ASTM D4646-16
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h) index of a geomedia's sorption affinity for given solutes in environmental waters or leachates. A large number of samples may be run in parallel using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24-h time is used to make the test convenient and also to minimize microbial, light, or hydrolytic degradation which may be a problem in longer-timed procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value.
5.2 While this test method may be useful in determining 24-h Kd values for nonvolatile organic constituents, interlaboratory testing has been carried out only for the nonvolatile inorganic species, arsenic and cadmium (see Section 12). However, the procedure has been tested for single laboratory precision with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and is believed to be useful for all stable and nonvolatile inorganic, and organic constituents. This test method is not considered appropriate for volatile constituents.
5.3 The 24-h time limit may be sufficient to reach a steady-state Kd; however, the calculated Kd value should be considered a non-equilibrium measurement unless steady-state has been determined. To report this determination as a steady-state Kd, this test method should be conducted for intermediate times (for example, 12, 18, and 22 h) to ensure that the soluble concentrations in the solution have reached a steady state by 24 h. If a test duration of greater than 24 h is required, refer to Test Method D4319 for an alternate procedure of longer duration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Test Method D3987 shake extraction method.
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and providing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not simulate sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light, hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4646 − 16
Standard Test Method for
24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by
1
Soils and Sediments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
Sieves
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining
D5681Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geo-
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
logic material in aqueous suspension.The waste solute may be
D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination ofWater
derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by
D3987Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with
waste extraction tests like the Test Method D3987 shake
Water
extraction method.
D4319Test Method for Distribution Ratios by the Short-
3
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and provid-
Term Batch Method (Withdrawn 2007)
ing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples
E2551Test Method for Humidity Calibration (or Conforma-
for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia sus-
tion) of Humidity Generators for Use with Thermogravi-
pensions. This test method may not simulate sorption charac-
metric Analyzers
teristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic 3. Terminology
and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to
3.1 Definitions:
the stability of the particular constituents and their possible
3.1.1 Fordefinitionoftermsusedinthistestmethodreferto
losses from solution by such processes as degradation by
Terminology D5681.
microbes, light, hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
This test method should not be used for volatile chemical
3.2.1 distribution coeffıcient, K —theratiooftheconcentra-
d
constituents (see 6.1).
tion of solute sorbed on the soil or other geomedia divided by
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
its concentration in solution. A 24-h K is the analogous ratio
d
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
evaluatedafter24hofcontactofthesolutewiththegeomedia.
standard.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The dimensions of K reduce to units
d
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of volume per mass. It is convenient to express K in units of
d
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
milliliters (or cubic centimeters) of solution per gram of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
geomedia. Dissimilar K values may be obtained if different
d
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
initial solute concentrations are used, depending on the sorp-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tion behavior of the solute and the properties of the geomedia
(that is, nonlinear sorption curve). This concentration depen-
2. Referenced Documents
dency may be absent where the solute concentrations are
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: sufficiently low or the characteristics of the particular solute-
sorbentcombinationyield K valuesthatareindependentofthe
d
concentration of solute (that is, linear sorption curve).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D34 on Waste
3.2.2 solute—a chemical species (for example, ion,
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.04 on Waste
molecule, etc.) dissolved in a solution.
Leaching Techniques.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally
3.2.3 sorbate—a chemical species retained by a sorbent.
approved as ES10–85. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4646–03
(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D4646-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4646 − 16
3.2.4 sorbent—asolidmedium(forexample,soil,sedime
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4646 − 03 (Reapproved 2008) D4646 − 16
Standard Test Method for
24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by
1
Soils and Sediments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic
material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or
laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Test Method D3987 shake extraction method.
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and providing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples for their
sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not exactly simulate sorption characteristics that
would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the
stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light,
or hydrolysis. hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents
(see 6.1).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
D1129D5681 Terminology Relating to Waterfor Waste and Waste Management
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D3987 Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
3
D4319 Test Method for Distribution Ratios by the Short-Term Batch Method (Withdrawn 2007)
E2551 Test Method for Humidity Calibration (or Conformation) of Humidity Generators for Use with Thermogravimetric
Analyzers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definition of terms used in this test method refer to Terminology D1129D5681.
3.1.2 solute—chemical species (for example, ion, molecule, etc.) in solution.
3.1.3 sorbate—chemical species sorbed by a sorbent.
3.1.4 sorbent—a substance that sorbs the solute from solution (for example, soil, sediment, till, etc.).
3.1.5 sorption—depletion of an amount of solute initially present in solution by a sorbent.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.04 on Waste Leaching
Techniques.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008Sept. 1, 2016. Published December 2008November 2016. Originally approved as ES 10 – 85. Last previous edition approved in
20032008 as D4646D4646 – 03 (2008).–03. DOI: 10.1520/D4646-03R08.10.1520/D4646-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4646 − 16
3.1.6 sorption affınity—the relative degree of sorption that occurs by a geomedia.
3.1.7 unconsolidated geologic material (geomedia)—a loosely aggregated solid natural material of geologic origin (for
example, soil, sediment, till, etc.).
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 distribution coeffıcient, K —the ratio of the concentration of solute sorbed on the soil or other geomedia divided by its
d
concentration in solution. A 24-h K is the analogous ratio evaluated after 24 h of contact of the solute with the geomedia.
d
3.2.1.1 D
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4646 − 16
Standard Test Method for
24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by
1
Soils and Sediments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geo-
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
logic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by
D3987 Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with
waste extraction tests like the Test Method D3987 shake
Water
extraction method.
D4319 Test Method for Distribution Ratios by the Short-
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and provid- 3
Term Batch Method (Withdrawn 2007)
ing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples
E2551 Test Method for Humidity Calibration (or Conforma-
for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia sus-
tion) of Humidity Generators for Use with Thermogravi-
pensions. This test method may not simulate sorption charac-
metric Analyzers
teristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic 3. Terminology
and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to
3.1 Definitions:
the stability of the particular constituents and their possible
3.1.1 For definition of terms used in this test method refer to
losses from solution by such processes as degradation by
Terminology D5681.
microbes, light, hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
This test method should not be used for volatile chemical
3.2.1 distribution coeffıcient, K —the ratio of the concentra-
d
constituents (see 6.1).
tion of solute sorbed on the soil or other geomedia divided by
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
its concentration in solution. A 24-h K is the analogous ratio
d
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
evaluated after 24 h of contact of the solute with the geomedia.
standard.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The dimensions of K reduce to units
d
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of volume per mass. It is convenient to express K in units of
d
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
milliliters (or cubic centimeters) of solution per gram of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
geomedia. Dissimilar K values may be obtained if different
d
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
initial solute concentrations are used, depending on the sorp-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tion behavior of the solute and the properties of the geomedia
(that is, nonlinear sorption curve). This concentration depen-
2. Referenced Documents
dency may be absent where the solute concentrations are
2
sufficiently low or the characteristics of the particular solute-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sorbent combination yield K values that are independent of the
d
concentration of solute (that is, linear sorption curve).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
3.2.2 solute—a chemical species (for example, ion,
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.04 on Waste
molecule, etc.) dissolved in a solution.
Leaching Techniques.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally
3.2.3 sorbate—a chemical species retained by a sorbent.
approved as ES 10 – 85. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4646 – 03
(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D4646-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4646 − 16
3.2.4 sorbent—a solid medium (for example, soil, sediment, h. If a test duration of greater than 24 h is required, refer to Test
till, etc.) i
...
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