied that must be specified when spectrometric measurements
SP-692 Transmittance MAP Service
are required in specific test methods or other documents.
2.3 CIE Publications:
CIE 15 Colorimetry
5. Significance and Use
CIE 38 Radiometric and Photometric Characteristics of Ma-
5.1 The most general and reliable methods for obtaining
terials and Their Measurement
CIE tristimulus values or, through transformation of them,
CIE 46 Review of Publications on Properties and Reflection
other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by the
Values of Material Reflection Standards
use of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained by
CIE 51 Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight
combining object spectral data with data representing a CIE
Simulators for Colorimetry
standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described
CIE 130 Practical Applications of Reflectance and Transmit-
in Practice E308.
tance Measurements
5.2 This practice provides procedures for selecting the
2.4 ISO Publications:
operating parameters of spectrometers used for providing data
ISO 2469 Paper, Board and Pulps — Measurement of
5 of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument
Diffuse Reflectance Factor
calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of
2.5 ISCC Publications:
suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measure-
Technical Report 2003-1 Guide to Material Standards and
ments.
Their Use in Color Measurement
6. Requirements When Using Spectrometry
3. Terminology
6.1 When describing the measurement of specimens by
3.1 Definitions—The definitions contained in Terminology
spectrometry, the following must be specified:
E284 are applicable to this practice.
6.1.1 The relative radiometric quantity determined, such as
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
reflectance factor, radiance factor, or transmittance factor.
3.2.1 efflux, n—the cone of light rays reflected or transmitted
6.1.2 The geometry of the influx and efflux as defined in
by a specimen and collected by the receiver in a color
Practice E1767, including the following:
measuring instrument (see Practice E1767).
6.1.2.1 For hemispherical geometry, whether total or diffuse
only measurement conditions (specular component of reflec-
tion included or excluded) are to be used.
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
6.1.2.2 For bi-directional geometry, whether annular,
Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
4 circumferential, or uniplanar measurement conditions are to be
Available from CIE (International Commission on Illumination), http://
used, and the number, angle, and angular distribution of the
www.cie.co.at or http://www.techstreet.com.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
multiple beams.
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
6.1.3 The spectral parameters, including the wavelength
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
range, wavelength measurement interval, and spectral band-
Available from the Inter-Society Color Council, http://www.iscc.org/functions/
pc/pc51.php. pass or bandpass function in the case of variable bandpass.
´1
E1164 − 12 (2023)
6.1.4 Identification of the standard of reflectance factor, (see measurements is negligibly small for the purpose for which
10.2.1). data are obtained. See Ref (1), Practice E308, and CIE 15.
6.1.5 The computation variables specified in Practice E308,
NOTE 1—Accuracy is here defined as agreement with results obtained
Section 6, including the standard observer and standard
by the use of the recommended measurement conditions and procedures.
illuminant, if their values must be set at the time of
(1 nm measurement interval with a 1 nm spectral bandwidth and
numerical summation of the data multiplied by CIE tabulated values at
measurement, whether the spectral bandpass has been adjusted
1 nm intervals).
or not, and
6.1.6 Special requirements determined by the nature of the 7.3.2.1 Fluorescent specimens should be measured with a
specimen, such as the type of illuminating source for fluores- wavelength scale beginning as close to 300 nm as possible, if
cent specimens (see Practice E991) or the absolute geometric their characteristics when illuminated by daylight are desired.
conditions and tolerances for retroreflective specimens. See Practice E991.
6.1.7 Some specimens (particularly textiles, pulp and paper) 7.3.3 When highest accuracy is required, the wavelength
are sensitive to variations in temperature (thermochromism), measurement interval should be 1 nm; otherwise, an interval of
humidity (hygrochromism) and ambient lighting. In those 5 nm should suffice. Use of a wider interval, such as 10 nm or
cases these conditions should be specified and recorded. For 20 nm, will result in a significant loss of accuracy. Each user
example, specimens made from cellulosic materials should be must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurements
conditioned to an agreed upon temperature and humidity and is negligibly small for the purpose for which data are obtained.
possibly a length of time of a specified light exposure. See Ref (1), Practice E308, and CIE 15.
7.3.4 The spectral bandpass (width in nanometers at half
7. Apparatus
energy of the band of wavelengths transmitted by the disper-
sive element) should, for best results, be equal to the wave-
7.1 Spectrometer—The basic instrument requirement is a
length measurement interval or just slightly smaller than but no
spectrometer designed for the measurement of reflectance
less than 80 % of the wavelength measurement interval (2). If
factor and, if applicable, transmittance factor, using one or
the spectral interval and bandpass are greater than 1 nm then it
more of the standard influx and efflux geometries for color
is recommended that the spectral data be interpolated and then
evaluation described in Section 8. The spectrometer may be
deconvolved (3) down to the 1 nm interval before computing
either a spectrometer, designed specifically for the measure-
tristimulus values as recommended in Practice E308.
ment of object color or a more traditional analytical spectrom-
7.3.5 The use of tables of tristimulus weighting factors (see
eter equipped with accessories for the output of the spectral
Practice E308) is a convenient means of treating data obtained
values to a digital computer.
for a shorter wavelength range than that specified in 7.3.2, or a
7.2 Illuminator—For the measurement of nonfluorescent
wider measurement interval than that specified in 7.3.3, or
specimens, the exact spectral nature of the illuminator, of
both, for obtaining CIE tristimulus values. However, the use of
which the light source is a component, is immaterial so long as
a wider interval can lead to significant loss of measurement
the source is stable with time and has adequate energy at all
accuracy for specimens with reflectance or transmittance
wavelengths in the region required for measurement. Com-
factors that change rapidly as a function of wavelength. Each
monly used light sources include incandescent lamps, either
user must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measure-
operated without filters or filtered to simulate CIE standard
ments is negligibly small for the purpose for which data are
illuminants (see Publication CIE 51), and flashed or
obtained.
continuous-wave xenon-arc lamps. More recently, discrete
7.3.6 For the measurement of nonfluorescent specimens, the
pseudo-monochromatic sources, such as light emitting diodes
dispersive element may be placed either between the source
(LED) have also been used as sources in spectrocolorimeters.
and the specimen or between the specimen and the detector.
Considerations required when measuring fluorescent speci-
However, for the measurement of fluorescent specimens the
mens are contained in Practice E991. The use of pseudo-
dispersive element must be placed between the specimen and
monochromatic sources is not currently recommended by
the detector s
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: E1164 − 12 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Practice for
Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in July 2023.
INTRODUCTION
The fundamental procedure for evaluating the color of a reflecting or transmitting object is to obtain
spectrometric data for specified illuminating and viewing conditions, and from these data to compute
tristimulus values based on a CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard observer and
a CIE standard illuminant. The considerations involved and the procedures used to obtain precise
spectrometric data are contained in this practice. The values and procedures for computing CIE
tristimulus values from spectrometric data are contained in Practice E308. Considerations regarding
the selection of appropriate illuminating and viewing geometries are contained in Guide E179.
1. Scope 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurement
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
needed to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colors
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of objects.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified
when spectrometric measurements are required in specific
2. Referenced Documents
methods, practices, or specifications.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
spectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, and
of Transparent Plastics
spectrocolorimeters, which are similar in principle but can
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
produce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
applicability are noted.
of Materials
E259 Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White
1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers and
Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical
spectrocolorimeters that employ only a single monochromator.
and Bi-Directional Geometries
This practice is general as to the materials to be characterized
E275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of
for color.
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E284 Terminology of Appearance
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using
standard.
the CIE System
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E387 Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant Power Ratio
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of Dispersive Spectrophotometers by the Opaque Filter
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Method
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on Spectro-
photometry and Colorimetry. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E1164 – 12 (2017) . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1164-12R23E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
E1164 − 12 (2023)
E925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet- 3.2.2 influx, n—the cone of light rays incident upon the
Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth specimen from the illuminator in a color measuring instrument
does not Exceed 2 nm (see Practice E1767).
E958 Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of
3.2.3 regular transmittance factor, T , n—the ratio of the
r
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
flux transmitted by a specimen and evaluated by a receiver to
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-
the flux passing through the same optical system and evaluated
mens Using the One-Monochromator Method
by the receiver when the specimen is removed from the system.
E1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-
3.2.3.1 Discussion—In some cases, this quantity is practi-
tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of
cally identical to the transmittance, but it may differ consider-
Materials
ably. It exceeds unity if the system is such that the specimen
E2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Data
causes more light to reach the receiver than would in its
for Evaluation of Fluorescent Color
absence.
E2194 Test Method for Multiangle Color Measurement of
Metal Flake Pigmented Materials
4. Summary of Practice
2.2 NIST Publications:
4.1 Procedures are given for selecting the types and oper-
LC-1017 Standards for Checking the Calibration of Spec-
ating parameters of spectrometers used to provide data for the
trophotometers
calculation of CIE tristimulus values and other color coordi-
TN-594-12 Optical Radiation Measurements: The Translu-
nates to document the colors of objects. The important steps in
cent Blurring Effect—Method of Evaluation and Estima-
the calibration of such instruments, and the material standards
tion
required for these steps, are described. Guidelines are given for
SP-260-66 Didymium Glass Filters for Calibrating the
the selection of specimens to minimize the specimen’s contri-
Wavelength Scale of Spectrophotometers—SRM 2009,
bution to the measurement imprecision. Parameters are identi-
2010, 2013, and 2014
fied that must be specified when spectrometric measurements
SP-692 Transmittance MAP Service
are required in specific test methods or other documents.
2.3 CIE Publications:
CIE 15 Colorimetry
5. Significance and Use
CIE 38 Radiometric and Photometric Characteristics of Ma-
5.1 The most general and reliable methods for obtaining
terials and Their Measurement
CIE tristimulus values or, through transformation of them,
CIE 46 Review of Publications on Properties and Reflection
other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by the
Values of Material Reflection Standards
use of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained by
CIE 51 Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight
combining object spectral data with data representing a CIE
Simulators for Colorimetry
standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described
CIE 130 Practical Applications of Reflectance and Transmit-
in Practice E308.
tance Measurements
5.2 This practice provides procedures for selecting the
2.4 ISO Publications:
operating parameters of spectrometers used for providing data
ISO 2469 Paper, Board and Pulps — Measurement of
5 of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument
Diffuse Reflectance Factor
calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of
2.5 ISCC Publications:
suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measure-
Technical Report 2003-1 Guide to Material Standards and
ments.
Their Use in Color Measurement
6. Requirements When Using Spectrometry
3. Terminology
6.1 When describing the measurement of specimens by
3.1 Definitions—The definitions contained in Terminology
spectrometry, the following must be specified:
E284 are applicable to this practice.
6.1.1 The relative radiometric quantity determined, such as
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
reflectance factor, radiance factor, or transmittance factor.
3.2.1 efflux, n—the cone of light rays reflected or transmitted
6.1.2 The geometry of the influx and efflux as defined in
by a specimen and collected by the receiver in a color
Practice E1767, including the following:
measuring instrument (see Practice E1767).
6.1.2.1 For hemispherical geometry, whether total or diffuse
only measurement conditions (specular component of reflec-
tion included or excluded) are to be used.
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
6.1.2.2 For bi-directional geometry, whether annular,
Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
circumferential, or uniplanar measurement conditions are to be
Available from CIE (International Commission on Illumination), http://
used, and the number, angle, and angular distribution of the
www.cie.co.at or http://www.techstreet.com.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
multiple beams.
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
6.1.3 The spectral parameters, including the wavelength
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
6 range, wavelength measurement interval, and spectral band-
Available from the Inter-Society Color Council, http://www.iscc.org/functions/
pc/pc51.php. pass or bandpass function in the case of variable bandpass.
´1
E1164 − 12 (2023)
6.1.4 Identification of the standard of reflectance factor, (see measurements is negligibly small for the purpose for which
10.2.1). data are obtained. See Ref (1), Practice E308, and CIE 15.
6.1.5 The computation variables specified in Practice E308,
NOTE 1—Accuracy is here defined as agreement with results obtained
Section 6, including the standard observer and standard
by the use of the recommended measurement conditions and procedures.
illuminant, if their values must be set at the time of
(1 nm measurement interval with a 1 nm spectral bandwidth and
numerical summation of the data multiplied by CIE tabulated values at
measurement, whether the spectral bandpass has been adjusted
1 nm intervals).
or not, and
6.1.6 Special requirements determined by the nature of the 7.3.2.1 Fluorescent specimens should be measured with a
specimen, such as the type of illuminating source for fluores- wavelength scale beginning as close to 300 nm as possible, if
cent specimens (see Practice E991) or the absolute geometric their characteristics when illuminated by daylight are desired.
conditions and tolerances for retroreflective specimens. See Practice E991.
6.1.7 Some specimens (particularly textiles, pulp and paper) 7.3.3 When highest accuracy is required, the wavelength
are sensitive to variations in temperature (thermochromism), measurement interval should be 1 nm; otherwise, an interval of
humidity (hygrochromism) and ambient lighting. In those 5 nm should suffice. Use of a wider interval, such as 10 nm or
cases these conditions should be specified and recorded. For 20 nm, will result in a significant loss of accuracy. Each user
example, specimens made from cellulosic materials should be must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurements
conditioned to an agreed upon temperature and humidity and is negligibly small for the purpose for which data are obtained.
See Ref (1), Practice E308, and CIE 15.
possibly a length of time of a specified light exposure.
7.3.4 The spectral bandpass (width in nanometers at half
7. Apparatus
energy of the band of wavelengths transmitted by the disper-
sive element) should, for best results, be equal to the wave-
7.1 Spectrometer—The basic instrument requirement is a
length measurement interval or just slightly smaller than but no
spectrometer designed for the measurement of reflectance
less than 80 % of the wavelength measurement interval (2). If
factor and, if applicable, transmittance factor, using one or
the spectral interval and bandpass are greater than 1 nm then it
more of the standard influx and efflux geometries for color
is recommended that the spectral data be interpolated and then
evaluation described in Section 8. The spectrometer may be
deconvolved (3) down to the 1 nm interval before computing
either a spectrometer, designed specifically for the measure-
tristimulus values as recommended in Practice E308.
ment of object color or a more traditional analytical spectrom-
7.3.5 The use of tables of tristimulus weighting factors (see
eter equipped with accessories for the output of the spectral
Practice E308) is a convenient means of treating data obtained
values to a digital computer.
for a shorter wavelength range than that specified in 7.3.2, or a
7.2 Illuminator—For the measurement of nonfluorescent
wider measurement interval than that specified in 7.3.3, or
specimens, the exact spectral nature of the illuminator, of
both, for obtaining CIE tristimulus values. However, the use of
which the light source is a component, is immaterial so long as
a wider interval can lead to significant loss of measurement
the source is stable with time and has adequate energy at all
accuracy for specimens with reflectance or transmittance
wavelengths in the region required for measurement. Com-
factors that change rapidly as a function of wavelength. Each
monly used light sources include incandescent lamps, either
user must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measure-
operated without filters or filtered to simulate CIE standard
ments is negligibly small for the purpose for which data are
illuminants (see Publication CIE 51), and flashed or
obtained.
continuous-wave xenon-arc lamps. More recently, discrete
7.3.6 For the measurement of nonfluorescent specimens, the
pseudo-monochromatic sources, such as light emitting diodes
dispersive element may be placed either between the source
(LED) have also been used as sources in spectrocolorimeters.
and the specimen or between the specimen and the detector.
Considerations required when measuring fluorescent speci-
However, for the measurement of fluorescent specimens the
mens are contained in Practice E991. The use of pseudo-
dispersive element must be placed between the specimen and
monochromatic sources is not currently recommended by
the detector so that the specimen is irradiated by the entire
Subcommittee E12.10 for the measurement of the
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1 ´1
Designation: E1164 − 12 (Reapproved 2017) E1164 − 12 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Practice for
Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in May 2017.July 2023.
INTRODUCTION
The fundamental procedure for evaluating the color of a reflecting or transmitting object is to obtain
spectrometric data for specified illuminating and viewing conditions, and from these data to compute
tristimulus values based on a CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard observer and
a CIE standard illuminant. The considerations involved and the procedures used to obtain precise
spectrometric data are contained in this practice. The values and procedures for computing CIE
tristimulus values from spectrometric data are contained in Practice E308. Considerations regarding
the selection of appropriate illuminating and viewing geometries are contained in Guide E179.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed to
obtain precise spectral data for computing the colors of objects.
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectrometric measurements are required in specific methods,
practices, or specifications.
1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both spectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, and spectrocolorimeters,
which are similar in principle but can produce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this applicability are noted.
1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers and spectrometric colorimeters spectrocolorimeters that employ only a single
monochromator. This practice is general as to the materials to be characterized for color.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on Spectrophotometry
and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved May 1, 2017June 1, 2023. Published May 2017July 2023. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20122017 as
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E1164 – 12 (2017) . DOI: 10.1520/E1164-12R17E01.10.1520/E1164-12R23E01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
E259 Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and
Bi-Directional Geometries
E275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
E387 Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant Power Ratio of Dispersive Spectrophotometers by the Opaque Filter Method
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
E925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth does not
Exceed 2 nm
E958 Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using the One-Monochromator Method
E1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of Materials
E2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Data for Evaluation of Fluorescent Color
E2194 Test Method for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials
2.2 NIST Publications:
LC-1017 Standards for Checking the Calibration of Spectrophotometers
TN-594-12 Optical Radiation Measurements: The Translucent Blurring Effect—Method of Evaluation and Estimation
SP-260-66 Didymium Glass Filters for Calibrating the Wavelength Scale of Spectrophotometers—SRM 2009, 2010, 2013, and
SP-692 Transmittance MAP Service
2.3 CIE Publications:
CIE No. 15 Colorimetry
CIE No. 38 Radiometric and Photometric Characteristics of Materials and Their Measurement
CIE No. 46 Review of Publications on Properties and Reflection Values of Material Reflection Standards
CIE No. 51 Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry
CIE No. 130 Practical Applications of Reflectance and Transmittance Measurements
2.4 ISO Publications:
ISO 2469 Paper, Board and Pulps — Measurement of Diffuse Reflectance Factor
2.5 ISCC Publications:
Technical Report 2003-1 Guide to Material Standards and Their Use in Color Measurement
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—The definitions contained in Terminology E284 are applicable to this practice.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 influx,efflux, n—the cone of light rays incident upon the specimen from the illuminatorreflected or transmitted by a specimen
and collected by the receiver in a color measuring instrument (see Practice E1767).
3.2.2 efflux,influx, n—the cone of light rays reflected or transmitted by a specimen and collected by the receiverincident upon the
specimen from the illuminator in a color measuring instrument (see Practice E1767).
3.2.3 regular transmittance factor, T , n—the ratio of the flux transmitted by a specimen and evaluated by a receiver to the flux
r
passing through the same optical system and evaluated by the receiver when the specimen is removed from the system.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
Available from CIE (International Commission on Illumination), http://www.cie.co.at or http://www.techstreet.com.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Available from the Inter-Society Color Council, http://www.iscc.org/functions/pc/pc51.php.
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In some cases, this quantity is practically identical to the transmittance, but it may differ considerably. It exceeds unity if the system
is such that the specimen causes more light to reach the receiver than would in its absence.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Procedures are given for selecting the types and operating parameters of spectrometers used to provide data for the calculation
of CIE tristimulus values and other color coordinates to document the colors of objects. The important steps in the calibration of
such instruments, and the material standards required for these steps, are described. Guidelines are given for the selection of
specimens to minimize the specimen’s contribution to the measurement imprecision. Parameters are identified that must be
specified when spectrometric measurements are required in specific test methods or other documents.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The most general and reliable methods for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or, through transformation of them, other
coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by the use of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained by combining
object spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.
5.2 This practice provides procedures for selecting the operating parameters of spectrometers used for providing data of the
desired precision. It also provides for instrument calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of suitable specimens
for obtaining precision in the measurements.
6. Requirements When Using Spectrometry
6.1 When describing the measurement of specimens by spectrometry, the following must be specified:
6.1.1 The relative radiometric quantity determined, such as reflectance factor, radiance factor, or transmittance factor.
6.1.2 The geometry of the influx and efflux as defined in Practice E1767, including the following:
6.1.2.1 For hemispherical geometry, whether total or diffuse only measurement conditions (specular component of reflection
included or excluded) are to be used.
6.1.2.2 For bi-directional geometry, whether annular, circumferential, or uniplanar measurement conditions are to be used, and the
number, angle, and angular distribution of the multiple beams.
6.1.3 The spectral parameters, including the wavelength range, wavelength measurement interval, and spectral bandpass or
bandpass function in the case of variable bandpass.
6.1.4 Identification of the standard of reflectance factor, (see 10.2.1).
6.1.5 The computation variables specified in Practice E308, Section 6, including the standard observer and standard illuminant,
if their values must be set at the time of measurement, whether the spectral bandpass has been adjusted or not, and
6.1.6 Special requirements determined by the nature of the specimen, such as the type of illuminating source for fluorescent
specimens (see Practice E991) or the absolute geometric conditions and tolerances for retroreflective specimens.
6.1.7 Some specimens (particularly textiles, pulp and paper) are sensitive to variations in temperature (thermochromism),
humidity (hygrochromism) and ambient lighting. In those cases these conditions should be specified and recorded. For example,
specimens made from cellulosic materials should be conditioned to an agreed upon temperature and humidity and possibly a length
of time of a specified light exposure.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Spectrometer—The basic instrument requirement is a spectrometer designed for the measurement of reflectance factor and, if
applicable, transmittance factor, using one or more of the standard influx and efflux geometries for color evaluation described in
Section 8. The spectrometer may be either a typical colorimetric spectrometer, designed specifically for the measurement of object
color or a more traditional analytical spectrometer equipped with accessories for the output of the spectral values to a digital
computer.
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7.2 Illuminator—For the measurement of nonfluorescent specimens, the exact spectral nature of the illuminator, of which the light
source is a component, is immaterial so long as the source is stable with time and has adequate energy at all wavelengths in the
region required for measurement. Commonly used light sources include incandescent lamps, either operated without filters or
filtered to simulate CIE standard illuminants (see Publication CIE No. 51), and flashed or continuous-wave xenon-arc lamps. More
recently, discrete pseudo-monochromatic sources, such as light emitting diodes (LED) have also been used as sources in
colorimetric spectrometers. spectrocolorimeters. Considerations required when measuring fluorescent specimens are contained in
Practice E991. The use of pseudo-monochromatic sources is not currently recommended by Subcommittee E12.10 for the
measurement of the color of retroreflective materials.
7.3 Dispersive Element:
7.3.1 The dispersive element, which separates energy in narrow bands of wavelength across the visible spectrum, may be a prism,
a grating, or one of various forms of interference filter arrays or wedges. The element should conform to the following
requirements:
7.3.2 When highest measurement accuracy is required, the wavelength range should extend from 360360 nm to 830 nm;
otherwise, the range 380380 nm to 780 nm should suffice. Use of shorter wavelength ranges may result in reduced accuracy. Each
user must decide whether the loss of accuracy in histhe measurements is negligibly small for the purpose for which data are
obtained. See Ref (1), Practice E308, and CIE No. 15.
NOTE 1—Accuracy is here defined as agreement with results obtained by the use of the recommended measurement conditions and procedures. (1 nm
measurement interval with a 1 nm spectral bandwidth and numerical summation of the data multiplied by CIE tabulated values at
1 nm intervals).
7.3.2.1 Fluorescent specimens should be measured with a wavelength scale beginning as close to 300 nm as possible, if their
characteristics when illuminated by daylight are desired. See Practice E991.
7.3.3 When highest accuracy is required, the wavelength measurement interval should be 1 nm; otherwise, an interval of 5 nm
should suffice. Use of a wider interval, such as 10 nm or 20 nm, will result in a significant loss of accuracy. Each user must decide
whether the loss of accuracy in his measurements is negligibly small for the purpose for which data are obtained. See Ref (1),
Practice E308, and CIE No. 15.
7.3.4 The spectral bandpass (width in nanometers at half energy of the band of wavelengths transmitted by the dispersive element)
should, for best results, be equal to the wavelength measurement interval or just slightly smaller than but no less than 80 % of the
wavelength measurement interval (2). If the spectral interval an
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