ASTM A435/A435M-90(2001)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the procedure and acceptance standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates, 1/2 in. [12.5 mm] and over in thickness. It was developed to assure delivery of steel plates free of gross internal discontinuities such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.
1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance with this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance with the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent standard is one which covers the qualification and certification of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which is acceptable to the purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
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Designation: A 435/A 435M – 90 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Specification for
Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA435/A435M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
2 2
1. Scope having a minimum active area of 0.7 in. [450 mm ] may be
2 used. The test shall be performed by one of the following
1.1 This specification covers the procedure and acceptance
methods: direct contact, immersion, or liquid column coupling.
standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examina-
3.2 Other search units may be used for evaluating and
tion of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates, ⁄2 in.
pinpointing indications.
[12.5 mm] and over in thickness. It was developed to assure
delivery of steel plates free of gross internal discontinuities
4. Test Conditions
such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used
4.1 Conduct the examination in an area free of operations
whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states
that interfere with proper functioning of the equipment.
that the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.
4.2 Clean and smooth the plate surface sufficiently to
1.2 Individualsperformingexaminationsinaccordancewith
maintain a reference back reflection from the opposite side of
this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance
the plate at least 50 % of the full scale during scanning.
with the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-
4.3 The surface of plates inspected by this method may be
TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent
expected to contain a residue of oil or rust or both. Any
standard is one which covers the qualification and certification
specified identification which is removed when grinding to
of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which
achieve proper surface smoothness shall be restored.
is acceptable to the purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
5. Procedure
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
5.1 Ultrasonic examination shall be made on either major
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
surface of the plate. Acceptance of defects in close proximity
system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must
may require inspection from the second major surface. Plates
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
ordered in the quenched and tempered condition shall be tested
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
following heat treatment.
cation.
5.2 A nominal test frequency of 2 ⁄4 MHz is recommended.
Thickness, grain size, or microstructure of the material and
2. Referenced Documents
nature of the equipment or method may require a higher or
2.1 ASNT Standard:
lower test frequency. However, frequencies less than 1 MHz
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
3 may be used only on agreement with the purchaser. A clear,
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
easily interpreted trace pattern should be produced during the
3. Apparatus examination.
5.3 Conduct the examination with a test frequency and
3.1 The manufacturer shall furnish suitable ultrasonic
instrument adjustment that will produce a minimum 50 to a
equipment and qualified personnel necessary for performing
maximum 75 % of full scale reference back reflection from the
thetest.Theequipmentshallbeofthepulse-echostraightbeam
1 opposite side of a sound area of the plate.While calibrating the
type. The transducer is normally 1 to 1 ⁄8 in. [25 to 30 mm] in
instrument, sweep the crystal along the plate surface for a
diameter or 1 in. [25 mm] square; however, any transducer
distance of at least 1T or 6 in. [150 mm], whichever is the
greater, and note the position of the back reflection. A shift in
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel,
location of the back reflection during calibration shall be cause
Stainless Steel, and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
for recalibration of the instrument.
A01.11 on Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressu
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