ASTM C1211-02(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose flexural strength is ∼ 50 MPa (∼ 7 ksi) or greater.
The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory, with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than 1/50 of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumptions in the test method rule out the use of it for continuous fiber-reinforced composites for which Test Method C 1341 is more appropriate.
The flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the testing rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen and fixture sizes were chosen to provide a balance between the practical configurations and resulting errors as discussed in MIL-STD 1942(A), Test Method C 1161, and Refs (1–3). Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit the ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull size scaling.
The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in MIL STD 1942 (A) and Ref (4) and Practices C 1322 and C 1239.
This method determines the flexural strength at elevated temperature and ambient environmental conditions at a nominal, moderately fast testing rate. The flexural strength under these conditions may or may not...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures. Four-point-¼ point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:C1211 −02(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated
1
Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1211; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant
Stress-Rate Flexural Testing at Elevated Temperatures
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural
2 E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.
E220Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
1
Four-point- ⁄4 point and three-point loadings with prescribed
Comparison Techniques
spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed
E230Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
specimen-fixture combinations.
2.2 Military Standard:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
MIL-STD1942(A) Flexural Strength of High Performance
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
4
Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 complete gage section, n—theportionofthespecimen
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
between the two outer bearings in four-point flexure and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
three-point flexure fixtures.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—In this standard, the complete four-point flexure gage section
3 is twice the size of the inner gage section. Weibull statistical analyses, in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
this instance, only include portions of the specimen volume or surface
C1161Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
which experience tensile stresses.
Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
3.1.2 flexural strength—a measure of the ultimate strength
C1239Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
of a specified beam in bending.
Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters forAdvanced
3.1.3 four-point-1/4 point flexure—a configuration of flex-
Ceramics
ural strength testing in which a specimen is symmetrically
C1322Practice for Fractography and Characterization of
loaded at two locations that are situated at one-quarter of the
Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
overall span, away from the outer two support bearings (see
C1341Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous
Fig. 1).
Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
C1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack 3.1.4 fully-articulating fixture, n—a flexure fixture designed
Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant to be used either with flat and parallel specimens or with
Stress-Rate Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature uneven or nonparallel specimens. The fixture allows full
C1465 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack independent articulation, or pivoting, of all rollers about the
specimenlongaxistomatchthespecimensurface.Inaddition,
the upper or lower pairs are free to pivot to distribute force
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
evenly to the bearing cylinders on either side.
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on
Mechanical Properties and Performance. NOTE 2—See Annex A2 for schematic illustrations of the required
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published January 2008. Originally pivoting movements.
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C1211-98a. DOI:
10.1520/C1211-02R08.
2
Elevatedtemperaturestypicallydenote,butarenotrestrictedto200to1600°C.
3 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on www.dodssp.daps.mil. This document is a 1990 update of the original MIL-STD
the ASTM website. 1942(MR), dated November 1983.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C1211−02 (2008)
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Thistestmethodmaybeusedformaterialdevelopment,
quality c
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C 1211–98a Designation: C 1211 – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated
1
Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1211; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope *
2
1
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversdeterminationoftheflexuralstrengthofadvancedceramicsatelevatedtemperatures. Four-point- ⁄4
point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used
with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
C 1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters forAdvanced Ceramics
C 1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
C 1341 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
C 1368Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress-Rate
3
Flexural Testing at Ambient Temperature Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced
Ceramics by Constant Stress-Rate Flexural Testing at Ambient Temperature
C 1465 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress-Rate
Flexural Testing at Elevated Temperatures
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E 220Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Comparison Techniques
5
E230Temperature Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples Test Method for Calibration of
Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
E 230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
2.2 Military Standard:
4
MIL-STD 1942(A) Flexural Strength of High Performance Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 complete gage section, n—theportionofthespecimenbetweenthetwoouterbearingsinfour-pointflexureandthree-point
flexure fixtures.
NOTE 1—In this standard, the complete four-point flexure gage section is twice the size of the inner gage section. Weibull statistical analyses, in this
instance, only include portions of the specimen volume or surface which experience tensile stresses.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C-28 onAdvanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on Properties and
Performance.
Current edition approved June 10, 1998. Published December 1998. Originally published as C 1211-92. Last previous edition C 1211-98.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on Mechanical
Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published January 2008. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C 1211-98a.
2
Elevated temperatures typically denote, but are not restricted to 200 to 1600°C.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 15.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
4
AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,DODSSP,Bldg.4,SectionD,700RobbinsAve.,Philadelphia,PA19111-5098,http://www.dodssp.daps.mil.This
document is a 1990 update of the original MIL-STD 1942(MR), dated November 1983.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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