ASTM D4646-16(2023)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for 24 h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
Standard Test Method for 24 h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h) index of a geomedia's sorption affinity for given solutes in environmental waters or leachates. A large number of samples may be run in parallel using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24 h time is used to make the test convenient and also to minimize microbial, light, or hydrolytic degradation which may be a problem in longer timed procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value.
5.2 While this test method may be useful in determining 24 h Kd values for nonvolatile organic constituents, interlaboratory testing has been carried out only for the nonvolatile inorganic species arsenic and cadmium (see Section 12). However, the procedure has been tested for single-laboratory precision with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and is believed to be useful for all stable and nonvolatile inorganic and organic constituents. This test method is not considered appropriate for volatile constituents.
5.3 The 24 h time limit may be sufficient to reach a steady-state Kd; however, the calculated Kd value should be considered a non-equilibrium measurement unless steady-state has been determined. To report this determination as a steady-state Kd, this test method should be conducted for intermediate times (for example, 12, 18, and 22 h) to ensure that the soluble concentrations in the solution have reached a steady state by 24 h. If a test duration of greater than 24 h is required, refer to Test Method D4319 for an alternate procedure of longer duration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Practice D3987 shake extraction method.
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and providing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not simulate sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light, hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4646 − 16 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Test Method for
24 h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by
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Soils and Sediments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
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1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining 2.1 ASTM Standards:
the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geo- D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
logic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by D3987 Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with
waste extraction tests like the Practice D3987 shake extraction Water
method. D4319 Test Method for Distribution Ratios by the Short-
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Term Batch Method (Withdrawn 2007)
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and provid-
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
ing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia sus-
Sieves
pensions. This test method may not simulate sorption charac-
E2551 Test Methods for Humidity Calibration (or Confor-
teristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.
mation) of Humidity Generators for Use with Thermogra-
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic
vimetric Analyzers
and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to
the stability of the particular constituents and their possible
3. Terminology
losses from solution by such processes as degradation by
3.1 Definitions:
microbes, light, hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
This test method should not be used for volatile chemical
to Terminology D5681.
constituents (see 6.1).
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.2.1 distribution coeffıcient, K —the ratio of the concentra-
d
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
tion of solute sorbed on the soil or other geomedia divided by
standard.
its concentration in solution. A 24 h K is the analogous ratio
d
evaluated after 24 h of contact of the solute with the geomedia.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The dimensions of K reduce to units
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the d
of volume per mass. It is convenient to express K in units of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- d
milliliters (or cubic centimeters) of solution per gram of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
geomedia. Dissimilar K values may be obtained if different
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. d
initial solute concentrations are used, depending on the sorp-
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
tion behavior of the solute and the properties of the geomedia
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
(that is, nonlinear sorption curve). This concentration depen-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
dency may be absent where the solute concentrations are
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
sufficiently low or the characteristics of the particular solute-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
sorbent combination yield K values that are independent of the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. d
concentration of solute (that is, linear sorption curve).
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.04 on Waste contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Leaching Techniques. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
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approved as ES 10 – 85. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4646 – 16. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1
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