ASTM A435/A435M-90(1996)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the procedure and acceptance standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates, 1/2 in. [12.5 mm] and over in thickness. It was developed to assure delivery of steel plates free of gross internal discontinuities such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.
1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance with this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance with the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent standard is one which covers the qualification and certification of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which is acceptable to the purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
discontinued. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: A 435/A 435M – 90 (Reapproved 1996)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Specification for
Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 435/A 435M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope used. The test shall be performed by one of the following
methods: direct contact, immersion, or liquid column coupling.
1.1 This specification covers the procedure and acceptance
3.2 Other search units may be used for evaluating and
standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examina-
1 pinpointing indications.
tion of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates, ⁄2 in.
[12.5 mm] and over in thickness. It was developed to assure
4. Test Conditions
delivery of steel plates free of gross internal discontinuities
4.1 Conduct the examination in an area free of operations
such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used
that interfere with proper functioning of the equipment.
whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states
4.2 Clean and smooth the plate surface sufficiently to
that the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.
maintain a reference back reflection from the opposite side of
1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance with
the plate at least 50 % of the full scale during scanning.
this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance
4.3 The surface of plates inspected by this method may be
with the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-
expected to contain a residue of oil or rust or both. Any
TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent
specified identification which is removed when grinding to
standard is one which covers the qualification and certification
achieve proper surface smoothness shall be restored.
of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which
is acceptable to the purchaser.
5. Procedure
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
5.1 Ultrasonic examination shall be made on either major
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
surface of the plate. Acceptance of defects in close proximity
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
may require inspection from the second major surface. Plates
system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must
ordered in the quenched and tempered condition shall be tested
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
following heat treatment.
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
5.2 A nominal test frequency of 2 ⁄4 MHz is recommended.
cation.
Thickness, grain size, or microstructure of the material and
2. Referenced Documents nature of the equipment or method may require a higher or
lower test frequency. However, frequencies less than 1 MHz
2.1 ASNT Standard:
may be used only on agreement with the purchaser. A clear,
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
3 easily interpreted trace pattern should be produced during the
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
examination.
3. Apparatus 5.3 Conduct the examination with a test frequency and
instrument adjustment that will produce a minimum 50 to a
3.1 The manufacturer shall furnish suitable ultrasonic
maximum 75 % of full scale reference back reflection from the
equipment and qualified personnel necessary for performing
opposite side of a sound area of the plate. While calibrating the
the test. The equipment shall be of the pulse-echo straight beam
1 instrument, sweep the crystal along the plate surface for a
type. The transducer is normally 1 to 1 ⁄8 in. [25 to 30 mm] in
distance of at least 1T or 6 in. [150 mm], whichever is the
diameter or 1 in. [25 mm] square; however, any transducer
2 2
greater, and note the position of the back reflection. A shift in
having a minimum active area of 0.7 in. [450 mm ] may be
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