ASTM C949-80(2020)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration
Standard Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means for readily determining if a ceramic is properly fired (matured). Penetration of any extent may negate the usefulness of the ceramic, or, arbitrarily, some degree of penetration may be acceptable for the use or commercial quality of the item being tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for detecting pores, cracks, or other voids that may be present in otherwise impermeable whiteware ceramics, or as porosity in underfired ware.
Note 1: This test method was partially derived from ANSI C29.1.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Oct-2020
- Technical Committee
- C21 - Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
- Drafting Committee
- C21.03 - Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Aug-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2014
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2012
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2007
- Effective Date
- 10-Jul-2001
- Effective Date
- 10-Jul-2001
- Effective Date
- 10-Jul-2001
Overview
ASTM C949-80(2020): Standard Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration defines a recognized procedure for detecting pores, cracks, or other types of voids in otherwise impermeable whiteware ceramics. Developed by ASTM International, this standard is a critical tool for the ceramics industry, providing a means to assess the effectiveness of the firing (maturation) process of vitreous whiteware products. The presence and extent of dye penetration can reveal defects or porosity, which may affect the ceramic’s performance and commercial value.
Key Topics
- Porosity and Defect Detection: The standard test method employs a dye penetration technique to identify physical discontinuities, such as pores and cracks, in vitreous (glass-like) whitewares.
- Sample Preparation: Test specimens are prepared as freshly broken fragments with a mostly unglazed surface, ensuring an accurate assessment of the internal structure.
- Testing Procedure: Specimens are immersed in a basic fuchsine dye solution and subjected to various pressures and times to facilitate dye penetration. After the process, the samples are examined for visible dye penetration, indicating porosity or defects.
- Qualitative Results: The method provides a straightforward, qualitative indication of whether a ceramic is properly fired. Even small amounts of penetration can impact the item’s utility or commercial classification.
- Operator Judgement: As this is a qualitative method, interpretation of results is inherently subjective, highlighting the need for operator training and standardized reporting formats.
Applications
The ASTM C949-80(2020) standard is widely applied across various sectors in the ceramics industry, including:
- Quality Control: Ceramics manufacturers use this method to routinely verify the maturity and structural integrity of vitreous whiteware products. Early detection of porosity helps prevent quality issues and ensures product consistency.
- Research and Development: R&D laboratories employ dye penetration testing to develop new ceramic formulations, optimize firing cycles, and evaluate the effects of different manufacturing processes on product density and permeability.
- Product Certification: This standard provides recognized criteria for product assessment in conformance and qualification programs, supporting claims of quality and durability for whitewares.
- Failure Analysis: Engineers and technicians use dye penetration data to investigate the underlying causes of product failures, such as unexpected moisture absorption, cracking, or reduced dielectric strength in electrical insulators.
Related Standards
ASTM C949-80(2020) references and complements several other standards relevant to ceramic materials and quality control, including:
- ASTM C242: Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products - provides a detailed glossary to ensure clarity and consistency in communication within the industry.
- ANSI C29.1: Test Methods for Electrical Power Insulators - shares methodological foundations, especially concerning the detection of internal flaws in ceramic electrical components.
For a full list of referenced standards, users should consult the ASTM website or the original document.
Keywords: ASTM C949-80, porosity testing, vitreous whiteware, dye penetration, ceramic quality control, ceramics standards, ceramic defects, standard test method, glaze-free testing, ceramic product evaluation
Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM C949-80(2020) is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 This test method provides a means for readily determining if a ceramic is properly fired (matured). Penetration of any extent may negate the usefulness of the ceramic, or, arbitrarily, some degree of penetration may be acceptable for the use or commercial quality of the item being tested. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers procedures for detecting pores, cracks, or other voids that may be present in otherwise impermeable whiteware ceramics, or as porosity in underfired ware. Note 1: This test method was partially derived from ANSI C29.1. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 This test method provides a means for readily determining if a ceramic is properly fired (matured). Penetration of any extent may negate the usefulness of the ceramic, or, arbitrarily, some degree of penetration may be acceptable for the use or commercial quality of the item being tested. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers procedures for detecting pores, cracks, or other voids that may be present in otherwise impermeable whiteware ceramics, or as porosity in underfired ware. Note 1: This test method was partially derived from ANSI C29.1. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM C949-80(2020) is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 81.060.20 - Ceramic products. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM C949-80(2020) has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM C242-20, ASTM C242-19a, ASTM C242-19, ASTM C242-18, ASTM C242-15, ASTM C242-14, ASTM C242-12, ASTM C242-01(2007), ASTM C242-00a, ASTM C242-00, ASTM C242-01. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM C949-80(2020) is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C949 − 80 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C949; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope one or more pressures for prescribed times. After drying, the
specimens are broken and inspected for the extent of dye
1.1 This test method covers procedures for detecting pores,
penetration into the body, or into defects present in the body.
cracks, or other voids that may be present in otherwise
impermeable whiteware ceramics, or as porosity in underfired
5. Significance and Use
ware.
5.1 This test method provides a means for readily determin-
NOTE 1—This test method was partially derived from ANSI C29.1.
ing if a ceramic is properly fired (matured). Penetration of any
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
extent may negate the usefulness of the ceramic, or, arbitrarily,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
some degree of penetration may be acceptable for the use or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
commercial quality of the item being tested.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6. Apparatus
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
6.1 Vessel, capable of applying and holding a pressure of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
10 000 psi (68.9 MPa).
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
6.1.1 Fig. 1 illustrates a satisfactory device.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 2—Fig. 1 does not represent the only possible design or
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
configuration. It is representative of a device that has been successfully
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
used.
2. Referenced Documents
6.1.2 Fig. 2 illustrates an actual device and typical ex-
amples.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related 6.1.3 Fig. 3 illustrates an assembled device, including
fixture, under pressure.
Products
2.2 ANSI Standard:
7. Testing Solution
C29.1 Test Methods for Electrical Power Insulators
7.1 Use a solution consisting of1gof basic fuchsine dye
3. Terminology
dissolved in 1 L of 50 % alcohol.
3.1 Definitions:
NOTE 3—The alcohol used should not react with the dye to cause
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
fading.
to Terminology C242.
8. Preparation of Test Specimens
4. Summary of Test Method
8.1 Use freshly broken fragments, approximately ⁄4 in.
4.1 Randomly selected unglazed fragments of vitreous
(6 mm) in the smallest dimension, up to ⁄4 in. (19 mm) in the
whiteware products are immersed in a fuchsine dye solution, at
largest dimension, of the whiteware ceramic. At least 75 % of
the surface shall be free of glaze or other surface treatment.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns. 9. Procedure
Current edition appro
...
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